Near-fault Pulse-like Ground Motions Research Articles

Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Full-Azimuth Quantitative Identification of Near-Fault Pulse-Like Ground Motions Based on M&P Wavelet

ABSTRACT Quantitative characterization and proper parameterization of pulse-like ground motions have been a challenge for earthquake engineering research. The azimuth of the pulse-like ground motion has a great influence on the structural damage. This study proposes a full-azimuth quantitative identification method to determine the pulse inherent in near-fault pulse-like ground motions. A support vector machine was used to classify the records into pulses or non-pulses based on a new pulse index. Records with a pulse index greater than zero can be classified as pulse-like. The proposed approach was used to identify pulse-like features in arbitrary orientations and can determine the strongest pulse azimuth.

Dynamic response and seismic vulnerability assessment of the near-fault steep slope

Existing field data demonstrates that structures situated near faults, such as slopes, dams, and bridges, are particularly vulnerable to damage. Near-fault ground motions exhibit marked disparities from their far-field counterparts, necessitating thorough investigation. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of ground motion characteristics utilizing response spectra, Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), and marginal spectra to discern near-fault pulse-like ground motions (PLGMs), near-fault non-pulse-like ground motions (NPGMs), and far-fault ground motions (FFGMs). PLGMs distinguished by their heightened energy content, typically induce more pronounced amplification effects compared to NPGMs and FFGMs. Employing an efficacy criterion, optimal intensity measures (IMs) are identified and linked to dynamic response, referred to as engineering demand parameters (EDPs). Velocity-based IMs demonstrate substantial correlations across diverse ground motion types for both plastic volume ratio (PVR) and crest displacement (Dc). Lastly, probabilistic seismic demand models are leveraged to establish seismic vulnerability curves for steep slopes exposed to PLGMs and NPGMs. Notably, with Dc as the EDP, the exceedance probabilities associated with the three IMs under PLGMs generally surpass those under NPGMs. This underscores the propensity of PLGMs to trigger larger displacements in slopes, rendering them more prone to failure.

Quantifying near-fault motion effects on soil liquefaction through effective stress site response analysis

Near-fault (NF) pulse-like ground motions have a significant impact on the performance of structures, but their effects on soil liquefaction potential have been relatively understudied. This paper uses 1D effective stress site response analysis capable of modeling porewater pressure (PWP) generation to investigate the seismic site response under NF and general ground motions. The aim is to assess the effects of NF motions on soil liquefaction by considering different soil models and PWP generation models. The results show that NF ground motions generally induce larger ground responses in terms of PWP generation, especially when the durations of the motions are short. This is due to the higher cumulative absolute velocity associated with NF ground motions compared with general ground motions due to a high-velocity pulse under the same peak ground acceleration. However, this effect diminishes as the duration of motion increases. To avoid underestimating seismic demand, especially for small to moderate earthquakes, a preliminary magnitude scale factor modified for the NF effect is suggested for use in conventional soil liquefaction triggering analysis.

Simulation of Near-Fault Pulse-Like Ground Motion and Investigation of Seismic Response Characteristics in Subway Stations

ABSTRACT The availability of reasonable input ground motions is a prerequisite for investigating the seismic response of near-fault structures. Currently, realistic near-fault pulse-like seismic records are lacking internationally. Moreover, the existing records exhibit distinct regional characteristics, which hardly meet the demand for seismic analysis of various engineering structures. Collecting and analyzing the pulse-like seismic records, a linear attenuation expression is proposed in this study to describe the time-varying frequency amplitude decay over duration. On this basis, a new model compatible with horizontal and vertical components is developed for near-fault ground motions. The model parameters are estimated for 100 near-fault records and regressed against the prediction equations. The variability and correlation of the ground motion in two directions are analyzed through the residual correlation matrix. Finally, taking a subway station as the engineering background, the effects of velocity pulse and vertical seismic motions on the underground structures are addressed through simulated motions and realistic records. Compared with existing approaches, the proposed method not only aligns with the time-frequency distribution characteristics of near-fault ground motions but also considers the correlation between horizontal and vertical components. In addition, consistent with the results from recorded ground motions, the synthetic motions yield enlarged seismic responses of the underground structure, thereby guaranteeing analysis accuracy for the engineered structures subjected to pulse-like ground motions. The inclusion of vertical excitation prominently amplifies the vertical displacement of the slab under pulse-like ground motions.

