Need For Government Intervention Research Articles

Optimizing the Mawah Concept for the Economy of the Aceh Community

Islam and Aceh are inseparable like two sides of a coin. The Serambi Makkah Country in daily activities of its people is closely related to Islamic sharia, including muamalah activities. Long before the existence of Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia, the people of Aceh had implemented cooperation in the field of muamalah as well as the mudharabah concept in Islamic financial institutions, known as mawah. Mawah is a concept of cooperation between capital owners and managers with a profit sharing system. But the concept of mawah is still limited to cooperation in agriculture and animal husbandry, so it is necessary to develop efforts in other spheres to be able to sustain the economy of the people of Aceh, as Denmark successfully developed this concept. This study uses qualitative methods by conducting research on natural object conditions, and is supported by a literature review. The results of the study revealed the need for government intervention in developing this concept in order to be optimal in developing the economy of the people of Aceh.

Demand pattern and willingness to pay for high value fish consumption: Case study from selected coastal cities in Kerala, south India

Fishing occupies an important place in the economy of Kerala State, south India as a vital source of food and protein, avenue for employment and most importantly in the export market. Kerala’s population is basically a fish eating population where the level of fish consumption is four times the national average. The annual per capita fish consumption has increased from 15 kg in 1970s to about 23 kg in 2011. The high value fishes like shrimps, squids, seer fishes and pomfrets are massively exported due to economies of scale, thereby leading to limited local availability resulting in high domestic prices. The present study assessed the fish intake pattern across 600 middle income consumer households of urban area in the metropolitan cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode in Kerala. The average family size was found to be 4.2. The study concentrated on income cum expenditure pattern, buying trend, hindrances in fish consumption and readiness to pay for high value fishes. Willingness to pay was figured out using logit model. The results indicated that the income and access to the selling points of fish enhanced the demand. The per capita montly fsh consumption was found to be 2.2 kg with low value per capita fish consumption estimated as 1.43 kg on an average, and the average high value per capita fish consumption at 0.77 kg across study areas. The fish food consumption pattern trends across the different study locales clearly portrayed that there exists significant demand for high value fish and fish products. Most local consumers weren’t aware about low export price and more than 50 % expressed their willingness to pay which indicated existence of a high consumer surplus. Results of the study stressed the need for governmental intervention in controlling fish exports thereby safeguarding local fish food security, replacing exports with local marketing; considering the demand for sizeable quantum and ample readiness to pay.

Healthcare Transparency in the Age of COVID-19

In addition to causing widespread morbidity and mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed everyday life and has placed an enormous burden on a US healthcare system for which rising costs were already a major concern. Well before the current crisis, there was wide recognition of the need for greater healthcare price transparency in the United States as a way to promote competition, reduced spending, and a more efficient allocation of resources. The additional demands of the COVID-19 pandemic have accentuated the need for policymakers to take this opportunity to advance healthcare transparency as well as give consumers incentives to use the newly available information to make better healthcare choices. There are short-term measures that can be taken even as the medical impact of COVID-19 is being brought under control. More importantly, longer-term structural reform of the current insurance-based financing system is needed in order to alleviate the stress on the healthcare system and obviate the need for government intervention.

Industrial policy for sustainable human development in the post-Covid19 era.

National and local societies all around the world are fighting the most dramatic global public health emergency of our time, which has soon become an economic, social and human crisis touching all key dimensions of our lives. Within an inevitable revamping attention on the need for government intervention to face the challenges raised by the Covid19 pandemic, industrial policy is appearing as a central piece of the puzzle. As production dynamics in every country is highly affected by the crisis, industrial policy is considered part of the response to solve dramatic economic and social problems deriving by extraordinary levels of unemployment, deprivation and poverty. In this paper, we argue that a turning point on the connection between industrial policy, sustainability and development has been reached, highlighting the need to rethink its theoretical foundations as well as its governance and implementation processes for a new role in our post-Covid 19 societies. Therefore, the research question underlying this paper deals primarily with the nexus between the debate on industrial policy and its effects in terms of human development, social cohesion and sustainability. For this reason, we attempt at closing the gap between different strands of literature, whose integrated connection leads to a new analytical framework with real-world implications on the role of industrial policy, not only as tool for productive dynamics, but also as a leverage for sustainable human development. All in all, we aim at contributing to the debate on our post-Covid19 economies and societies in two ways: firstly, by providing a new integrated analytical framework on industrial policy to steer a sustainable structural change of our economies and societies towards sustainable human development; secondly, by identifying preliminary implications on industrial policy governance and implementation, investing in the accurate and transparent design of industrial policy in the post-Covid19 era.

