Nearby Suburbs Research Articles

Seasonal influences on preferences for urban blue-green spaces: Integrating land surface temperature into the assessment of cultural ecosystem service value

Rapid urbanization has triggered conflicts between blue–green space and other city infrastructure, challenging urban planning efforts to improve city residents' well-being. Cultural ecosystem services (CESs) improve mental and physical wellness by offering access to blue–green space via aesthetic or recreational experiences, but these offerings fluctuate; seasonal differences and contributing factors are unclear. We divided urban green space representation into Changfeng Park (CF) in the city core district, Miracle Park (QJ) in the nearby suburb, and Wusong Paotaiwan Wetland Park (WPW) in the far suburb. We combined social media data regarding CESs with the SolVES model and innovatively considered land surface temperature (LST) as an environmental factor affecting CESs. The study demonstrated that (1) seasonal changes significantly influence CES provision in WPW and QJ via landscape dynamics and landscape-related cultural activities. In the more universally designed CF Park, CES seasonal variations were smaller. (2) LST affected CES experiences at both spatial and temporal scales, with higher degrees of influence in summer and in the WPW, potentially due to Shanghai's seasonal high temperatures and humidity and unique landscape features, respectively. (3) These findings can help create seasonally-adaptable blue–green areas that satisfy the demands of urban residents.

REGULAR GARDEN OF THE 18TH CENTURY AT MEDZHYBIZH CASTLE IN DOCUMENTS AND CARTOGRAPHY

There is a widespread opinion in local history and some scientific publications that in the 18th century, especially in the ownership of the Czartoryski princes, Medzhybizh castle was transformed into a luxury romantic residence. The decorative garden was allegedly created as a result of Izabella Czartoryskas interest in English parks, as a continuation of the architectural program of the main residence in Pulawy. There is even a statement that the garden was arranged in the inner territory of Medzhybizh castle. Nonetheless, the inventories of the Medzhybizh estate indicate that during the 18th century, Medzhybizh castle was utilized not for residential purposes, but also for economic and occasionally military purposes. The notion of a grandiose ornamental garden at the Medzhybizh castle is merely an adaptation of the romantic descriptions of the real romantic park at the Czartoryski main residence called Pulawy (in Poland). Only the Polish researcher Rafal Nestorow has provided real information about the existence of the Medzhybizh garden, which was called the Italian garden. TThis garden was established by Jan Baptista Dessieur in the year 1713. Nestorows research is based on archival documents obtained from the library of Princes Czartoryski in Kraków (Poland). Nonetheless, in his perspective, the precise location of this “Italian garden” remains ambiguous. This article extends and clarifies the research initiated by R. Nestorow. The archival inventories from the 1750s provide a thorough description of the "Italian garden" near the Medzhybizh castle, which was not located in the town of Medzhybizh, but in a nearby suburb called Stawnica. The article explains the location, description of buildings, and list of plants in the so-called “Italian garden”, which belonged to the owners of the Medzhybizh in the 18th century. The differences between this garden and the classic Italian landscape are also explained. The location of the Italian garden surrounding the castle and the streets of the modern Stawnica is revealed by archival maps of Medzhybizh from the 18th and 19th centuries. The article explains where the Italian garden is, what houses it has, and what plants it has. The garden was owned by the Medzhybizh family in the 18th century. The elucidation of the distinctions between this garden and the traditional Italian landscape is also provided.

Validation of a Semi-empirical Procedure for Estimating Steady-State, Groundwater Inflows in Shallow Rock Tunnels Through Case Study Analyses

The construction of tunnels in rock terrain has increased in importance around the world as the need for new transportation routes and water and wastewater conveyances has grown. Large cities and nearby suburbs have limited space for extensive, above-ground thoroughfares; therefore, underground systems may be the only viable means for developing new infrastructure. Excessive groundwater inflow into rock tunnels under construction can injury personnel and terminate the construction of the tunnel project. Therefore, it is important to accurately estimate groundwater inflow into rock tunnels. A semi-empirical procedure for estimating steady-state, groundwater inflow in shallow rock tunnels is presented and discussed in this paper. In addition, this paper presents two case study analyses which include the Elizabethtown tunnel in New Jersey and the Toledo tunnel in Ohio. Packer test (i.e., pressure test) data was analyzed for both case studies utilizing this semi-empirical procedure. This paper reviews the basic theory behind the procedure and validates the procedure through case study analyses. It also describes previous proposed modifications and clarifies the need for any such modifications. In general, good groundwater inflow estimates were derived for shallow rock tunnels utilizing this semi-empirical procedure. This research will benefit large and small municipalities (e.g., owners of major infrastructure tunnels projects) who need to install underground conveyances for water supply lines, sewer lines, railway, and roadways. By knowing the amount of water that might flow into the rock tunnel during its construction, the owners will save money, but more importantly lives if groundwater inflow are estimated accurately.