A FRCM technique for strengthening of masonry domes against near-fault pulse-like vertical excitations

Masonry domes have been used extensively in historic architecture, covering large interior spaces in structures ranging from temples, mausoleums, palaces and fortresses to baths, churches, and mosques. This research is motivated by the post-earthquake observations following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, which revealed significant structural damage to masonry domes caused by near-fault pulse-like horizontal and vertical ground motions. Previous studies in the literature have not investigated the impact of near-fault pulse-like vertical and horizontal ground motions on the seismic performance of masonry domes. This paper aims to explore the impact of the vertical component on the seismic damage behavior of masonry domes subjected to near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Additionally, it seeks to propose a cost-effective seismic strengthening technique characterized by minimal intervention, improved workability, and reduced cost. A 3D finite element model of a masonry dome with a drum was created using the isotropic continuum macro modeling technique with homogenized properties. The Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model was selected as the nonlinear material model. Near-fault pulse-like vertical and horizontal ground motions recorded during the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake (M7.7) were chosen for the nonlinear analysis. Initially, displacements, tensile strains, and damage patterns of masonry domes subjected to near-fault pulse-like vertical and horizontal ground motions were obtained and thoroughly evaluated for V/H (the peak vertical ground acceleration to the peak horizontal ground acceleration ratio) ratios of 0.0, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25. Subsequently, seismic analyses were conducted on masonry domes strengthened with four different Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) configurations under near-fault pulse-like excitations with a V/H ratio of 1.25 to propose an optimal strengthening technique.

The damage-based inelastic displacement ratio for performance-based design of fully self-centering systems under pulse-like near-fault earthquake ground motions

In this investigation, the damage-based inelastic displacement ratio (IDR) for fully self-centering (SC) systems with flag-shaped hysteresis behavior is determined under pulse-like earthquake ground motions to use in performance-based design theory. Pulsive earthquakes are known as dangerous natural phenomena due to the location of structures in the vicinity of the fault with forward-directivity and high-velocity amplitude features, which expose the system to high risk. Before this, the IDRs were obtained based on constant-ductility and strength reduction factor intensities for designing new and evaluating existing structures with SC behavior. However, the issue could be extended to an energy-based theory using the Park-Ang damage model as a popular index among researchers, with the ability to consider record amplitude, frequency content, and duration. Therefore, the damage-based IDR was determined under 252 pulse-like records with 126 pairs at four damage levels, 30 periods of vibration, four ultimate ductility factors (µu), four stiffness hardening ratios (α), and three dissipative energy factors (βn) by conducting comprehensive nonlinear dynamic analysis. Then, the influence of the mentioned parameters on obtained IDRs is evaluated to propose a robust equation for estimating target displacement in these systems. Statistical results illustrate that the approximate equation based on normalizing the structural period to the predominated period can predict the target displacement compared to achieved ones from direct time-history analysis, where the difference between estimated and mean target displacements is below 15%.

Strain energy-based uniformity spectrum for elastic deformation control of super high-rise buildings under near-fault pulse-like earthquake excitations

To reasonably control the elastic lateral deformation of super high-rise buildings under near-fault pulse-like ground motions, inspired by a potentially close link between material utilization and normalized strain energy, a novel generalized uniformity spectrum of normalized strain energy (GUSNSE) is proposed via the nonuniform flexural-shear coupled model. With a full understanding of the characteristics of spectral shapes and the influence of shear-flexural stiffness ratios and mass-stiffness nonuniformity, the GUSNSE is fitted by artificial pulses. Utilizing the GUSNSE, a lateral stiffness estimation strategy is developed with the requirement of peak interstory drift ratios (IDRs). The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are systematically demonstrated by comparison with not only the original lateral stiffness schemes of three significantly distinct buildings but also those designed for uniform IDRs. The accuracy of the fitted GUSNSE is also validated via the data estimated by four sets of ground motions. The GUSNSE-based strategy is promising as an efficient, reliable, and practical tool for providing lateral stiffness of super high-rise buildings in the preliminary design.

