Near-infrared Imaging Research Articles

Hyaluronic acid-zein shell-core biopolymer nanoparticles enhance hepatocellular carcinoma therapy of celastrol via CD44-mediated cellular uptake

Low concentrations or limited residence times in tumor tissues, making celastrol (Cel) difficult to exert significant therapeutic effects. Thus, we developed Zein/hyaluronic acid core-shell nanoparticles (Cel/Zein@HA NPs) for active targeted delivery of Cel via CD44 receptor over-expression on cancer cells, which may strengthen the therapeutic efficacy of Cel and improve delivery targeting. Cel-loaded Zein nanoparticles (core), are elegantly enveloped by a hydrophilic HA coating that forms the shell, resulting in significantly improved encapsulation efficiency and ensured good stability. The cellular uptake of Cel/Zein@HA NPs in HepG2 cells was 1.57-fold higher than nontargeting Cel/Zein NPs. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging confirmed the accumulation of Cel/Zein@HA NPs in H22 liver cancer tumors in mice, resulting in effective antitumor effects and good biosafety. Besides, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that compared with Cel/Zein NPs, Cel/Zein@HA NPs had more efficient inhibitory effect on tumor proliferation and lower systemic toxicity. Further studies revealed that Cel/Zein@HA NPs induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 expression, while also inhibiting tumor angiogenesis by decreasing CD31 and VEGF levels. Overall, this study presents a promising strategy for enhancing targeted liver cancer therapy through the utilization of biopolymer nanoparticle-based nano-pharmaceuticals that facilitate CD44-mediated cellular uptake.

The JWST/NIRISS Deep Spectroscopic Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs and Free-floating Planets

The discovery and characterization of free-floating planetary-mass objects (FFPMOs) is fundamental to our understanding of star and planet formation. Here we report results from an extremely deep spectroscopic survey of the young star cluster NGC1333 using Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) wide field slitless spectroscopy on the James Webb Space Telescope. The survey is photometrically complete to K ∼ 21, and includes useful spectra for objects as faint as K ∼ 20.5. The observations cover 19 known brown dwarfs, for most of which we confirm spectral types using NIRISS spectra. We discover six new candidates with L-dwarf spectral types that are plausible planetary-mass members of NGC1333, with estimated masses between 5 and 15 M Jup. One, at ∼5 M Jup, shows clear infrared excess emission and is a good candidate to be the lowest-mass object known to have a disk. We do not find any objects later than mid-L spectral type (M ≲ 4 M Jup). The paucity of Jupiter-mass objects, despite the survey’s unprecedented sensitivity, suggests that our observations reach the lowest-mass objects that formed like stars in NGC1333. Our findings put the fraction of FFPMOs in NGC1333 at ∼10% of the number of cluster members, significantly more than expected from the typical log-normal stellar mass function. We also search for wide binaries in our images and report a young brown dwarf with a planetary-mass companion.

Letrozole-Based Near-Infrared Dynamic Imaging Targeting Ductal-Vascular RhoJ From Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) relies heavily on neoangiogenesis for its progression, making early detection crucial. Here, LTZi-MHI148 (Letrozole inhibitor bonding with MHI-148 dye), a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent agent is developed, to target RhoJ (Ras Homolog Family Member J), a protein expressed in neonatal vasculature, for both imaging and therapy of early PDAC. This agent is synthesized by conjugating Letrozole with MHI-148, exhibiting excellent NIR characteristics and photostability. In vitro studies showed that LTZi-MHI148 selectively accumulated within pancreatic cancer cells through Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) transporters and bound to cytoplasmic RhoJ. In vivo, the probe effectively targeted neoangiogenesis and Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias (PanINs) in various PDAC models, including the orthotopic, ectopic, spontaneous, and tamoxifen-induced tumors. Notably, LTZi-MHI148 detected preneoplastic PanIN lesions with Overexpressed RhoJ and active neoangiogenesis in both spontaneous and tamoxifen-induced PDAC murine models. Longitudinal imaging studies revealed that RhoJ-targeted neoangiogenesis tracks lesion progression, highlighting LTZi-MHI148's utility in monitoring disease progression. Furthermore, multiple LTZi-MHI148 administrations attenuated PanINs to PDAC progression, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention. These findings underscore the translational potential of LTZi-MHI148 for the early detection and targeted therapy of PDAC, utilizing NIR-I/II imaging to monitor RhoJ overexpression in precancerous ductal neoplasia associated with neoangiogenesis.

