Neck Of Horses Research Articles

Los tipos del cuento folklorico: Una clasificacion

Los tipos del cuento folklorico: Una clasificacion. By Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Translated by Fernando Penalosa, from the 2nd revised edition of The Types of the Folktale (FFC 184, 1961). FF Communications No. 258. (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia/Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1995. Pp. 359, translator's preface, analytical index. 190 Finnish Marks cloth, 160 Finnish Marks paper) The purpose of this first Spanish translation of The Types of the Folktale is to facilitate the scholarly study and classification of Hispanic folktales by those who may not be sufficiently familiar with English for easy consultation of the Aarne-Thompson index in the latter language. The translation includes only the titles of tales and the summaries of plots and motifs (the latter being occasionally abridged). Bibliographic references have been omitted, it being assumed that the scholar interested in the study of a particular tale type will have at hand, or be able to obtain, a copy of the English version in which the references may be found. The analytical index has been redone in accord with the Spanish translations of the items to which it refers. A difficulty inherent in the task of translating this particular work, and one which the translator has only partially overcome, is the elliptical, occasionally ambiguous, and at times even incoherent nature of the English text, which in the interests of brevity omits most articles, whether definite or indefinite; makes frequent use of the passive voice with or without specifying the agents involved in a particular action; and employs numerous short-cut phrases difficult if not impossible to render word-for-word from English into Spanish. In a work of this nature an aesthetically satisfying translation is not necessary, but accuracy and clarity are essential-and both are frequently lacking here. A simple, if time-consuming, way to verify accuracy is to back-translate from the Spanish into English and then compare the result with the original English text on which the Spanish was based. Too often, in this case, the results do not coincide and indeed may be diametrically opposed. A few random examples will suffice to illustrate the problem: Most of the difficulties that these examples illustrate could have been easily avoided had the translator been more alert to sources of ambiguity inherent in Spanish but often absent in English. Subject pronouns, for instance, are regularly omitted in Spanish unless needed for clarity, and information as to person and number is carried by verb inflection instead. Many ambiguous or misleading translations in this text could have been salvaged by the simple expedient of providing a subject pronoun (cf. the first and third examples cited above). Simple misreading of the English text might account for some errors (e.g., the fourth one in the above list), but the fifth example cited is as difficult to explain as it is to visualize. Outright errors in translation of specific words are another source of confusion. In Type 76 a crane pulls a bone from a wolf's windpipe, and when he asks for payment he is told that being allowed to take his beak out of the wolf's throat again is payment enough; in the Spanish version, the crane is told that being allowed to insert his beak into the wolf's throat is his reward, a confusion of the verbs meter (to put in) and sacar (to take out) that completely obscures the meaning of the story. In Type 160A a pike seizes hold of the tail of a fox, and the fox in turn seizes the pike's tail, enabling a peasant to capture them both; but although the pike in question is obviously animate (Sp. luzio, a freshwater fish), the translation given is chuzo, which is a pike in the sense of a staff or stick. In Type 166B*, a bear kills a horse, and as he is devouring it, the horse collar falls on his neck and he finds himself obliged to pull the cart to which the horse had been harnessed; but in the translation it is the horse's neck (cuello) instead of his collar (collera) that falls on the bear, and the resulting image is confusing at best. …

Kinetics of healing of grafted and nongrafted wounds on the distal portion of the forelimbs of horses

SUMMARY Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (5 cm in diameter) were created on the distal portion of the forelimbs of 6 horses. One wound on each horse was treated with 6 full-thickness punch grafts that were obtained from the horse's neck with a 6-mm skin biopsy punch and inserted in the graft sites on day 14 after wounding. The wound on the contralateral limb was not grafted. A combination of ticarcillin disodium and clavulanate potassium was applied to the wounds when bandages were changed to control bacterial infection. Areas of each wound were measured on days 1, 7, 9, 11, 13 through 15, 17 through 22, 24, 26, 29, and 32 after wounding. Three distinguishable phases of healing were observed (expansion, contraction, and epithelialization), and the time course of each phase was evaluated, using formulas of first-order processes. Rate constants of each phase were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by punch grafts.

Ataxia in Swedish Warmblood and Standardbred Horses

Lesions in the cervical spine of 28 young horses (Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warmbloods), killed because of longstanding or severe ataxia, are described. The material consists of all horses with ataxia available for necropsy and presented to the large animal clinic of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala and the Animal Hospital in Helsingborg during 1981 through 1983. After a clinical and radiographic examination, including myelography in all but 2 cases, the horses were killed and necropsy was performed. The cases were divided into three categories based on the radiographic and pathological findings. 1. Static Cervical Compressive Myelopathy (SCM): There were three causes of the stenosis, locked, flexed position of cervical vertebrae, arthropathy of the intervertebral joints, and epidural cyst in the cervical spinal canal. 2. Dynamic Cervical Compressive Myelopathy (DCM) was diagnosed when the myelogram showed stenosis when the horse's neck was in a flexed position. No stenosis was observed in neutral position, or when the neck was extended. 3. Cervical Myelopathy (CM): In this category neither static nor dynamic stenosis was observed, but histologic evidence of spinal cord degeneration was seen. The fact that all the horses were young, suggests that a disturbance of normal growth of the cervical vertebrae is involved in the aetiology.

