Near-infrared Imaging System Research Articles

TRLS-04. NEAR INFRARED FLUORESCENT DYE LOCALIZES BRAIN METASTASIS PRIOR TO DURAL OPENING AND IS MORE SENSITIVE THAN WHITE LIGHT IN BRAIN METASTASIS SURGERY

INTRODUCTION: To improve surgical resection of brain tumors, our lab has pioneered a novel fluorescent dye technique, Second-Window Indocyanine-Green (SWIG), that relies on passive delivery and accumulation of indocyanine-green (ICG) in neoplastic tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. We hypothesize that SWIG can provide early localization of brain metastasis prior to dural opening and can improve identification of surgical margins. METHODS: Subjects were prospectively enrolled in clinical trial after informed consent. Approximately 24 hours prior surgery, subjects were infused intravenously with 2.5mg/kg or 5mg/kg of ICG. Intraoperatively, a dedicated near-infrared (NIR) camera was used to detect ICG signal. After bone flap removal, the NIR imaging system was positioned above the presumed location of tumor. Additional NIR images were obtained after dural opening, corticectomy, and after conventional white-light surgical resection. RESULTS: We enrolled 50 patients with 51 total intraparenchymal brain metastases (23 lung, 7 breast, 8 GU/GI, 4 melanoma, and 7 others). Prior to dural opening, NIR signal was identified in 35 patients at an average depth of 4.3mm with SBR = 5.3 + 3.7. In the seven patients where NIR signal could not be identified prior to dural opening, tumor depth was an average of 8.4mm from cortical surface. Upon dural opening and tumor identification, all 51 tumors demonstrated strong NIR signal with SBR = 6.2 + 2.8. With white light alone, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV for tumor detection was 83%, 94%, 98%, 57%. With NIR, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV for tumor detection was 100%, 29%, 85%, 100%. DISCUSSION: NIR fluorophores are superior to visible light fluorophores in their depth of penetration. All contrast-enhancing brain metastasis accumulate ICG using our SWIG technique, and NIR fluorescence could be used to localize brain metastasis prior to dural opening. NIR fluorophores are likely to represent the next phase in tumor visualization given the rapid growth of fluorophores targeted to systemic cancers.

Characterisation of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging systems intended for hybrid gamma-NIR fluorescence image guided surgery

A novel hand-held hybrid optical-gamma camera (HGC) has previously been described that is capable of displaying co-aligned images from both modalities in a single imaging system. Here, a dedicated NIR imaging system for NIR fluorescence surgical guidance has been developed for combination with the HGC . This work has evaluated the performance of two NIR fluorescence imaging systems using phantom studies, various fluorophores and various experimental configurations. The threshold detectable concentration of ICG and 800CW dyes were investigated for both systems. Bespoke lymph node phantoms simulating metastases and tissue-like layers were constructed to evaluate the detection capability. ICG could be detected at a minimum concentration of 1 μM for each camera. The lower thresholds for 800CW were 10−2 and 10−3 μM for the modified and NIR cameras, respectively. Both cameras were unable to detect small-sized targets within a 3 mm depth, but were able to identify larger targets as deep as 7 mm. Further improvements are required to optimise the NIR-fluorescence systems for subsequent combination with the HGC to undertake dual gamma-NIR fluorescence intraoperative imaging.

2D Au-Coated Resonant MEMS Scanner for NIR Fluorescence Intraoperative Confocal Microscope.