Tumor Microenvironment Activated Cu Crosslinked Near-Infrared Sonosensitizers for Visualized Cuproptosis-Enhanced Sonodynamic Cancer Immunotherapy.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) holds increasing potential in treating deep-seated tumor owing to the high tissue-penetration depth. However, the inevitable accumulation of sonosensitizers in normal tissues not only make it difficult to realize the in situ SDT, but also induces sonodynamic effects in normal tissues. Herein, this work reports the passivation and selective activation strategies for the sonodynamic and near-infrared (NIR) imaging performances of an intelligent antitumor theranostic platform termed Cu-IR783 nanoparticles (NPs). Owing to the ruptured coordination bond between IR783 with Cu ions by responding to tumor microenvironment (TME), the selective activation of IR783 only occurred in tumor tissues to achieve the visualized in-situ SDT. The tumor-specific released Cu ions not only realized the cascade amplification of ROS generation through Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction, but also triggered cuproptosis through Cu+-induced DLAT oligomerization and mitochondrial dysfunction. More importantly, the immunosuppressive TME can be reversed by the greatly enhanced ROS levels and high-efficiency cuproptosis, ultimately inducing immunogenic cell death that promotes robust systemic immune responses for the eradication of primary tumors and suppression of distant tumors. This work provides a distinct paradigm of the integration of SDT, CDT, and cuproptosis in a controlled manner to achieve visualized in-situ antitumor therapy.

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Cathepsin B, L, and S Expression in Breast Cancer Patients.

Cysteine cathepsins are proteases that play a role in normal cellular physiology and neoplastic transformation. Elevated expression and enzymatic activity of cathepsins in breast cancer (BCa) indicates their potential as a target for tumor imaging. In particular cathepsin B (CTSB), L (CTSL), and S (CTSS) are used as targets for near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (FI), a technique that allows real-time intraoperative tumor visualization and resection margin assessment. Therefore, this immunohistochemical study explores CTSB, CTSL, and CTSS expression levels in a large breast cancer patient cohort, to investigate in which BCa patients the use of cathepsin-targeted NIR FI may have added value. Protein expression was analyzed in tumor tissue microarrays (TMA) of BCa patients using immunohistochemistry and quantified as a total immunostaining score (TIS), ranging from 0-12. In total, the tissues of 557 BCa patients were included in the TMA. CTSB, CTSL, and CTSS were successfully scored in respectively 340, 373 and 252 tumors. All tumors showed CTSB, CTSL, and/or CTSS expression to some extent (TIS > 0). CTSB, CTSL, and CTSS expression was scored as high (TIS > 6) in respectively 28%, 80%, and 18% of tumors. In 89% of the tumors scored for all three cathepsins, the expression level of one or more of these proteases was scored as high (TIS > 6). Tumors showed significantly higher cathepsin expression levels with advancing Bloom-Richardson grade (p < 0.05). Cathepsin expression was highest in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive and triple-negative (TN) tumors. There was no significant difference in cathepsin expression between tumors that were treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy and tumors that were not. The expression of at least one of the cysteine cathepsins B, L and S in all breast tumor tissues tested suggests that cathepsin-activatable imaging agents with broad reactivity for these three proteases will likely be effective in the vast majority of breast cancer patients, regardless of molecular subtype and treatment status. Patients with high grade ER-negative, HER2-positive, or TN tumors might show higher imaging signals.

Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Signatures of Single- vs Multigland Disease in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

The success of parathyroidectomy depends on accurate intraoperative localization and identification of all diseased glands in parathyroid exploration based on surgeon expertise to prevent persistent hyperparathyroidism. Near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging has recently emerged as a promising adjunctive intraoperative tool for localizing parathyroid glands; however, its potential utility in the assessment of parathyroid glands has yet to be established. To analyze the differences in NIRAF signatures of parathyroid glands in single vs multiple glands in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). This prospective diagnostic study analyzed in vivo NIRAF images of parathyroid glands obtained during parathyroidectomies between November 18, 2019, and December 31, 2023, at a single tertiary referral center. Pixel intensities of the images were measured using third-party software. Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for sporadic pHPT using a second-generation NIRAF imaging device were included. Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasm disorders were excluded. In vivo NIRAF images obtained during the procedures were analyzed. Near-infrared autofluorescence imaging during parathyroidectomy. The primary outcomes were the autofluorescence intensity and heterogeneity of single adenomas and multigland disease (ie, double adenomas and 3- or 4-gland hyperplasia) in sporadic pHPT. Normalized autofluorescence intensity was calculated by dividing the mean pixel intensity of the parathyroid gland by the background tissue. A heterogeneity index was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean pixel intensity of the gland. The secondary outcome was the visibility of each parathyroid gland on NIRAF imaging before it became apparent to the naked eye during exploration. A total of 1287 in vivo NIRAF images obtained from 377 patients (median [IQR] age, 66 [56-73] years; 299 female [79.3%]) were analyzed. Of all patients, 230 (61.0%) had a single adenoma, 91 (24.1%) had double adenomas, and 56 (14.9%) had 3- or 4-gland hyperplasia. A mean (SD) of 3.4 (1.1) parathyroid glands were identified in the procedures. A comparison of 581 diseased glands (45.1%) and 706 normal glands (54.9%) showed a lower median normalized autofluorescence intensity of 2.09 (95% CI, 1.07-4.01) vs 2.66 (95% CI, 1.43-4.20; effect size = 0.36) and higher heterogeneity index of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.07-0.41) vs 0.11 (95% CI, 0.01-0.27; effect size = 0.45), respectively. Of diseased glands, single adenomas (233 [40.1%]) vs double adenomas (187 [32.2%]) and 3- or 4-gland hyperplasia (161 [27.7%]) had a lower median autofluorescence intensity of 1.92 (95% CI, 1.02-4.44) vs 2.22 (95% CI, 1.10-3.97; effect size = 0.21), respectively. On receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal autofluorescence intensity threshold to differentiate between single adenomas vs multigland disease was 2.14, with a sensitivity of 64.4%, specificity of 58.1%, and area under the curve of 0.626. These findings suggest that parathyroid glands in single- vs multigland disease may exhibit different autofluorescence characteristics. Although the effect size was modest, the differences identified should be kept in mind when assessing the parathyroid glands during surgical exploration.

Estimation of Fractal Dimension and Segmentation of Body Regions for Deep Learning-Based Gender Recognition

There are few studies utilizing only IR cameras for long-distance gender recognition, and they have shown low recognition performance due to their lack of color and texture information in IR images with a complex background. Therefore, a rough body segmentation-based gender recognition network (RBSG-Net) is proposed, with enhanced gender recognition performance achieved by emphasizing the silhouette of a person through a body segmentation network. Anthropometric loss for the segmentation network and an adaptive body attention module are also proposed, which effectively integrate the segmentation and classification networks. To enhance the analytic capabilities of the proposed framework, fractal dimension estimation was introduced into the system to gain insights into the complexity and irregularity of the body region, thereby predicting the accuracy of body segmentation. For experiments, near-infrared images from the Sun Yat-sen University multiple modality re-identification version 1 (SYSU-MM01) dataset and thermal images from the Dongguk body-based gender version 2 (DBGender-DB2) database were used. The equal error rates of gender recognition by the proposed model were 4.320% and 8.303% for these two databases, respectively, surpassing state-of-the-art methods.