Influence of Transit Station Proximity on Demographic Change Including Displacement and Gentrification with Implications for Transit and Land Use Planning After the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A key purpose of fixed-route transit systems is to attract people and households to live near transit stations. There is very little research into the extent to which this occurs, however. This article is the first to apply a consistent methodology using census data to evaluate the extent to which people and households are attracted to transit stations. Using census American Community Survey 5-year sample data applied to 30 metropolitan areas for 2013 and 2019-a period between the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic-we found that nearly all people and households were attracted to transit stations located within the first 100 m with very little occurring in the rest of the "½-mi circle" (about 800 m). With the exception of streetcar systems that serve mostly downtowns, we found that most of the change in residents in the first 100 m involved minority persons, which is somewhat inconsistent with displacement and gentrification expectations. Also, with the exception of streetcar systems, large to very large shares of all new households with children were attracted to the first 100 m from transit stations, which was again somewhat inconsistent with expectations. We use analysis to suggest implications for the post COVID-19 pandemic period. Although major cities have lost population as households have moved mostly into nearby suburbs, recent trends combined with data from preference surveys suggest that future demand for transit station proximity may be higher than before the pandemic. We conclude with long-term implications for transit and land use planning.

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНО-ПРОСТОРОВІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ВЗДОВЖ МІСЬКИХ МАГІСТРАЛЕЙ: КЕЙС КИЄВА

The article is aimed at the analysis of the development of the city of Kyiv along the linear main roads and the identification of the related spatial-functional transformations. As a result of the city’s spatial development and growth, numerous functional transformations are taking place. They are manifested differently in different urban zones and sectors – from the centre to the periphery and at the same time in different directions. The main roads diverging from the central business district to the city outskirts and further to the suburbs usually become the key axes of transformations. The study of spatial-functional transformations along the main roads of the city is stemmed from the studies on the justification of urban space zoning (functional zoning), identification of their features and ways to improve them, analysis of various transformations of the urban space and problems of spatial expansion of the city along the highways. Two Kyiv’s linear main roads from the city centre to the periphery and nearby suburbs were chosen as research cases – in the western direction (Lesia Ukrainka Boulevard – Taras Shevchenko Boulevard – Beresteysky Avenue) and in the south-eastern direction (Mykola Bazhan Avenue – Boryspilske Highway). The research involves a combination of both observations and GIS analysis and mapping. The article claims that the differently directed linear main roads in Kyiv have a different characteristics of concentration and spatial scale of functional zones, their combination and degree of fragmentation, different specifics of the formation of local gravity centres, which is caused both by the nature of the city's development, planning shortcomings of the previous period, and current urban planning restrictions. Closer to the city centre, there is an increase in multi-functionality and functional fragmentation of space along the main roads. Industrial spaces located closer to the periphery are transforming mainly into residential spaces with varying degrees of combination with administrative-office and service functions. In the nearby suburbs, manifestations of urban sprawl are observed as a result of primarily residential and commercial suburbanisation.

Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater to understand asymptomatic transmission

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 RNA is excreted in feces of most patients, therefore viral load in wastewater can be used as a surveillance tool to develop an early warning system to help and manage future pandemics. MethodsWe collected wastewater from 24 random locations at Bangkok city center and 26 nearby suburbs from July to December 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RNA copy numbers were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in wastewater from both the city center and suburbs. Except for July, there were no significant differences in copy numbers between the city center and suburbs. Between October and November, a sharp rise in copy number was observed in both places followed by two to three times increase in December, related to SARS-CoV-2 cases reported for same month. ConclusionsOur study provided the first dataset related to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in the wastewater of Bangkok. Our results suggest that wastewater could be used as a complementary source for detecting viral RNA and predicting upcoming outbreaks and waves.