The electrostatic MEMS scanner plays an important role in the miniaturization of the microscopic imaging system. We have developed a new two-dimensional (2D) parametrically-resonant MEMS scanner with patterned Au coating (>90% reflectivity at an NIR 785-nm wavelength), for a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence intraoperative confocal microscopic imaging system with a compact form factor. A silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-wafer based dicing-free microfabrication process has been developed for mass-production with high yield. Based on an in-plane comb-drive configuration, the resonant MEMS scanner performs 2D Lissajous pattern scanning with a large mechanical scanning angle (MSA, ±4°) on each axis at low driving voltage (36 V). A large field-of-view (FOV) has been achieved by using a post-objective scanning architecture of the confocal microscope. We have integrated the new MEMS scanner into a custom-made NIR fluorescence intraoperative confocal microscope with an outer diameter of 5.5 mm at its distal-end. Axial scanning has been achieved by using a piezoelectric actuator-based driving mechanism. We have successfully demonstrated ex vivo 2D imaging on human tissue specimens with up to five frames/s. The 2D resonant MEMS scanner can potentially be utilized for many applications, including multiphoton microendoscopy and wide-field endoscopy.

Evaluation of Validity of the Near-infrared Imaging System (VistaCam iX Proxi) in Comparison With Digital Radiographic Findings and ICDAS-II in Detection of Approximal Carious Lesions: Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Evaluation of Validity of the Near-infrared Imaging System (VistaCam iX Proxi) in Comparison With Digital Radiographic Findings and ICDAS-II in Detection of Approximal Carious Lesions: Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Prediction of protein content in rice using a near-infrared imaging system as diagnostic technique

The aim of this research was to determine the rice protein content utilizing a NIR imaging system. The developed imaging system utilized a NIR camera which installed automatically exchanged filters with the wavelength range from 870 nm to 1014 nm. Multiple liner regression (MLR), partial least square regression (PLSR), and artificial neural network (ANN) models were employed as data analysis methods for 6.18%-9.43% rice protein detections within both the NIR imaging system and commercial NIRS. A total of 180 rice samples were used in this study, of which 120 random samples were selected as a calibration set for the MLR and PLSR models. Moreover, for establishing the back-propagation ANN model, the same 120 samples were divided into two parts, 80 samples were used for network training and the other 40 were established as the monitoring set. To compare with the results of MLR, PLSR, and ANN models, the remaining 60 of the total 180 samples were established as the validation set. Applying an MLR linear regression model composed of five wavelengths; the NIR imaging system successfully detected rice protein content. The predicting results of rval2 and SEP were 0.769 and 0.294%, respectively. In PLSR model, utilizing the imaging system obtained the results of rval2 = 0.782, and SEP = 0.274% within the wavelength range from 870 nm to 1014 nm. Five significant wavelengths selected by the MLR model were the same as the input data of the ANN model, and the prediction results were rval2 = 0.806, and SEP = 0.266%. The prediction results indicated that the developed NIR imaging system has the advantages of simple, convenient operation, and high detection accuracy as well as it presents commercial potential in non-destructive detection of rice protein content. Keywords: non-destructive detection, near-infrared imaging system, inner quality, rice, protein content, agriculture product DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.4709 Citation: Lin L-H, Lu F-M, Chang Y-C. Prediction of protein content in rice using a near-infrared imaging system as diagnostic technique. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 195–200.

Prediction of the Leaf Primordia of Potato Tubers Using Sensor Fusion and Wavelength Selection.

The sprouting of potato tubers during storage is a significant problem that suppresses obtaining high quality seeds or fried products. In this study, the potential of fusing data obtained from visible (VIS)/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic and hyperspectral imaging systems was investigated, to improve the prediction of primordial leaf count as a significant sign for tubers sprouting. Electronic and lab measurements were conducted on whole tubers of Frito Lay 1879 (FL1879) and Russet Norkotah (R.Norkotah) potato cultivars. The interval partial least squares (IPLS) technique was adopted to extract the most effective wavelengths for both systems. Linear regression was utilized using partial least squares regression (PLSR), and the best calibration model was chosen using four-fold cross-validation. Then the prediction models were obtained using separate test data sets. Prediction results were enhanced compared with those obtained from individual systems’ models. The values of the correlation coefficient (the ratio between performance to deviation, or r(RPD)) were 0.95(3.01) and 0.9s6(3.55) for FL1879 and R.Norkotah, respectively, which represented a feasible improvement by 6.7%(35.6%) and 24.7%(136.7%) for FL1879 and R.Norkotah, respectively. The proposed study shows the possibility of building a rapid, noninvasive, and accurate system or device that requires minimal or no sample preparation to track the sprouting activity of stored potato tubers.