Gemini Near-infrared Photometry for a Sample of Cold Brown Dwarfs Discovered by Backyard Worlds: Planet 9

We present Gemini Observatory follow-up J-band and K-band photometry for a sample of 16 T/Y dwarf candidates discovered by the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science project. The Gemini observations were taken with Gemini-North using the Near-Infrared Imager instrument between 2017 September and 2018 March. Obtaining near-infrared photometry of very cold brown dwarfs is important for enabling and prioritizing future spectroscopic follow-up, particularly in the context of JWST spectroscopy of T and Y dwarfs.

A comparative study of linear and nonlinear regression models for blood glucose estimation based on near-infrared facial images from 760 to 1650 nm wavelength

A comparative study of linear and nonlinear regression models for blood glucose estimation based on near-infrared facial images from 760 to 1650 nm wavelength

Enabling robust near-infrared afterglow polymers through cascade energy transfer

Near-infrared afterglow materials, which can significantly reduce background fluorescence and improve penetration in living organisms, are vital for precision imaging. However, the practicability of near-infrared afterglow materials has been hindered by their short lifetime and low luminescence quantum efficiency. Herein, we propose an effective strategy for doping water-soluble afterglow polymer host materials with fluorescent dyes, leveraging the step-by-step Förster energy transfer principle to realize near-infrared afterglow. Benefiting from the ultralong lifetime of 4.2 s and high quantum efficiency of 20.1 % for the blue host PAMCz as well as efficient cascade energy transfer efficiency of 83.3 %, the developed NIR afterglow exhibits luminescence peaked at 750 nm, a lifetime of 1.4 s, and a quantum efficiency of 17.1 %. A successful demonstration of near-infrared afterglow biological imaging with a penetration depth of 3.4 mm and signal-to-background ratio of 48.3, has been established. These advancements expand the scope of near-infrared afterglow materials by combining an ultralong lifetime with high quantum efficiency, providing a roadmap for designing robust near-infrared materials.

Ultrabroad Near Infrared Emitting Perovskites

Phosphor converted light emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) have revolutionized solid‐state white lighting by replacing energy‐inefficient filament‐based incandescent lamps. However, such a pc‐LED emitting ultrabroad near‐infrared (NIR) radiations still remains a challenge, primarily because of the lack of ultrabroad NIR emitting phosphors. To address this issue, we have prepared 2.5% W4+‐doped and 2.8% Mo4+‐doped Cs2Na0.95Ag0.05BiCl6 perovskites emitting ultrabroad NIR radiation with unprecedented spectral widths of 434 and 468 nm, respectively. Upon band‐edge excitation, the soft lattice of the host exhibits broad self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission covering NIR‐I (680 nm), which then nonradiatively excites the dopants. The π‐donor ligand Cl⁻ reduces the energy of dopant d‐d transitions emitting NIR‐II with a peak at ~950 nm. Vibronic coupling broadens the dopant emission. The large spin‐orbit coupling and local structural distortion might possibly enhance the dopant emission intensity, leading to an overall NIR photoluminescence quantum yield ~40%. The composite of our ultrabroad NIR phosphors with biodegradable polymer polylactic acid could be processed into free‐standing films and 3D printed structures. Large (170 × 170 mm2), robust, and thermally stable 3D printed pc‐LED panels emit ultrabroad NIR radiation, demonstrating NIR imaging applications.

Ultrabroad Near Infrared Emitting Perovskites.

