Nearby Neighbors Research Articles

Solar Powered Smart Surveillance System Enhanced with Wi-Fi technology by Using Raspberry Pi

This paper deals with the inventive surveillance tracking system the use of distinct strategies. This technique increases the usage of mobile technology to provide an essential safety to industry, our houses and other manipulate utility. Net generation offers a terrific way for us to increase an included computing community environment for the application of various robot systems. To prevent such incidents, presenting a smart surveillance machine more desirable with WI-if generation. The LINUX operating gadget is used to lessen the hardware additives. The idea of net-based entire robots is the new generation, and it does no longer have the restrictions of the variety of operation. On the identical time, the need to examine more and more human beings, locations, and connected with a desire to pull out of things more useful data from the video information, the unfold of using embedded systems is motivating the new demands talents and capability. In such instances, we may additionally use the proposed robot gadget whose running based on Raspberry Pi, in case want to move into the one's regions and provide us with the data within the shape of stay videos of that places. While a person enters such notably secured situations, the digital camera installed on the robotic will keep on shooting the videos from the environment to keep a file of the information about the incident passed off, and this is ready to be had to the person and most efficient the authenticated customers can see the recorded data. It can additionally find the number of persons positioned with the help of the Infrared sensor. This system is proposed with the assist of low fee PIR sensor and smoke sensor to hint out the intruders and to hit upon the hearth accident. The webcam will capture live data in the surroundings and transmit the live video to the social network through WI-FI. Simultaneously, the buzzer alerts the nearby neighbours. The system also consists of sprayer sprays the chloroform liquid on the intruders and sprinkler discharges water when the effect of the fire has been detected. This review paper offers an unusual technique closer to surveillance gadget. In this project, the robot will work with both battery and solar energy

A High-Order Staggered Meshless Method for Elliptic Problems

We present a new meshless method for scalar diffusion equations, which is motivated by their compatible discretizations on primal-dual grids. Unlike the latter though, our approach is truly meshless because it only requires the graph of nearby neighbor connectivity of the discretization points ${\em x}_i$. This graph defines a local primal-dual grid complex with a virtual dual grid, in the sense that specification of the dual metric attributes is implicit in the method's construction. Our method combines a topological gradient operator on the local primal grid with a generalized moving least squares approximation of the divergence on the local dual grid. We show that the resulting approximation of the div-grad operator maintains polynomial reproduction to arbitrary orders and yields a meshless method, which attains $O(h^{m})$ convergence in both $L^2$- and $H^1$-norms, similar to mixed finite element methods. We demonstrate this convergence on curvilinear domains using manufactured solutions in two and th...

Data Dissemination Framework for IoT based Applications

Objective: There is a need for a distributed data storage mechanism to reduce the probability of data loss and cope with node failure as well. The increase in amount of data generated in the wireless sensor network necessitates an innetwork data aggregation protocol that creates summaries of data as information is disseminated in the network. Methods: An effervescent aggregation technique has been formulated that makes use of the existing data redundancy in the dissemination-based network and combines it with consistency checks to filter false aggregate information. A greedy approach is formulated to keep the copies of the data in the nearby neighbour who has greater capacity. Findings: Architecture designed for in-network aggregation helps in dealing with a large amount of data by eliminating redundant information and at the same time distributes the aggregate information in the nearby node since dissemination deals with memory shortage and node failure. Applications: The benefits of the system include that the redundant copies are maintained in some other nodes which has higher memory and power this may, in turn, increase the reliability of the data in nodes of sensor networks and the availability is ensured during the communication with sinks.