Application of a peripheral vein illumination device to reduce saphenous structure injury caused by screw insertion during arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis

BackgroundArthroscopic ankle arthrodesis (AAA) is minimally invasive surgery, whereby percutaneous screw fixation is used through the medial aspect of the distal tibia to fusion the ankle, but it carries the risk of the saphenous vein and nerve injuries. The near-infrared (NIR) vascular imaging system, the VeinViewer® Flex, projects an image of the vein onto the skin, and the visualization of the vein may reduce the vein and nerve injuries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk of the saphenous vein injury by the percutaneous screw insertion during AAA, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the NIR vascular imaging system in the reduction of the saphenous vein injury. MethodsTen patients with the ankle osteoarthritis underwent AAA. Three screw insertion sites (proximal as number 1, anterior distal as number 2, and posterior distal as number 3) were marked and then the vein was depicted on the medial malleolus using the VeinViewer® Flex. The distance between the screw insertion sites and the closest vein was measured. Additionally, the pattern of the vein course on the medial aspect of the distal tibia was investigated in 32 ankles using the VeinViewer® Flex. ResultsThe distance of number 1, 2, and 3 from the vein was 2.4 ± 1.4 mm (range from 0 to 5 mm), 6.3 ± 6.6 mm (range from 0 to 20 mm) and 3.5 ± 3.1 mm (range from 0 to 11 mm) respectively. In anterior screw insertion site, 3 of 10 cases showed just on the vein. The veins were observed at the anterior region from the center axis of the tibia more than 75% of ankles which was suspected as the greater saphenous vein with closely running of the saphenous nerve, but also other regions had the crossing vein. ConclusionsPercutaneous screw fixation during AAA runs the risk of causing the saphenous structure injury. The NIR light imaging system is beneficial in reducing the complications of saphenous structure damage in AAA.

Prediction of protein content in rice using a near-infrared imaging system as diagnostic technique

Prediction of protein content in rice using a near-infrared imaging system as diagnostic technique

Innovative surgical guidance for label-free real-time parathyroid identification

BackgroundDifficulty in identifying the parathyroid gland during neck operations can lead to accidental parathyroid gland excisions and postsurgical hypocalcemia. A clinical prototype called as PTeye was developed to guide parathyroid gland identification using a fiber-optic probe that detects near-infrared autofluorescence from parathyroid glands as operating room lights remain on. An Overlay Tissue Imaging System was designed concurrently to detect near-infrared autofluorescence and project visible light precisely onto parathyroid gland location. MethodsThe PTeye and the Overlay Tissue Imaging System were tested in 20 and 15 patients, respectively, and a modified near-infrared imaging system was investigated in 6 patients. All 41 patients underwent thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. System accuracy was ascertained with surgeon's visual confirmation for in situ parathyroid glands and histology for excised parathyroid glands. ResultsThere was no observable difference between near-infrared autofluorescence of healthy and diseased parathyroid glands. The PTeye identified 98% of the parathyroid gland, whereas the near-infrared imaging system and the Overlay Tissue Imaging System identified 100% and 97% of the parathyroid glands, respectively. ConclusionThe PTeye can guide in real-time parathyroid gland identification even with ambient operating room lights. The near-infrared imaging system performs parathyroid gland imaging with high sensitivity, whereas the Overlay Tissue Imaging System enhances parathyroid gland visualization directly within the surgical field without requiring display monitors. These label-free technologies can be valuable adjuncts for identifying parathyroid glands intraoperatively.