Strength reduction factor for inelastic-displacement estimation and design of self-centering viscous-hysteretic systems

This study focuses on developing strength reduction factor Rμ spectrum, a maximum inelastic displacement (MID) estimation method and a displacement-based design method for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) bilinear structures with self-centering viscous-hysteretic devices (SC-VHDs). The effects of design parameters on Rμ spectrum are statistically investigated under near-fault pulse-like ground motions (NFPG) and far-field ground motions (FFG), and its prediction formula is fitted according to the statistical data. Following proposed Rμ spectrum, a MID estimation method and a performance-based design method are proposed, respectively. Next, three SC-VHD frames are designed step-by-step to verify the proposed design method, and then their MIDs are calculated step-by-step to validate the MID estimation method. Finally, a risk assessment is conducted on a SC-VHD frame and a conventional frame to compare their collapse performance and the performance exceeding 0.2% residual drift in the probability framework. The results indicate that Rμ spectrum is primarily affected by the ductility ratio, period and viscous damping ratio, while the parameters of ring springs have little effect on it. Rμ spectrum under the NFPE is significantly lower than that under the FFE except for periods from 0.2 s to 0.6 s. The Rμ spectrum formula and the MID estimation method both have errors that are typically less than 10%. The designed SC-VHD frame can achieve the target performance, and its probability of collapse and exceeding 0.2% residual drift in a period of 50-year is significantly smaller than that of the conventional frame.

Seismic response of a ground-bridge structure system in horizontal and inclined liquefiable site to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Previous earthquake events have indicated that bridge structures are more vulnerable to severe damage when subjected to near-fault pulse-like (NF-P) ground motions. Structural seismic damage will be exacerbated when bridges are located in liquefiable site. Meanwhile, the seismic response of bridges located in inclined liquefiable site is different from that of bridges in horizontal liquefiable site. This study focuses on exploring the seismic response of a ground-bridge structure system located in horizontal and inclined liquefiable site to the NF-P ground motions. The seismic response of the whole system to the near-fault non-pulse-like (NF-NP) and far-field (FF) ground motions is studied for comparison. Two three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of the ground-structure system considering soil-pile interaction are developed. They are associated with the horizontal and inclined liquefiable site, respectively. The seismic responses of the ground-bridge structure system to the three different types of ground motions (i.e., NF-P, NF-NP and FF) are comprehensively evaluated from two perspectives. On the one hand, the seismic time history responses of the ground-bridge structure system under single representative ground motion are comprehensively assessed. On the other hand, the average responses of the ground-bridge structure system under multiple types of ground motions are explored. The results reveal that in contrast to the NF-NP and FF ground motions, the NF-P ground motions have more significant effect on various responses of the ground-bridge structure system. In addition, compared to the bridge in horizontal liquefiable site, the bridge in inclined liquefiable site exhibits larger seismic responses. Therefore, the velocity pulse effect of the NF-P ground motions and the liquefaction effect of the inclined site need to be emphasized in structural seismic design.

Probability density evolution method based stochastic simulation of near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Quantifying the near-fault effect and establishing a reasonable model of near-fault pulse-like ground motions are particularly important for seismic design of structures in near-fault regions. Given the pronounced randomness associated with earthquakes, this study first proposes a novel stochastic model of near-fault pulse-like ground motions by combining the improved finite-fault model (IFFM) and the multivariate copula-based velocity-pulse model (CVPM). Further, a probability density evolution method (PDEM) based stochastic simulation method is developed, by which the model parameters can be determined in a unified probability space so as to ensure the consistency of two independent models. For illustrative purposes, the observed records collected from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are used to generate new stochastic ground motions set. Two ground motions sets based on classical stochastic simulation methods are also presented for comparison. Numerical results show that the proposed method for stochastic simulation of near-fault pulse-like ground motions is reliable; the statistics of peak ground accelerations and spectral characteristics of simulated samples are consistent with station records. Besides, the proposed method accommodates the noteworthy randomness and proportion consistency of components associated with near-fault pulse-like ground motions, making it suitable for the stochastic response and reliability analysis of seismic structures in near-fault regions. This superiority is challenging to classical stochastic simulation methods that lack reasonable consideration of randomness and correlation associated with model parameters.

Power demands of structures from the Mw 7.8 earthquake of 6 February 2023 in Türkiye

Near-fault pulse-like (PL) ground motions generally transmit huge amounts of energy into structures during a relatively short period compared with non-pulse-like (NPL) ground motions. Consequently, power demand has emerged as a direct and distinctive measure for evaluating the risk that PL ground motions pose on structures. This study examines the power demands of structures subjected to ground motions recorded at 10 seismic stations in six city (or town) centers during the Mw 7.8 earthquake that hit Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The six cities (or towns), Golbasi, Kahramanmaras, Nurdagi, Osmaniye, Iskenderun, and Antakya, were the locations where an international team conducted field reconnaissance 2 weeks after the earthquake. This study first evaluates the power histories and other seismic responses of single-degree-of-freedom structures exposed to both PL and NPL ground motions. Subsequently, the power spectra of 20 horizontal ground motions recorded at the 10 stations are constructed and examined. Through these investigations, we hope to gain a better understanding of and raise awareness regarding the threats that PL ground motions pose to structures in the six cities (or towns) during the earthquake.