Territorial olive frogs display lower aggression towards neighbours than strangers based on individual vocal signatures

Some territorial animals display a form of social recognition in which they direct low levels of aggression towards established neighbours, but maintain greater readiness to respond aggressively towards unfamiliar individuals. In many taxa, such as songbirds, this so-called ‘dear enemy’ effect involves discrimination between neighbours and strangers based on individually distinctive vocal signatures. Although most anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) are highly vocal, and many are also territorial, we know very little about neighbour–stranger discrimination in this group. In the present study of the olive frog, Babina adenopleura (Ranidae), we show that the vocal signals of males are individually distinct, and that territory holders use this information to direct lower levels of aggression towards their nearby neighbours. Analyses of individual variation in advertisement calls revealed many individually distinctive spectral and temporal acoustic properties, with spectral properties contributing most towards statistical discrimination among individuals. In a field playback experiment that simulated territorial intrusions, territorial males had higher thresholds for producing aggressive calls in response to the advertisement calls of their nearby neighbours compared with those of strangers. A simple model based on sound attenuation due to spherical spreading estimated that males responded aggressively to strangers at distances that were approximately twice as far away as for neighbours and that were similar to intermale distances recorded in the field. Together, results from this study indicate that territorial male olive frogs develop vocally mediated dear enemy relationships with their nearby neighbours. These results highlight the potential for convergence in social recognition systems across diverse taxa.

Multi-Timer Based Event Synchronization Control for Sensor Networks and Its Application

Applications of sensor networks usually require events at all nodes to be synchronized. To meet such requirement, this work proposes two multi-timer model based event synchronization schemes which are fully distributed. The proposed model consists of multiple timers with each timer characterizing a sensor node whose events are triggered by timer interrupts. Each timer updates its preset values by only using values from its nearby neighbors. Event synchronization is achieved when all timers reach their preset values simultaneously. One key feature of this work is by unifying the time synchronization part and the embedded system part of the sensor networks to reach the strict event synchronization. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is demonstrated by simulation examples and a case study in a microgrid.

A Bayesian heterogeneous coefficients spatial autoregressive panel data model of retail fuel duopoly pricing

We apply a heterogenous coefficient spatial autoregressive panel model to explore competition/cooperation by duopoly pairs of German fueling stations in setting prices for diesel and e5 fuel. We rely on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methodology applied with non-informative priors, which produces estimates equivalent to those from (quasi-) maximum likelihood. We explore station-level pricing behavior using pairs of proximately situated fueling stations with no nearby neighbors. Our sample data represents average daily diesel and e5 fuel prices, and refinery cost information covering more than 487 days.The heterogeneous coefficients spatial autoregressive panel data model uses the large sample of daily time periods to produce spatial autoregressive model estimates for each fueling station. These estimates provide information regarding the price reaction function of each station to its duopoly rival station. This is in contrast to conventional estimates of price reaction functions that average over the entire cross-sectional sample of stations. We show how these estimates can be used to infer competition versus cooperation in price setting by individual stations.

A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF MASSIVE STARS IN M31 AND M33*

ABSTRACT We describe our spectroscopic follow-up to the Local Group Galaxy Survey (LGGS) photometry of M31 and M33. We have obtained new spectroscopy of 1895 stars, allowing us to classify 1496 of them for the first time. Our study has identified many foreground stars, and established membership for hundreds of early- and mid-type supergiants. We have also found nine new candidate luminous blue variables and a previously unrecognized Wolf–Rayet star. We republish the LGGS M31 and M33 catalogs with improved coordinates, and including spectroscopy from the literature and our new results. The spectroscopy in this paper is responsible for the vast majority of the stellar classifications in these two nearby spiral neighbors. The most luminous (and hence massive) of the stars in our sample are early-type B supergiants, as expected; the more massive O stars are more rare and fainter visually, and thus mostly remain unobserved so far. The majority of the unevolved stars in our sample are in the 20–40 M ⊙ range.

Long-range acoustic interactions in insect swarms: an adaptive gravity model

The collective motion of groups of animals emerges from the net effect of the interactions between individual members of the group. In many cases, such as birds, fish, or ungulates, these interactions are mediated by sensory stimuli that predominantly arise from nearby neighbors. But not all stimuli in animal groups are short range. Here, we consider mating swarms of midges, which are thought to interact primarily via long-range acoustic stimuli. We exploit the similarity in form between the decay of acoustic and gravitational sources to build a model for swarm behavior. By accounting for the adaptive nature of the midges’ acoustic sensing, we show that our ‘adaptive gravity’ model makes mean-field predictions that agree well with experimental observations of laboratory swarms. Our results highlight the role of sensory mechanisms and interaction range in collective animal behavior. Additionally, the adaptive interactions that we present here open a new class of equations of motion, which may appear in other biological contexts.