A descriptive analysis of blood mercury test results in British Columbia to identify excessive exposures.

The objective of this study was to describe who in British Columbia (BC) is tested for blood mercury, the distribution of their results, and the adequacy of follow-up testing. The BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) obtained records of clinician-ordered analyses of blood mercury conducted by BC laboratories during 2009 and 2010. We conducted a descriptive analysis with statistical testing of who was tested, the distribution of their blood mercury concentrations, whose results exceeded Health Canada's proposed guidance values (8μg/L (40nmol/L) for children/adolescents ≤ 18years and women 19-49years, and 20μg/L (100nmol/L) for other adults), and patterns of repeat testing. Mercury test results for 6487 individuals were reviewed. Adults ≥ 50years had the highest testing rates. The median blood mercury concentration for all tested persons was 1.8μg/L. Nine percent of women aged 19-49years had results exceeding Health Canada's provisional guidance value of 8μg/L. Data from one of BC's two biomarker laboratories indicated that some residents of Vancouver and nearby suburbs have higher exposure to mercury than other BC residents. Of 127 individuals who had results in 2009 exceeding provisional guidance values, only 45% were tested again within 12months. Collating and analyzing all clinical biomarker testing such as blood mercury at a provincial population level allows for assessment of the adequacy and appropriateness of follow-up testing and suggests which regional and demographic strata are at higher levels of exposure.

Recent Surface Deformation in the Tianjin Area Revealed by Sentinel-1A Data

In this study, we employed multitemporal InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) (MT-InSAR) to detect spatial and temporal ground deformations over the whole Tianjin region in the North China Plain area. Twenty-five ascending Sentinel-1A terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes covering this area, acquired from 9 January 2016 to 8 June 2017, were processed using InSAR time series analysis. The deformation results derived from Sentinel-1A MT-InSAR were validated with continuously operating reference stations (CORS) at four sites and four stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). The overall results show good agreement, demonstrating the suitability of applying Doris with Sentinel-1A data to high-resolution monitoring of surface deformation. Significant deformation variations have been observed in different parts of Tianjin. These gradually increased from the central part of the metropolitan area to the nearby suburbs. The deformation rate of the main urban area is well-balanced and it is also relatively linear, with uplifting rates ranging from 0 to 20 mm/yr. However, due to the diversity of the geological conditions and anthropogenic activities, remarkable signs of subsidence were found in several parts of Tianjin. In particular, the south-western part of Wuqing District and western part of Beichen District showed subsidence rates of up to −136 mm/yr. We also found that, in addition to groundwater over-exploitation and lithological characteristics, additional factors also influence ground subsidence, including dynamic loads (e.g., railways), static loads (e.g., urban construction), and groundwater recharging.

MONASTERIES IN THE XII – THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIII CENTURY ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE MIDDLE DNISTER

The article considers the problem of the formation and evolution of Christian monasteries in the cities of the right bank of the Middle Dnister. Whereas the black clergy was very significant in their layer. The Monasteries on the specified territory, as well as on the territory of South-West Rus, appeared in the middle of the XII century. It is shown their importance as a part of the city in spreading the Christian ideology. Also were considered the cave monasteries of the Dnister canyon. The cave monasteries began to operate in the Dnister canyon already from XIth, as it was indicated by the group of researchers. As the first “Cloister” for the monks served the rock shelters, mainsails, caves, widely represented in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains. For the installation of the monasteries usually are used the group of the caves and separately placed underground cavities could be settled by the the desert monks who were associated with Byzantine monastic traditions. The structure of the monastery could include the settlements. Probably the monasteries of XII – early XIII century owned so many lands with attached peasants, which was required only to meet their needs and not for benefication. The Orthodox Monasteries of the XII – early XIII century were placed in the territory of ancient rusian cities or in nearby suburbs. Therefore, these sacral objects should be taken as a essential sign that a one or another inhabited locality in XII – early XIII century was a real city. In ancient rusian cities the black clergy in addition to its core missionary activities led an active social life. Key words: monastery, black clergy, monastery, yeremit monasteries, kenovian monasteries, cave monasteries, Zenkivtsi on Prut river, Vasyliv, Kuchelmin.