Phosphor converted light emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) have revolutionized solid-state white lighting by replacing energy-inefficient filament-based incandescent lamps. However, such a pc-LED emitting ultrabroad near-infrared (NIR) radiations still remains a challenge, primarily because of the lack of ultrabroad NIR emitting phosphors. To address this issue, we have prepared 2.5 % W4+-doped and 2.8 % Mo4+-doped Cs2Na0.95Ag0.05BiCl6 perovskites emitting ultrabroad NIR radiation with unprecedented spectral widths of 434 and 468 nm, respectively. Upon band-edge excitation, the soft lattice of the host exhibits broad self-trapped exciton (STE) emission covering NIR-I (700 nm), which then nonradiatively excites the dopants. The -donor ligand Cl- reduces the energy of dopant d-d transitions emitting NIR-II with a peak at ~950 nm. Vibronic coupling broadens the dopant emission. The large spin-orbit coupling and local structural distortion might possibly enhance the dopant emission intensity, leading to an overall NIR photoluminescence quantum yield ~40 %. The composite of our ultrabroad NIR phosphors with biodegradable polymer polylactic acid could be processed into free-standing films and 3D printed structures. Large (170 170 ), robust, and thermally stable 3D printed pc-LED panels emit ultrabroad NIR radiation, demonstrating NIR imaging applications.

Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission

The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015--2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14\,000\,deg$^2$ of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance.

Near-Infrared Carbon Dots With Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activities for Sonodynamic Therapy of Infected Bone Defects.

Repairing infected bone defects is hindered by the presence of stubborn bacterial infections and inadequate osteogenic activity. The incorporation of harmful antibiotics not only fosters the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, but also diminishes the osteogenic properties of scaffold materials. In addition, it is essential to continuously monitor the degradation kinetics of scaffold materials at bone defect sites, yet the majority of bone repair materials lack imaging capability. To address these issues, this study reports for the first time the development of a single nanomaterial with triple functionality: efficient sonodynamic antibacterial activity, accelerated bone defect repair capability, and NIR imaging ability for visualized therapy of infected bone defects. Through rationally regulating the surface functional groups, the obtained multifunctional NIR carbon dots (NIR-CD) exhibit p-n junction-enhanced sonodynamic activity, narrow bandgap-facilitated NIR imaging capability, and negative charge-augmented osteogenic activity. The validation of NIR-CDs antibacterial and osteogenic activities in vivo is conducted by constructing 3D injectable hydrogels encapsulated by NIR-CDs (NIR-CD/GelMA). The implantation of multifunctional NIR-CD/GelMA hydrogel scaffolds in a model of MRSA-infected craniotomy defects results in almost complete restoration of the infected bone defects after 60 days. These findings will provide traceable, renewable, repairable and antibacterial candidate biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

CD24-Targeted NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging Enables Early Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major health issue even though screening methods have facilitated early detection. Despite the high sensitivity of white-light colonoscopy, it frequently overlooks invasive flat or depressed lesions, which can lead to the development of larger, advanced tumors. Fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI) offers a promising approach for early tumor detection by targeting specific molecular characteristics of lesions. CD24 is upregulated during the adenoma-to-CRC transition, providing a potential target for FMI. Here, we developed a second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescent probe with a high affinity for CD24 and evaluated its efficacy and targeting ability in cellular models, murine models, and clinical samples of CRC. CD24 expression was elevated in 76% of adenomas and 80% of CRCs. In a colitis-associated cancer mouse model, NIR-II imaging with the CD24-targeted probe achieved a significantly higher tumor-to-background ratio compared to conventional NIR-I imaging. The probe demonstrated exceptional sensitivity (92%) and specificity (92%) for detecting CRC, including small lesions less than 1 mm in size. This led to the identification of precancerous lesions missed by white-light detection and lesions missed by NIR-I imaging. Moreover, ex vivo human tissue incubation with the probe supported the potential for intraprocedural lesion identification via topical probe application during colonoscopy. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates the potential of CD24-targeted NIR-II imaging for identifying colorectal neoplasia, highlighting its significance for early CRC detection in the gastrointestinal tract.

Retraction Note: Application of near-infrared spectral imaging and artificial intelligence classification in basketball motion image recognition

Retraction Note: Application of near-infrared spectral imaging and artificial intelligence classification in basketball motion image recognition

Monte Carlo simulation of spatial frequency domain imaging for breast tumors during compression.