Detection of adulteration with duck meat in minced lamb meat by using visible near-infrared hyperspectral imaging

This paper described a rapid and non-destructive method based on visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging system (400–1000 nm) for detection adulteration with duck meat in minced lamb. The multiple average of the reference spectral and a predicted relative spatial distribution coefficient were applied in this study to reduce the noise of the spectra. The PLSR model with selected wavelengths achieved better results than others with determination of coefficients (R2P) of 0.98, and standard error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.51%. And the prediction map of the duck minced in lamb meat was generated by applying the prediction model. The results of this study indicate the great potential of the hyperspectral technology applying to rapidly and accurately detect the meat adulteration in minced lamb meat.

Indocyanine green fluorescence-navigated laparoscopic metastasectomy for peritoneal metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report

BackgroundIndocyanine green (ICG) can selectively accumulate in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its extrahepatic metastases. ICG fluorescence imaging is an extremely sensitive intraoperative tool for detecting HCC foci and can be used to detect impalpable tumors in laparoscopic surgery. Here, we report a case of a 75-year-old man who underwent peritoneal metastasis resection of HCC using a laparoscopic near-infrared imaging system and ICG fluorescence-navigated surgery.Case presentationA 75-year-old man was referred to our department for peritoneal metastasis resection of HCC. Two years before admission, he had undergone transarterial embolization and segmentectomy of segment 6 with open surgery for ruptured HCC. Computed tomography revealed a 12-mm peritoneal metastatic lesion on the abdominal wall near the cut surface of the liver. No other metastases were observed; resection of the solitary metastasis was scheduled. ICG (0.5 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously injected, 72 h preoperatively. An endoscopic, ICG near-infrared fluorescence imaging system revealed clear green fluorescence, indicating peritoneal metastasis of HCC on the abdominal wall. The tumor was resected with adequate surgical margin by partially resecting the liver and diaphragm, followed by histological confirmation as peritoneal metastasis of HCC. No recurrence was observed after 12 months of follow-up.ConclusionsICG fluorescence can be useful in laparoscopic surgery for identifying peritoneal metastasis.

Abstract 16616: Assessment of Lipid Rich Plaque Containing Necrotic Core Using a Multi-Modality Near-Infrared Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging System

Introduction: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is thought to be capable of identifying lipid-rich plaque (LRP). However, several histopathological correlative studies have shown that LRP assessment by OCT alone may be indecisive for identifying advanced plaque containing a necrotic core. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of multi-modality OCT-near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging to identify advanced necrotic-core LRP. Methods: We constructed a new fully integrated multi-modality OCT-NIRAF imaging system and catheter that allows simultaneous and co-registered acquisition of OCT and NIRAF data. NIRAF excitation was 635nm and emission was collected between 690-750nm. OCT-NIRAF pullback imaging was performed with excised human cadaver coronary arteries during saline perfusion. Subsequently, H&E sections were obtained and co-registered (longitudinally and azimuthally) with corresponding OCT-NIRAF images, using the known pullback distances, and anatomic landmarks and features such as calcium nodules seen in the OCT and histopathology images. In addition, a bench top confocal microscope was used to obtain images of NIRAF on corresponding unstained, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides. Results: A total of 187 histopathological sections and corresponding OCT-NIRAF images from 13 cadaver coronary arteries from 5 patients were imaged and analyzed. Several LRP that were identified by histopathology in these arteries showed regions with evidence of necrotic core with hemosiderin granules that had significantly higher catheter-based NIRAF than regions without hemosiderin granules. Confocal NIRAF microscopy also showed that regions of high NIRAF were associated with accumulation of hemosiderin in corresponding histological sections. Conclusions: This study provides suggestive data that an integrated OCT-NIRAF imaging system and catheter may be able to be used to identify advanced LRP that contains a necrotic core with hemosiderin granules. Future investigation of NIRAF from cadaver arteries from additional patients is merited to robustly confirm these findings.

Detection of Oil Chestnuts Infected by Blue Mold Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Artificial Neural Networks.