The Development and Application of a Tool for Quantifying the Strength of Voluntary Actions and Commitments of Major Canadian Food Companies to Improve the Nutritional Quality of Their Products.

ABSTRACTBackgroundCanada's food supply is high in nutrients of public health concern, contributing to poor diet quality and increased noncommunicable disease risk. Food companies shape the healthfulness of the food supply, yet little is known about companies’ voluntary actions and commitments concerning product (re)formulation.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and apply a tool for quantifying the strength of voluntary actions and commitments of major food companies in Canada to improve the healthfulness of their products.MethodsTwenty-two top packaged food and beverage companies were selected based on Canadian market share. Recent actions and/or commitments to reduce energy/portion sizes, sodium, saturated fat, trans fat, and sugars were identified from company websites and public documents, verified by company representatives (where possible), and scored based on breadth of application across the product portfolio, magnitude(s) of reduction, measurability, nutritional significance, national/global applicability, and transparency using the Food Company Reformulation scoring tool. Companies offering beverages only (n = 4) were not assessed for sodium, saturated fat, or trans fat (re)formulation.ResultsSeventeen of 22 companies reported reductions and/or commitments concerning sodium (72.2%, n = 13/18), trans fat (61.1%, n = 11/18), sugars (59.1%, n = 13/22), saturated fat (55.6%, n = 10/18), and/or energy/portion sizes (50.0%, n = 11/22). Scores ranged from 0/155 to 122/155 for food companies (median = 49/155) and 0/65 to 42/65 for beverage companies (median = 17/65). Companies generally performed best for sodium reduction (median = 21/32; range = 0–32) and poorest for energy/portion-size reductions (median = 2/30; range = 0–24). Multinational companies had significantly higher total scores than domestic companies (P = 0.004). Higher total scores were associated with greater market shares in the beverage manufacturing sector (P = 0.04), but not packaged food (P = 0.50).ConclusionsMany of Canada's leading food companies report limited or no action to reduce nutrients of concern in their products, suggesting a need for government intervention and strengthened accountability mechanisms to encourage alignment of reformulation efforts with government and expert recommendations.

The Market as a Learning Algorithm: Consequences for Regulation and Antitrust

The heart of the Chicago School’s attack on the antitrust laws was a skepticism about the ability of government to improve upon unregulated market outcomes. Although the attack failed to eliminate regulation or antitrust entirely, it has proven so enduringly devastating as an intellectual matter that virtually no proposal for government regulation or increased antitrust enforcement is put forward today without an attempt either to justify the proposed departure from an assumed-legitimate free market baseline or to dismiss Chicago School skepticism as an intellectual plot bankrolled by business elites. Chicago School skepticism has been so devastating because it draws sustenance from an inapt metaphor for the economy: that of evolution through natural selection. The free market is, for the Chicago School, nature itself, and all the glories of life suggest that evolution does just fine when left to its own devices, creating a powerful basis for skepticism regarding the need for government intervention in the economy. Except that evolution never did do anything to promote economic growth, so much as theft, a fact that human beings know well given their status as predators of unparalleled success. Humanity did not escape from the subsistence economics that characterizes all of evolved life until humanity started to exert control over the forces of evolution, which is to say: to regulate. A better metaphor for the economy than natural selection is that of a computer running a machine learning algorithm engineered to channel evolutionary forces away from theft and toward growth. The first such algorithm embraced by humanity set evolution aside almost entirely, in favor of identifying optimal productive behaviors directly. That was central planning, which flourished throughout the ancient world and was practiced globally right up to the 19th century. The second such algorithm embraced evolution, but sought to improve upon it by imposing a rule against theft. That was the economic liberalism practiced in the West in the late 19th century. It is also the regime favored by the Chicago School. Approached from the metaphor of the algorithm, the Chicago School’s program appears retrograde, rather than foundational, because it amounts to the position that there should be no version 2.0, no further tweaks to the algorithm. But the antitrust laws, in prohibiting behavior that degrades competitors’ products, even when the behavior does not amount to theft, improves upon the algorithm that is economic liberalism, better channeling life’s evolutionary forces toward productivity and growth, rather than destructive forms of competition.