Reprint of “A distributed algorithm for efficiently solving linear equations and its applications (Special Issue JCW)”

A distributed algorithm is proposed for solving a linear algebraic equation Ax=b over a multi-agent network, where A∈Rn̄×n and the equation has a unique solution x∗∈Rn. Each agent knows only a subset of the rows of [Ab], controls a state vector xi(t) of size smaller than n and is able to receive information from its nearby neighbors. Neighbor relations are characterized by time-dependent directed graphs. It is shown that for a large class of time-varying networks, the proposed algorithm enables each agent to recursively update its own state by only using its neighbors’ states such that all xi(t) converge exponentially fast to a specific part of x∗ of interest to agent i. Applications of the proposed algorithm include solving the least square solution problem and the network localization problem.

Finely tuned choruses: bush crickets adjust attention to neighboring singers in relation to the acoustic environment they create

When acoustically advertising animals call in dense clusters, problems in signal efficacy often arise. These problems are particularly acute in species where females ignore males who call immediately following a neighbor and males adjust call timing to avoid broadcasting following calls: Males may forego such adjustments and produce many ineffective calls, they may attend to all neighbors and call at a reduced rate, or they may selectively attend to certain neighbors, likely those who are nearby and/or more intense. We studied the problem of group calling in Ephippiger diurnus, a European bush cricket distributed in genetically isolated populations that vary considerably in male song and chorusing and in female preference for male song. Female E. diurnus ignore following male calls, and males adjust their call timing but only with respect to several loud neighbors. We found that males were more selective in attending to only their nearest neighbor in a population where chorusing yields sound during a high proportion of a collective singing bout, and more indiscriminate in attending to several neighbors where chorusing yields more intermittent sound. Such fine tuning can maintain a relatively high calling rate and may be generated by positive feedback loops operating between individual and group-level calling traits. When animals sing in the company of conspecifics, individual singers often adjust their call timing such that they do not immediately follow neighbors. These adjustments become problematic in dense choruses, as adjusting for all neighbors could lead to a marked reduction in call rate. Consequently, some degree of selective attention, most likely to nearby and/or loud neighbors, is expected. We confirmed this expectation in the chorusing bush cricket E. diurnus, but we also found that the degree of attention varied among populations. In particular, singers were most selective, attending to only a single neighbor, where chorusing generated rather continuous sound and more indiscriminate attention would have led to sporadic calling. Thus, choruses appear to be finely tuned and controlled by feedback loops in which individual singers generate a collective display that, in turn, influences the singing behavior of those very same individuals.

Opening Holes in the Blanket of Inhibition: Localized Lateral Disinhibition by VIP Interneurons.

Most inhibitory interneurons have axons restricted to a nearby area and target excitatory neighbors indiscriminately, raising the issue of how neuronal activity can propagate through cortical circuits. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons (VIPs) disinhibit cortical pyramidal cells through inhibition of other inhibitory interneurons, and they have very focused, "narrow" axons. By optogenetically activating single VIPs in live mice while recording the activity of nearby neurons, we find that VIPs break open a hole in blanket inhibition with an effective range of ∼120 μm in lateral cortical space where excitatory activity can propagate.

A distributed algorithm for efficiently solving linear equations and its applications (Special Issue JCW)

A distributed algorithm is proposed for solving a linear algebraic equation Ax=b over a multi-agent network, where A∈Rn̄×n and the equation has a unique solution x∗∈Rn. Each agent knows only a subset of the rows of [Ab], controls a state vector xi(t) of size smaller than n and is able to receive information from its nearby neighbors. Neighbor relations are characterized by time-dependent directed graphs. It is shown that for a large class of time-varying networks, the proposed algorithm enables each agent to recursively update its own state by only using its neighbors’ states such that all xi(t) converge exponentially fast to a specific part of x∗ of interest to agent i. Applications of the proposed algorithm include solving the least square solution problem and the network localization problem.