Mildew damage is a major reason for chestnut poor quality and yield loss. In this study, a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system in the 874–1734 nm spectral range was applied to detect the mildew damage to chestnuts caused by blue mold. Principal component analysis (PCA) scored images were firstly employed to qualitatively and intuitively distinguish moldy chestnuts from healthy chestnuts. Spectral data were extracted from the hyperspectral images. A successive projections algorithm (SPA) was used to select 12 optimal wavelengths. Artificial neural networks, including back propagation neural network (BPNN), evolutionary neural network (ENN), extreme learning machine (ELM), general regression neural network (GRNN) and radial basis neural network (RBNN) were used to build models using the full spectra and optimal wavelengths to distinguish moldy chestnuts. BPNN and ENN models using full spectra and optimal wavelengths obtained satisfactory performances, with classification accuracies all surpassing 99%. The results indicate the potential for the rapid and non-destructive detection of moldy chestnuts by hyperspectral imaging, which would help to develop online detection system for healthy and blue mold infected chestnuts.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck using the indocyanine green SPY Elite system

PurposeLymph node status is the single most important prognostic factor for patients with early-stage cutaneous melanoma. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care for intermediate depth melanomas. Modern SLNB implementation includes technetium-99 lymphoscintigraphy combined with local administration of a vital blue dye. However, sentinel lymph nodes may fail to localize in some cases and false-negative rates range from 0 to 34%. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of a new sentinel lymph node biopsy technique using indocyanine green (ICG) and the SPY Elite near-infrared imaging system. Materials and methodsCases of primary cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck without locoregional metastasis, underwent SLNB at a single quaternary care institution between May 2016 and June 2017. Intraoperatively, 0.25 mL of ICG was injected intradermal in 4 quadrants around the primary lesion. 10–15 minute circulation time was permitted. SPY Elite identified the sentinel lymph node within the nodal basin marked by lymphoscintigraphy. Target first echelon lymph nodes were confirmed with a gamma probe and ICG fluorescence. Results14 patients were included with T1a to T4b cutaneous melanomas. Success rates for sentinel lymph node identification using lymphoscintigraphy and the SPY Elite system were both 86%. Zero false negatives occurred. Median length of follow-up was 323 days. ConclusionsIn this pilot study, Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence demonstrates a safe, and facile method of sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck compared with lymphoscintigraphy and vital blue dyes.

Endoscopic near-infrared dental imaging with indocyanine green: a pilot study.

Current dental diagnosis, especially tooth abnormalities, relies largely on X-ray-based imaging, a technique that requires specialized skills and suffers from ionizing radiation. Here, we present a pilot study in rats of an efficient, ionizing-radiation-free and easy-to-use alternative for dental imaging. Postnatal rats at different ages were injected with indocyanine green and molars were imaged by a laboratory-designed endoscopic near-infrared (NIR) dental imaging system. The results indicate that the endoscopic NIR dental imaging can be used to observe the morphology of postnatal rat molars, especially at early postnatal stages when morphology of the molar is indistinguishable under visible conditions. A small abnormal cusp was observed and distinguished from the normal cusps by the NIR dental imaging system. Dental structures, such as unerupted molars, can be imaged as soon as 10 min after the injection of indocyanine green; imaging after 24 h shows improved imaging contrast. Overall, the endoscopic NIR fluorescence dental imaging system described here may be useful in dental research; this technique may serve as a safe, real-time imaging tool for dental diagnosis and treatment beyond experimental systems in the future.

Erratum: Methods for detecting host genetic modifiers of tumor vascular function using dynamic near-infrared fluorescence imaging: errata.

[This corrects the article on p. 543 in vol. 9, PMID: 29552392.].