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF UKRAINIAN BAKERY ENTERPRISES

Topicality. The relevance of the issues of introduction of innovative management technologies into food industry enterprises of Ukraine, in particular in the bakery, facilitation of their sustainable development under conditions of economic instability creates new opportunities for enterprises to attract investment and for formation of a sustainable food security system of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the introduction of innovative technologies of bakery enterprises management in the context of the increasing economic crisis in society based on the world experience and forecast of trends in the market of bread and bakery products in Ukraine. Research results. The article deals with the issues of strategic management of bakery enterprises of Ukraine under conditions of transformation on the basis of the introduction of technologies of "frozen" bread for therapeutic and preventive purposes. This corresponds to the strategy of sustainable development "Ukraine-2020", has huge socio-economic consequences and leads to the formation of a positive image of Ukrainian producers and strengthening of investment potential. Now, in order to survive in the market, enterprises need to have a long-term development strategy based on the introduction of innovations and attracting investment through the use of innovative management technologies. The article analyses the state and the main trends of the market of bread and bakery products of Ukraine, foreign experience of introduction of technologies of frozen bread production and prospects of its dissemination in Ukraine. The analysis of the problems hindering the intensive development of baking, and the factors that contribute to the growth of the market of "frozen" products in Ukraine allowed to formulate the current tasks of the development of the baking industry and building its position as a competitive industry. The study is based on the results of management of project on implementation of the frozen bakery products of therapeutic and preventive purposes into the perspective plan of development of the largest bakery enterprise of Odessa. The formula of the products has been developed by the scientists of the Odessa national Academy of food technologies to meet the needs of the residents of Odessa city, nearby suburbs and the resort zone for the new types of bakery products that are in high demand. The calculations show the competitive price of new products, increase in the capacity utilization through the manufacture of new products, the growth of the total profit of the enterprise, reduction in production costs and return on investment in a cost-effective period. This confirms the economic efficiency and expediency of introducing innovative technologies at large bakery enterprises in the form of a variety of bakery products with "deferred" terms of baking for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Conclusions. The introduction of such projects of innovative technologies of bakery enterprises management provides opportunities to confront the crisis phenomena that are taking place in the economy of Ukraine, and is the basis for the formation of health of future generations and a stable food security system of the state. It is proved that innovative technologies of bakery industry management at the state level take the form of the further formation of the system of preferential state lending, taxation, regulation of activities of producers of bread and bakery products of Ukraine.

The Poetics and Politics of Migration: A Study of Selected Works of Hindi Dalit and Tribal Women Poets

According to the social activist and renowned author Arundhati Roy, almost 30 million people have been displaced since 1990 due to dam and development projects undertaken by the Indian government. The new economic reform policies have triggered a massive movement of landless workers towards nearby towns and suburbs resulting in the mushrooming of slums on the outskirts of metropolitan cities with an intimidating promptness. The present dismal scenario proves the fact that the global India is heading towards a clean cleavage. There is an ongoing parallel life on the outskirts of the thriving city as in the middle of it. The thrust of this article is to deliberate on the growing discontent among the marginalized women as represented by themselves and understand the nuances of living on the periphery. They have reiterated their demands for Jal (water), Jungle (Forest) and Zameen (Land) with renewed vigour and lash out at the anti-people policies with double ferocity. The new crop of Dalit and tribal women writers have put their foot down and refused to accept the dark holes as home. They have expressed themselves through the genre of poetry and commented on the inhuman living conditions they are subjected to. Hence, under the light of given circumstances, this article endeavours to engage with the selected works of post-1990s Hindi Dalit women poets and study the rise of political consciousness in their literary representations. The selected works have autobiographical element or ‘testimonies’ as described by Arun Prabha Mukherjee adding depth to the poems. The trauma of leaving one’s village comes alive in the following lines from the poem Humne Chode Diye Hai Gaon (We Have Left Our Villages) by Poonam Tushamed (2017b), ‘We Have left our villages/and left behind that well, pond, temple and chaupal’.