The fourth industrial revolution and labour market regulation in Singapore

The race to develop and implement autonomous systems and artificial intelligence has challenged the responsiveness of governments in many areas and none more so than in the domain of labour market policy. This article draws upon a large survey of Singaporean employees and managers (N = 332) conducted in 2019 to examine the extent and ways in which artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies have begun impacting workplaces in Singapore. Our conclusions reiterate the need for government intervention to facilitate broad-based participation in the productivity benefits of fourth industrial revolution technologies while also offering re-designed social safety nets and employment protections. JEL Codes: J88, K31, O38, M53

The Impact of Oil Price on Nigeria Economy

This study attempts to examine the graduate unemployment in Nigeria: A case study of Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State. It seeks to identify the determinants of graduate unemployment in the metropolis. The data used it was primary in nature. The sampling techniques adopted was non-probability sampling; the Technics used is accidental non-probability sampling. The instrument of data collection used was Questionnaire method; 200 copies were distributed within the Sokoto metropolis, 184 were retrieve 16 were not retrieve. The variable of the study are; unemployment challenge by the graduate, subject studied by the graduate, faculty graduated from, and class of degree. The method of analysis used are multiple regression, independent T-test, descriptive statistics. The result reveal that second class lower, History, Faculty of Arts, and Faculty of social sciences a found to the determinant of graduate unemployment in the state. Also in terms of Gender it was found, that there is negative significant difference between male and female graduate in the state. The study concludes that graduate s that graduated from Faculty of Arts and social sciences are the one likely, facing graduate unemployment in the state. The study recommends that there is need for state-university collaboration so that to know the required graduates an economy need at a time. Another policy implication is that, there is need for government intervention to avoid skills miss-match among graduate in the state so that to reduce the rate of graduate unemployment.

PENYEBAB BERALIHNYA TEKNOLOGI DARI PEMILIK KEPADA PENERIMA

Technology Transfer needs to be done, as long as it benefits the nation's economy. Technology transfer contracts are not only limited to the regulation of rights and obligations, but further implementation is still needed. Because the technology transfer contract has a relationship with the environment and society. As a result, it can affect the economic life of the country. In such conditions the need for government intervention in making technology transfer contracts. There is government interference, meaning there must be legal intervention. All of this should be explicitly reflected in the technology transfer contract agreement. Making agreements or contracts that are solely left to the operation of the principle of the principle of freedom of contract, will always be an arena of struggle for dominance between the parties to the agreement. Usually as a party that receives technology (in this case developing countries) is in a weak position, while the technology provider / owner is in a strong position. Thus the strong party will dominate the weak party, so that this situation often brings the result of a one-sided contract.

Opposite effects of R&D cooperation on financial and technological performance in SMEs

ABSTRACTThe effect of R&D cooperation on SME performance is inconsistent in the literature. Using data on Korean SMEs from 2013 to 2015, we analyzed the effect of R&D cooperation on their financial and technological performance and examined the relationship between SME spontaneity and R&D cooperation. The results show that R&D cooperation has positive effects on financial performance and has negative effects on technological performance. Concerning the spontaneity of R&D cooperation, larger SMEs exhibit greater R&D cooperation without the need for government intervention, unlike smaller SMEs. SMEs and governments should consider performance goals and firm size to optimize R&D strategy.

STATE REGULATION OF THE REPRODUCTION OF FIXED CAPITAL

Introduction. Today, the Ukrainian economy is in a recession. Therefore, the need for government intervention in the socio-economic development of the economy is relevant. This measure is designed to stabilize the activities of economic agents that can produce innovations and improve the quality and standard of living of the Ukrainian population. This activity requires coherent coordination of economic entities on issues of capital accumulation. The purpose of the research is to analyse the tools used by the state for the regulation of fixed capital reproduction. In carrying out the study, methods of retrospective analysis, generalization, comparison, and content analysis were used. Results. The result of the study is the reproduction ways development of fixed capital. The proposed list of state regulation instruments, which is aimed at accelerating the investment development of the Ukrainian economy, should be considered as the scientific novelty. Only in this case is it possible to renew production capital. The practical significance of the research results lies in their possible use in the formation of the state amortization policy. Prospects for further research are the development of depreciation policies for the economy sectors and the creation of reserves for innovative development. Stimulating the modernization process will increase the share of new capacities, which, respectively, will lead to an increase in their use and to an increase in the efficiency of domestic industrial production. Conclusions. A radical renewal of the production potential of Ukraine is possible only if the following conditions are met: a consistent state policy to improve the investment climate, reduce investment risks, create stable conditions for economic and investment activity, strengthen the investment potential of modern domestic enterprises and accelerate the investment development of the Ukrainian economy. Keywords: depreciation policy, investment development, fixed capital, state regulation, reproduction.