Characterization of PLA-talc films using NIR chemical imaging and Multivariate Image Analysis techniques

A fast and non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) imaging system is proposed to characterize biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) films containing talc, and produced by extrusion film-blowing for packaging applications. The ultimate goal is to use the system on-line for quality control and after a post-processing thermal treatment (annealing). A set of PLA-talc films with different talc contents (0–3% wt.) were produced and annealed under different conditions. NIR images of the films were collected after which the samples were characterized for their physical, mechanical, and gas barrier properties. Multivariate imaging techniques were then applied on the hyperspectral images. The results showed that the films with various talc loadings can be discriminated, and the information contained in the NIR spectra allowed predicting the annealed film crystallinity and O2 permeability with good accuracy.

Quantitative real-time optical imaging of the tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption.

.The tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption () is a clinically relevant marker for a number of pathologies including cancer and arterial occlusive disease. We present and validate a noncontact method for quantitatively mapping over a wide, scalable field of view at . We achieve this by developing a dual-wavelength, near-infrared coherent spatial frequency-domain imaging (cSFDI) system to calculate tissue optical properties (i.e., absorption, , and reduced scattering, , parameters) as well as the speckle flow index (SFI) at every pixel. Images of tissue oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration ( and [HHb]) are calculated from optical properties and combined with SFI to calculate . We validate the system using a series of yeast-hemoglobin tissue-simulating phantoms and conduct in vivo tests in humans using arterial occlusions that demonstrate sensitivity to tissue metabolic oxygen debt and its repayment. Finally, we image the impact of cyanide exposure and toxicity reversal in an in vivo rabbit model showing clear instances of mitochondrial uncoupling and significantly diminished . We conclude that dual-wavelength cSFDI provides rapid, quantitative, wide-field mapping of that can reveal unique spatial and temporal dynamics relevant to tissue pathology and viability.

Bloodstain detection and discrimination impacted by spectral shift when using an interference filter-based visible and near-infrared multispectral crime scene imaging system

Bloodstain detection and discrimination from nonblood substances on various substrates are critical in forensic science as bloodstains are a critical source for confirmatory DNA tests. Conventional bloodstain detection methods often involve time-consuming sample preparation, a chance of harm to investigators, the possibility of destruction of blood samples, and acquisition of too little data at crime scenes either in the field or in the laboratory. An imaging method has the advantages of being nondestructive, noncontact, real-time, and covering a large field-of-view. The abundant spectral information provided by multispectral imaging makes it a potential presumptive bloodstain detection and discrimination method. This article proposes an interference filter (IF) based area scanning three-spectral-band crime scene imaging system used for forensic bloodstain detection and discrimination. The impact of large angle of views on the spectral shift of calibrated IFs is determined, for both detecting and discriminating bloodstains from visually similar substances on multiple substrates. Spectral features in the visible and near-infrared portion employed by the relative band depth method are used. This study shows that 1 ml bloodstain on black felt, gray felt, red felt, white cotton, white polyester, and raw wood can be detected. Bloodstains on the above substrates can be discriminated from cola, coffee, ketchup, orange juice, red wine, and green tea.

Multispectral near-infrared reflectance and transillumination imaging of occlusal carious lesions: Variation in lesion contrast with lesion depth.

In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that near-infrared (NIR) light at λ=1300-1700-nm can be used to acquire high contrast images of enamel demineralization without interference of stains. The objective of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between the NIR image contrast of occlusal lesions and the depth of the lesion. Extracted teeth with varying amounts of natural occlusal decay were measured using a multispectral-multimodal NIR imaging system which captures λ=1300-nm occlusal transillumination, and λ=1500-1700-nm cross-polarized reflectance images. Image analysis software was used to calculate the lesion contrast detected in both images from matched positions of each imaging modality. Samples were serially sectioned across the lesion with a precision saw, and polarized light microscopy was used to measure the respective lesion depth relative to the dentinoenamel junction. Lesion contrast measured from NIR cross-polarized reflectance images positively correlated (p<0.05) with increasing lesion depth and a statistically significant difference between inner enamel and dentin lesions was observed. The lateral width of pit and fissures lesions measured in both NIR cross-polarized reflectance and NIR transillumination positively correlated with lesion depth.