Preparation and standardization of an Australia antigen antibody of equine origin.

A horse has been immunized with Australia antigen (Au/SH) purified 20-fold by a procedure employing gel filtration of Cohn fraction IV derived from an Au/SH-positive human plasma pool. Hyperimmunization was initiated by the intramuscular injection of 20 ml of a mixture of equal parts of purified Au/SH and complete Freund's adjuvant. The 20-ml volume was divided into four 5-ml doses, two of which were administered on each side of the horse's neck. Booster doses of antigen alone were given as follows: 10 ml intravenously 30 days later and 5 ml intramuscularly on each of days 77 and 205. Au/SH antibody formed readily, beginning on day 17, and was demonstrated by the agar gel double-diffusion technique and the complement fixation test during the subsequent 6 months. Antihuman plasma protein antibodies were effectively removed from the horse serum by one absorption with 1 to 3 volumes of normal human plasma. Abrupt rises in anticomplementary activity observed shortly after the third and fourth antigen injections, when the horse had developed elevated and steady levels of Au/SH antibody, could possibly be due to formation of antigen-antibody complexes. After optimal conditions were determined, an Au/SH antibody reagent pool which met official requirements was prepared. It was found equally suitable for the agar gel double-diffusion, complement fixation, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis test procedures.

Preparation and Standardization of an Australia Antigen Antibody of Equine Origin

A horse has been immunized with Australia antigen (Au/SH) purified 20-fold by a procedure employing gel filtration of Cohn fraction IV derived from an Au/SH-positive human plasma pool. Hyperimmunization was initiated by the intramuscular injection of 20 ml of a mixture of equal parts of purified Au/SH and complete Freund's adjuvant. The 20-ml volume was divided into four 5-ml doses, two of which were administered on each side of the horse's neck. Booster doses of antigen alone were given as follows: 10 ml intravenously 30 days later and 5 ml intramuscularly on each of days 77 and 205. Au/SH antibody formed readily, beginning on day 17, and was demonstrated by the agar gel double-diffusion technique and the complement fixation test during the subsequent 6 months. Antihuman plasma protein antibodies were effectively removed from the horse serum by one absorption with 1 to 3 volumes of normal human plasma. Abrupt rises in anticomplementary activity observed shortly after the third and fourth antigen injections, when the horse had developed elevated and steady levels of Au/SH antibody, could possibly be due to formation of antigen-antibody complexes. After optimal conditions were determined, an Au/SH antibody reagent pool which met official requirements was prepared. It was found equally suitable for the agar gel double-diffusion, complement fixation, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis test procedures.

天理参考館蔵イラン馬具二例

Here the author treats two Iranian horse furnitures: I—Decorated lady's saddle and II—Horse blanket of the Kashgai nomads. Both of these are by no means antiques, nor objets d'art, but are valuable because of their rarity among Japanese collections.I—The saddle is reinforced with white fringes of bones and covered with leather of black and green in colour. The green leather is dotted with gilt rivets in the shape of flower and all of them display an exquisite colour effect, common to European saddlery of Mediaeval Age, which must have been greatly influenced by the former during the Crusades.The style of this saddle may be classified as half-West and half-East, with its seat-bars of wood on both sides in the style of rucksaddle. Defect of any device for hanging stirrups denotes its lady's use for side-riding, perhaps on ponnies or donkeys.II—The horse blanket, or numdah, belongs to the same category with those depicted on the horse-shaped painted potteries, called ‘rhyton’ by Ghirshman, in Archaeological Museum of Teheran: one from Azerbaijan, another from Susa. The tamga on the horse's neck in the form of ‘trident’, or ‘fleur de lis’, is a fecundity symbol, as Dr. Ph. Ackermann explains it ‘labia and clitoris’.The horse-blanket is not for the use of riding, as is shown on the Assyrian walls. Originally it is for keeping warmth, but eventually it turned into ornamental and ritual use, as is seen on the clay potteries cited above.Lions and holly trees found among the bordering patterns are of Oriental origin. But they display striking resemblance to those found among the Pazylk and Noin Ula carpets respectively.Especially interesting is the form of those lion patterns with remarkable long necks, which reminds us of the lion on the Scythian pole-top in Hermitage, 4th century, B. C. Those facts may denote that the present example belongs to the great tradition of the steppe nomads, rather to that of Ancient Orient.