Stellar Populations of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light

AbstractWe present 3 representative cases from a sample of 16 local Brightest Cluster Galaxies observed using integral field spectroscopy. The observations extend to nearby neighbours and into the Intracluster Light (ICL). Population synthesis modeling shows that the ICL is younger and more metal poor compared to the BCG core and outskirts. This is consistent with a scenario in which the ICL grows by cluster processes, and alongside the growth of the BCG.

Assessing Spatial Variation of Corn Response to Irrigation Using a Bayesian Semiparametric Model

<abstract> <b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> Spatial irrigation of agricultural crops using site-specific variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems is beginning to have widespread acceptance. However, optimizing the management of these VRI systems to conserve natural resources and increase profitability requires an understanding of the spatial crop responses. In this research, we utilize a recently developed spatially explicit analysis model to reanalyze spatial corn yield data. The specific objectives of this research were to (1) calculate a suite of estimates (estimated yield, rainfed yield, maximum yield, and irrigation at maximum yield) and provide credible intervals (measures of uncertainty) around these estimates for comparing with the previous analysis, and (2) examine whether the conclusions from this rigorous re-analysis were different from the prior analysis and if the results would force any modifications to the conclusions obtained with the prior analyses. The spatially explicit analysis was achieved using a mixed model formulation of bivariate penalized smoothing splines and was implemented in a Bayesian framework. This model simultaneously accounted for spatial correlation as well as relationships within the treatments and had the ability to contribute information to nearby neighbors. The model-based yield estimates were in excellent agreement with the observed spatial corn yields and were able to estimate the high and low yields more accurately than the previous analysis. Credible intervals were calculated around the estimates, and the majority encompassed the observed yields. After calculating estimates of yield, we then calculated estimates of other response variables, such as rainfed yield, maximum yield, and irrigation at maximum yield. These estimated response variables were then compared with previous results from a classical statistical analysis. Our conclusions supported the original analysis in identifying significant spatial differences in crop responses across and within soil map units. These spatial differences were great enough to be considered in irrigation system design and management. The major improvement in the 2014 re-analysis is that the model explicitly considered spatial dependence in calculating the estimated yields and other variables and thus should provide improved estimates of the impact of spatial differences for use in irrigation system design and management.

Research of the multi-way connectivity probability for platoon-based vehicle-to-infrastructure communication network

Vehicles travelling as platoons can reduce the huge traffic jams on the highway. Platoon members can share vehicle information such as speed and acceleration via vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) communication to maintain a constant inter-vehicle and inter-platoon distances. However, connectivity is a fundamental measurement to indicate the linking quality of VANETs. This paper analyzes the access and connectivity probability between the vehicles and the road side units (RSUs) of the multi-way platoon-based VANETs with roadside infrastructure. We denote the connectivity probability as the probability that the vehicles on the highway can access to at least one RSU besides the road within a designated number of hops. Moreover, besides considering the connection on the same road, we study the connection between the vehicles and the RSU via vehicles on the nearby neighbor roads. The analytical results have been validated by simulations and results show that the connectivity probability can be improved when there are platoons in a network. Meanwhile, the connectivity probability is higher in the multi-way vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication network than that in a one-way V2I communication network. The results in this paper can help to reduce the jams on the highway and achieve intelligent driving. Then the safety and comfort of the drivers and passengers on the highway can be improved. Moreover, these results can provide forceful theoretical support to the future intelligent transportation system (ITS) design.

Turkmenistan and the Middle East

Turkmenistan is a weak country militarily, but well-­endowed with natural gas reserves. While the latter also insulates it somewhat from international criticism of its human rights abuses, unfortunately, Turkmenistan is landlocked and dependent upon the goodwill of its neighbors in order to export that commodity. Additionally, Turkmenistan is in need of technological assistance. Given its relatively homogenous population and its hydrocarbon wealth it has adopted a policy of subsidizing certain necessities—though it underfunds other—and is fairly stable internally. Nevertheless, it is ruled under an autocratic political system, suffers massive corruption, and has to contend with fears of instability on its borders. Therefore, Turkmenistan has adopted a policy of permanent neutrality and is open to cooperation with all its neighbors as well as the big powers. The countries of the Middle East as both immediate and nearby neighbors play an important part in the international relations of Turkmenistan and in providing technological assistance and economic investments. This article, which reviews and analyzes those ties, utilizes government documents, academic works and newspapers from Turkmenistan and Middle Eastern countries.