Near-infrared optical imaging methods have shown promise for monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer, with endogenous contrast coming from oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) could be used to detect this contrast in a low-cost and portable format, but it has limited imaging depth. It is possible that local tissue compression could be used to reduce the effective tumor depth. To evaluate the potential of SFDI for therapy response prediction, we aim to predict how changes to tumor size, stiffness, and hemoglobin concentration would be reflected in contrast measured by SFDI under tissue compression. Finite element analysis of compression on an inclusion-containing soft material is combined with Monte Carlo simulation to predict the measured optical contrast. When the effect of compression on blood volume is not considered, contrast gain from compression increases with the size and stiffness of the inclusion and decreases with the inclusion depth. With a model of reduction of blood volume from compression, compression reduces imaging contrast, an effect that is greater for larger inclusions and stiffer inclusions at shallower depths. This computational modeling study represents a first step toward tracking tumor changes induced by NAC using SFDI and local compression.

Dual-responsive two-photon probe for specific lipid droplets near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the brain of epileptic mice

Abnormal lipid metabolism in glial cells is a key pathological feature of epilepsy. The identification of lipid droplets (LDs) is essential for investigating lipid metabolism, disease progression, and potential therapeutic interventions. Two-photon imaging technology enables real-time visualization of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of LDs in epilepsy models. In this study, we developed a novel two-photon excited dual-responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe, CabA, based on viscosity and polarity, to monitor dynamic changes in LDs. The fluorescence of CabA at 670 nm exhibits a significant increase in response to low polarity and high viscosity due to the twisted intramolecular charge transfer and intramolecular charge transfer mechanisms. The LDs-targeting capability of CabA at the cellular level and the process of LDs generation between neurons and astrocytes during the pathological advancement of epilepsy have been validated. In situ synchronous imaging experiments in epileptic and normal mice using CabA revealed abnormal LDs accumulation in the brain during seizures. Two-photon fluorescence imaging further demonstrated LDs accumulation in the brains of epileptic mice at a penetration depth of 100 μm. This study offers a valuable tool for enhancing the understanding of LDs in physiological and pathological processes, potentially aiding in the early diagnosis of epilepsy.

Broadband SWIR emission through Cr3+-Ni2+ energy transfer in YAGG fluorescent ceramics for bioimaging applications

Short-wave infrared (SWIR) light in the 1000–1700 nm range has high penetration capability through biological tissues and is non-destructive, making it widely used in biomedical applications and near-infrared imaging. Currently, the development of SWIR light sources is urgently needed. This paper discusses the luminescent properties of the near-infrared emitting transition metal ions Cr3+ and Ni2+. By using the traditional high-temperature solid-state method, we successfully synthesized YAGG:3.5 %Cr3+-0.5 %Ni2+ (YAGG:Cr-Ni) garnet-based phosphor ceramic in one step. The phosphor ceramic emits ultra-broadband NIR-I (600–900 nm, FWHM=131 nm) and SWIR (1100–1700 nm, FWHM=377 nm) light when excited by a 450 nm commercial blue LED. Position analysis combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulation confirmed the effective substitution of luminescent center ions for the [Al/GaO6] sites. Spectral and lifetime analyses further verified the energy transfer process between Cr3+ and Ni2+ is dipole-quadrupole interaction. Additionally, this phosphor ceramic has a high thermal conductivity of 8.018 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ at room temperature. Finally, SWIR pc-LED devices were fabricated by packaging the phosphor ceramic with a 450 nm commercial blue LED, achieving skeletal and venous imaging of biological tissues up to 20 mm thick, providing a new approach for the development of SWIR devices.

Synergistic Photodynamic and Chemodynamic Therapy for Tumor Treatment Using a Glutathione-Activated Photosensitizer with Near-Infrared (NIR) Imaging

Synergistic Photodynamic and Chemodynamic Therapy for Tumor Treatment Using a Glutathione-Activated Photosensitizer with Near-Infrared (NIR) Imaging