The unrealised potential of bike share schemes to influence population physical activity levels – A narrative review

The recent proliferation of bike share schemes (BSS, also known as public bicycle use programs) in many cities has focused attention on their potential for reducing motorised traffic congestion, improving air quality and reducing car use. Since 2005, hundreds of bike share schemes have been implemented in many cities, with bike share usage patterns monitored in many of them. This paper assesses the development of BSS and provides a rationale for their potential health benefits. The key research question, as yet unanswered, is whether BSS themselves can contribute to improving population health, particularly through increasing population cycling, which would increase population levels of health-enhancing physical activity. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the contribution of BSS to population physical activity, and uses examples of new data analyses to indicate the challenges in answering this question. These illustrative analyses examine cycling in Australia, and [i] compares rates of cycling to work in BSS cities compared to the rest of Australia over time, and [ii] modelling trends in bike counts in Central Melbourne before and after introduction of the BSS in 2010, and compared to adjacent regions in nearby suburbs unexposed to a BSS. These indicative examples point to difficulties in attributing causal increases in cycling for transport to the introduction of a BSS alone. There is an evidence gap, and a need to identify opportunities to improve the health-related components of BSS evaluations, to answer the question whether they have any impact on population physical activity levels.

Causes and factors of positive surface ozone anomalies in the Moscow region and on the southeastern coast of the Crimea

Ozone sources and factors responsible for anomalous surface ozone concentrations are discussed. Foreign observations and measurements of surface ozone in Moscow, nearby suburbs, and on the territory far removed from the megalopolis, as well as on the coast of the Black Sea, are used as an example to illustrate the interrelations between elevated surface ozone concentrations, air temperature, and transport speed in the planetary boundary layer, and to show the dependence on advection of ozone and its precursors. Studies of factors responsible for ozone episodes and causes of decreased ozone concentrations under meteorological conditions favorable for photochemical ozone production are the basis for interpretation and correction of model ozone predictions.

If we build it, we will come: a model for community-led change to transform neighborhood conditions to support healthy eating and active living.

Neighborhoods affect health. In 3 adjoining inner-city Cleveland, Ohio, neighborhoods, residents have an average life expectancy 15 years less than that of a nearby suburb. To address this disparity, a local health funder created the 2010 to 2013 Francis H. Beam Community Health Fellowship to develop a strategic community engagement process to establish a Healthy Eating & Active Living (HEAL) culture and lifestyle in the neighborhoods. The fellow developed and advanced a model, engaging the community in establishing HEAL options and culture. Residents used the model to identify a shared vision for HEAL and collaborated with community partners to create and sustain innovative HEAL opportunities. This community-led, collaborative model produced high engagement levels (15% of targeted 12 000 residents) and tangible improvements in the neighborhood's physical, resource, and social environments.

The representation of place and religion in Nkosinathi Sithole's Hunger eats a man

Nkosinathi Sithole's Hunger eats a man, published simultaneously in isiZulu and English in 2011, is set in an area of semi-urban sprawl in an economically depressed zone of the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. While the village of Ndlalidlindoda (translated as “Hunger eats a man”) borders a lush wild life conservation area, its immediate environment is degraded, infertile and overpopulated. Poverty and unemployment destabilise traditional codes of rural civility and co-operation. Unemployment results also in deep tensions between men and women in the domestic sphere. People turn to a variety of Christian and traditional spiritual beliefs and practices, which offer them spurious promises of wealth and status but impoverish them even further. At the end of the novel, though, a more political form of “truth” is offered that leads to an actual attack on men who sexually abuse women and children and imaginatively, in the form of a short story, to a revolutionary act of communal restoration by means of the physical appropriation of the resources of the elite who inhabit the nearby suburb of Canaan. This article will examine how the novel's representation of place and spirituality contributes to its central theme of economic transformation.

La ville de Fulfinum (Omišalj, Croatie). Nouveau regard sur le devenir d’une ville antique entre l’Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Âge

The main topic of the present article is the problem of the fate of the Roman town of Fulfinum, the second town of the island of Krk (Kvarner, Croatia), between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Here we will briefly examine the datation and the conditions of its creation ex nihilo, concentrating on the results of the latest archaeological excavations, which over the past number of years have been focused on the roman forum, and on the late antique necropolis. In previous works, it has been established that this Roman town was abandoned by the end of the 4th century, despite the fact that a basilica was erected somewhere around the mid 5th century in the nearby suburb. The results of the new excavations presented here will prove that the population did not abandon the town as early as the 4th century - the forum was still in use, although with a radical change in function - between the 5th and the 7th century, and the necropolis situated between the town and the church demonstrates the presence of a lay population. Furthermore, new considerations are presented on the causes of its final abandonment.