English

This research investigates psychoactive substance abuse that causes significant health problems in its various chemical effects. It also determines the patterns of its use and level of risk of harm assessment to humans. Harmful determination is dependent upon patterns used in psychoactive substance and its associated level of risk among high school students in Afar region, Ethiopia. The study described a survey of 400 high school students in Afar region, with the adoption of Multistage sampling technique on student’s selection. Data collected from Jan-Feb/2017 using an instrument called Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), showed 400 students whose responses were 100% effective. Among the study participants, majority of them 231 (60.5%) were males. The result of the study revealed a dependent use pattern with 36.4% for Khat, 14.1% for tobacco products and 4.7% for alcohol beverages, which indicated high risk of problems related to psychoactive substances used requires more intensive treatment. The result also indicated that there is 31.4% harmful used pattern for alcohol beverages followed by khat (13.1%) and tobacco products (9.4%) which was associated with moderate risk of harm from their addiction. The result of independent t-test showed that there was a significant mean difference in alcoholic beverages abuse between male and female students, while no significant mean difference was observed in abuse of khat and tobacco products between male and female students. Relatively, ANOVA result revealed that religion of the respondents had a significant effect on abuse of alcoholic beverages, while no significant mean differences were observed in abusing psychoactive substance like tobacco products and khat across participants upon religion. Generally, the present study revealed a greater percentage of students whose daily dosage of harmful psychoactive substances instigated high and moderate risks. The outcome of this study is there is an urgent need for Government intervention to curtail the menace of harmful psychoactive substances and many other toxicants circulating in the society which are detrimental to health, social, financial, legal and peaceful relationship. Key words: Patterns, psychoactive substance, harmful, risks, students.

The political construction of public health nutrition problems: a framing analysis of parliamentary debates on junk-food marketing to children in Australia.

Junk-food marketing contributes significantly to childhood obesity, which in turn imposes major health and economic burdens. Despite this, political priority for addressing junk-food marketing has been weak in many countries. Competing interests, worldviews and beliefs of stakeholders involved with the issue contribute to this political inertia. An integral group of actors for driving policy change are parliamentarians, who champion policy and enact legislation. However, how parliamentarians interpret and portray (i.e. frame) the causes and solutions of public health nutrition problems is poorly understood. The present study aimed to understand how Australian parliamentarians from different political parties frame the problem of junk-food marketing. Framing analysis of transcripts from the Australian Government's Parliamentary Hansard, involving development of a theoretical framework, data collection, coding transcripts and thematic synthesis of results. Australia. None. Parliamentarian framing generally reflected political party ideology. Liberal parliamentarians called for minimal government regulation and greater personal responsibility, reflecting the party's core values of liberalism and neoliberalism. Greens parliamentarians framed the issue as systemic, highlighting the need for government intervention and reflecting the core party value of social justice. Labor parliamentarians used both frames at varying times. Parliamentarians' framing was generally consistent with their party ideology, though subject to changes over time. This project provides insights into the role of framing and ideology in shaping public health policy responses and may inform communication strategies for nutrition advocates. Advocates might consider using frames that resonate with the ideologies of different political parties and adapting these over time.

Проблемы релевантных рынков медицинских услуг: исследование отечественного и зарубежного опыта

The article reflects the results of an analysis of studies by different authors on the problems of domestic and foreign relevant markets for medical services. The essence of concepts is revealed: a medical service, its competitiveness, the market of medical services. The situation is described, associated with problems in the formation of a competitive environment, the main factors hindering the competitiveness of medical services, the nature of their functioning, which determines the need for government intervention in the health sector. The main participants of the medical services market are presented and the reasons for the conflict of their interests are substantiated.