Data-driven Handwriting Synthesis in a Conjoined Manner

A person's handwriting appears differently within a typical range of variations, and the shapes of handwriting characters also show complex interaction with their nearby neighbors. This makes automatic synthesis of handwriting characters and paragraphs very challenging. In this paper, we propose a method for synthesizing handwriting texts according to a writer's handwriting style. The synthesis algorithm is composed by two phases. First, we create the multidimensional morphable models for different characters based on one writer's data. Then, we compute the cursive probability to decide whether each pair of neighboring characters are conjoined together or not. By jointly modeling the handwriting style and conjoined property through a novel trajectory optimization, final handwriting words can be synthesized from a set of collected samples. Furthermore, the paragraphs' layouts are also automatically generated and adjusted according to the writer's style obtained from the same dataset. We demonstrate that our method can successfully synthesize an entire paragraph that mimic a writer's handwriting using his/her collected handwriting samples.

Comparison of Aid Allocation Patterns of Two Emerging Donors: Korea and Greece

This study analyzes how the aid allocation pattern of the OECD DAC’s emerging donor Korea is different from that of Greece. By using the dataset of 153 aid recipient countries from 1996 to 2008 and 1987 to 2011 respectively, this study reveals that Greece and Korea display similar patterns of aid disbursement. They favor recipients with higher income level, with larger population, closer trade ties, better social development, protection of freedom and human rights, and nearby located neighbors. However, in case of Korea, this study conjectures that aid fragmentation and obscure processes in approving the ODA-funded projects may be latent challenges in upholding coherent aid practices.

A Hybrid Prediction Model for Monitoring of River Water Quality in the USN System

River water quality is directly related to the wellness of its neighbors. Because the West Nakdong River has long suffered both from the infiltration of sea water and from the inflow of turbid wastewater, inconsiderate use of this water can cause disastrous result to nearby agricultural areas and neighbors. Busan city in Korea had deployed a pilot USN (ubiquitous sensor network) system that monitors this river and nearby tube wells to properly react to those situations. In this paper, we have designed a system that predicts salinity level of groundwater while monitoring the electrical conductivity (EC) values of sensors in that USN. We use a hybrid method that combines pattern-based approach together with statistical regression model to analyze sensor data. After classifying past sensor outputs into several characteristic patterns, we trace each day's change to identify base pattern of that day and thus predict the next value of sensor output. Since the detection of each day's pattern takes some time, we need to incorporate statistical regression model as an interim prediction method. Through an experiment that compares the hybrid model to previous statistical regression model, we have shown that our hybrid model is more accurate to predict the sensor's movement.

Analysis of glint and glare produced by the receiver of small heliostat fields integrated in building façades. Methodology applicable to conventional central receiver systems

The “Vertical Heliostat Field” (VHF) concept proposes a solution to integrate solar heliostat fields into urban communities with acceptable optical efficiencies for Concentrating Solar Power systems. It is based on a heliostat field arranged on a vertical surface, conceived to be integrated in a building façade. The glare phenomenon has been identified as a critical aspect for a VHF facility integrated in an urban environment and a potential source of hazard to nearby drivers, pedestrians or neighbors. The main goal of this work is the analysis of potential ocular hazards produced by the VHF. On the bases of the previous formulation, there has been developed a mathematical methodology that has led us to propose a series of general equations and graphs to characterize glare phenomenon produced by the receiver of a VHF, which are also applicable to conventional CSP central receiver facilities. The analysis focuses on temporary and also permanent eye damage hazards. In case of the receiver, the surface delimiting the border for permanent risk and temporary blinding is defined by the distance and the direction (angle) where the observer is placed, relative to the receiver. Thus, this border results in a revolution surface, whose largest section is obtained on the plane perpendicular to the plane of the receiver aperture. General graphs are presented, corresponding to those sections, depending on DNI and optical efficiency of the field and normalized by an areas factor. Integration of a VHF in a urban environment will always imply the establishment of an exclusion zone for vehicles and pedestrians.