Mercury exposure of a wetland songbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, in the New York metropolitan area and its effect on nestling growth rate

The potential for mercury accumulation in free-living passerine birds is now recognized to be much greater than previously assumed. However, lowest observable effect levels have yet to be well established for this taxonomic group and it is usually unknown whether levels observed in the wild are causing adverse effects. We measured total blood mercury (THg) levels and took repeated morphological measurements from nestling red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus; N = 39) in the New York metropolitan area to investigate whether mercury affected their growth rate. We also compared THg levels of nestlings (and parents; N = 14) between our two study sites, which included riparian habitats along a city river and surrounding ponds in a nearby suburb, to examine differences between birds within and beyond the urban core. THg levels ranged 0.009-0.284ppm in nestlings and 0.036-0.746ppm in adults. Adults and nestlings had significantly higher THg outside of the city than within, possibly due to the ability of rivers to flush contaminants and the higher methylation potential of ponds. Among our candidate sets, models containing THg had minimal support for explaining variation in nestling growth rate. Summed Akaike weights further showed that THg had little relative importance. Mercury pollution in our sites may be low, or feather growth may have been sufficient to protect nestlings from accumulating harmful mercury levels in living tissues.

Community Issues in American Metropolitan Cities

The city of San Francisco in California has 826,000 residents and is growing slowly compared to other large cities in the western United States, facing concerns such as an aging population and flight of families to nearby suburbs. This case study investigates the social and demographic factors that are causing this phenomenon based on data that were collected by San Francisco's city controller's office in its annual survey to residents. By using data analytics, we can predict which residents are likely to move away, and this help us infer which factors of city life and city services contribute to a resident's decision to leave the city. Results of this research indicate that factors like public transportation services, public schools, and personal finances are significant in this regard, which can potentially help the city of San Francisco to prioritize its resources in order to better retain its locals.

Prostorski in prebivalstveni razvoj naselij v južnem delu Ljubljanske urbane regije

Prispevek prinaša rezultate analize spreminjanja števila prebivalstva in sočasnega prostorskega razvoja naselij južnega dela Ljubljanske urbane regije, ki smo ga opredelili kot območje občin Borovnica, Brezovica, Log-Dragomer, Ig in Škofljica. To območje vključuje ožje suburbanizirano obmestje, širše obmestje in podeželska naselja. Želeli smo ugotoviti, ali se dinamika spreminjanja števila prebivalstva in prostorski razvoj naselij razlikujeta. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali je v primerjavi z obdobjem pred letom 2002 prišlo do pomembnejših sprememb v gibanju in težnjah spreminjanja števila prebivalstva.

Relationships between roadside and setback air quality at two nearby suburbs bisected by major motorways

Monitoring of air quality alongside heavily-trafficked motorways has shown air pollutant levels are typically much higher than levels at background monitoring sites. In many large cities, a significant portion of the population resides on land immediately adjacent to motorways. For long-term residents, this has been associated with adverse health outcomes. However, generalizing the impact of major roads on nearby air quality is complicated by local influences such as wind climate, topography and vehicle fleet emission rates. This study aimed to quantify and explain differences in pollutant levels at two roadside and several associated setback sites in Auckland, New Zealand. Levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored over the 2010 and 2011 autumn-winter transition (April - July), around two urban motorways roughly 5 km apart. Limited monitoring of ultrafine particles (UFP) was also conducted at two sites. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) was 33% greater at the primary study site (122,098) than at the secondary site (81,075). Unmonitored ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations were modeled from NOx data using linear regression (R2>0.75). Missing CO data was predicted using nitric oxide (NO) concentrations (R2=0.93). Dispersion modeling was performed using The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) in order to assess the influence of meteorology on pollutant decay. Results show that, for both study sites, mean levels of NOx and UFPs were elevated by 41 - 52% at the roadside compared to setback sites as close as 134 m downwind. CO concentrations were elevated by 44 - 64%. Mean roadside UFP, NOx and CO at the busier study area was 25,672 pt/cm3, 128.6 µg/m3 and 1.1 ppm, respectively; higher than the lesser trafficked area by 43% (UFP, NOx) and 56% (CO). Overall results suggest that outdoor exposure along the roadside corridor is approximately 50% greater than for those living at setback distances. As New Zealand homes are particularly prone to infiltration of outdoor air, these results may have significant long-term exposure implications.