Fight against rabies in Nepal: Immediate need for government intervention

Fight against rabies in Nepal: Immediate need for government intervention

Analyzing the Dynamic Relationships between Physical Infrastructure, Financial Development and Economic Growth in India

This paper investigates the dynamic relationships between physical infrastructure, financial development and economic growth in the case of India, using the autoregressive distributed lag and the Toda–Yamamoto causality approach for the period 1980 to 2016. A physical infrastructure index and a financial development index are constructed using the principal component analysis. The empirical results suggest that physical infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth both in the long run and short run, whereas financial development, although significant, has a weak impact on economic growth. The causality test supports a bidirectional causal relationship between infrastructure development and economic growth, while it finds unidirectional causation running from economic growth to financial development. As India is aiming for higher growth for a sustained period, our results suggest that there is a need for government intervention in expanding the physical infrastructure and this, in turn, could lead to economic growth as well as financial sector development.

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Purpose: The heterogeneity of the economic space has intensified in recent years in the process of transition and laying the foundations of a market economy in the CIS countries, as well as in the EU regions, due to its expansion. This unevenness was manifested as a result of different starting levels of economies, different resource endowments, the choice of their targets and priorities for socio-economic development, and the increased authority of local authorities. Methodology: This is analytical-logical research that has been done through content analysis and documentary and library research. Result: Problems of market fiasco in the regions, as well as the important role of local institutions in regional development are also noted in the EU and serve as a strong argument for the need for government intervention in regional policy, primarily from the standpoint of regulating the innovation sphere, financial assistance to create jobs or clusters capable of self-development. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Institutional aspects of the cluster development of the regional economic system is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

Incineration of municipal solid waste in Brazil: An analysis of the economically viable energy potential

In Brazil, most Urban Solid Waste (USW) is disposed of in loosely controlled and low-quality dumps and landfills. One of the alternatives for improved management is incineration. This largely reduces the amount of waste in sanitary landfills, in turn enabling energy generation, which is encouraged by the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS). In order to further the debate for the application of incineration plants in Brazil, the present study presents an energy and economic analysis. Calculations were carried out for different population groups in order to determine the minimum population and the respective waste generation to make an incineration plant viable. The country’s energy potential was also estimated as a function of the energy tariff. The results show that the energy produced through incineration can provide power to an average of 15% of the waste generating population. The viable energy potential in the country was confirmed only for scenarios with higher energy sales tariffs than those currently applied on the Brazilian market. These results indicate the need for government intervention in order to make this technology economically viable, which would in turn reduce inadequate waste disposal throughout the country.

The Pattern of Spatial Interaction of Commodities Flow in Changing People’s Livelihoods in Moshi Rural District, Tanzania

This study investigated the impact of the flow of commodities in changing the people's livelihood in Moshi rural district. Various methods which included questionnaire, interviews, and observation and focus group discussions were employed in collecting data in the field. The obtained data were both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (S.P.S.S.). The analyzed data were then presented in tabular form to provide an informative data to readers. The study revealed that there was a flow of food crops, particularly bananas, maize, beans and avocados which were sold to the rural, urban and abroad markets. The study further noted that the spatial flows of commodities have got an impact on changing the people's livelihoods in the study area, realized through the acquisition of livelihood assets, obtained through selling of crops and their use for various purposes and due to social services and construction of infrastructures. The study recommended that, there is a need for government interventions to manage the flow of commodities in order to regulate commodity prices.

The selection and quantile treatment effects on the economic returns of green buildings

This paper adds a fresh perspective on the economic returns of green buildings using Singapore housing data. It estimates both the conditional and unconditional quantile treatment effects, by applying a recent econometric theory that explicitly recognizes and addresses the fundamental difference between the two types of quantile effects. The theory exploits selection on observables, which is widely accepted and commonly handled through one of two propensity score methods in the green building literature. The research finds that inverse probability weighting outperforms the other and adopts it to estimate the quantile effects, after evaluations including a comparison between the conditional and unconditional mean effects. Green buildings' premium is significant but varies notably across housing price quantiles. The treatment effect estimates for the conditional price distribution exhibit a hump shape, but the estimates for the marginal distribution display an upward trend. The conditional and unconditional quantile treatment effects both provide useful information for research, policy, and practice. The results indicate that the incentive for going green and the need for government intervention are both non-uniform.