Optimum tuned mass damper inerter under near-fault pulse-like ground motions of buildings including soil-structure interaction

This study investigates the effectiveness of the tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) in mitigating building response, considering the soil structure interaction (SSI). Three types of models are examined: single degree of freedom (SDOF), low-rise multi-degree of freedom (MDOF), and high-rise MDOF. Additionally, the natural period of the SDOF model is varied to explore the TMDI's efficacy across different ranges. Frequency and time domain analysis are conducted under pulse-like ground motions. The H2 and genetic algorithm (GA) are used to optimize the parameters of the TMDI. In this optimization method the transfer function for displacement response is minimized. In time domain analysis we used Newmark's integration method to solve the equation of motion for all the cases considered. It is found that the optimized TMDI proves highly effective in mitigating the displacement response of the buildings, accounting for SSI. Notably, its efficiency is more pronounced when pulse period aligns closely with the buildings' natural period. In addition, a notable pattern emerges, wherein the TMDI excels in mitigating response for buildings experiencing large motion, thereby enhancing safety under severe conditions. These findings offer valuable insights into the application and optimization of the TMDI to enhance seismic performance in various buildings, while considering complex interaction with the soil.

Fragility Assessment of a Long-Unit Prestressed Concrete Composite Continuous Girder Bridge with Corrugated Steel Webs Subjected to Near-Fault Pulse-like Ground Motions Considering Spatial Variability Effects

Prestressed concrete composite girder bridges with corrugated steel webs (PCCGBCSWs) are extensively employed in bridge construction because of their low dead weight, fast construction, and high prestressing efficiency. Moreover, PCCGBCSWs will experience deformation and failure of the corrugated steel webs, including steel fatigue and fracture, during earthquakes. These changes will introduce safety hazards, which can be addressed via bridge disaster prevention and mitigation. Because near-fault pulse-like ground motions (NFPLGMs) have high peak accelerations, these motions can easily cause damage to a bridge. Therefore, in this study, a seismic fragility assessment is performed for long-unit PCCGBCSWs subjected to NFPLGMs considering spatial variability effects, and a sensitivity evaluation of the seismic fragility is conducted considering girder type, bearing type, ground motion type, and apparent wave velocity to offer a point of reference for seismic design. The results show that PCCGBCSWs are less vulnerable than concrete bridges. The shock absorption effect of the friction pendulum bearing is better than that of the viscous damper. The impact of NFPLGMs on bridges is greater than that of near-fault non-pulse-like ground motions (NFNPLMs) and far-fault ground motions (FFGMs). The seismic fragility under nonuniform excitation conditions is greater than that under uniform excitation conditions, showing an increasing trend with decreasing apparent wave velocity.

Offshore near-fault pulse-like ground motions: An insight into the DONET1 seafloor ground motions from the 2016 Mw6.0 Off-Mie earthquake in Japan

Offshore near-fault ground motions were obtained by the DONET1 seafloor seismic network during the 2016 Off-Mie Mw6.0 earthquake that occurred in the Nankai Trough of Japan. These data provide an opportunity for exploring the characteristics of offshore near-fault ground motions, especially pulse-like ground motions. A comparison of the offshore and onshore near-fault ground motions indicates that the recorded offshore spectral acceleration (SA) in the period of 0.5–5.0 s and peak ground velocity (PGV) for this earthquake are higher than those of the onshore values, and the observed maximum spectral value (βmax) of the offshore near-fault ground motions in this event is underestimated by the design spectra in the seismic codes of China, the United States, and Japan. Based on the Hilbert-Huang transform method, eight offshore pulse-like ground motion records are identified and extracted in the Off-Mie earthquake. The primary analysis indicates that the pulse-like ground motion may be caused by the directivity effect and the radiation pattern. Comparing the pulse parameters, time-frequency parameters, and response spectra of offshore and onshore pulse-like ground motions, the findings demonstrate that within the context of this earthquake event, approximately half of the offshore pulse amplitude (Vp) exceeds the predicted values of onshore models; the low-frequency components of offshore pulse-like ground motions of this event are more pronounced, constituting a larger portion of the total ground motion energy; offshore pulse-like ground motions exhibit a tendency to possess higher maximum instantaneous energy (Einst) compared to onshore pulse-like ground motions with similar rupture distances. Moreover, the βmax of offshore pulse-like ground motions is found to be greater than that of onshore pulse-like ground motions in medium to long periods (>0.5 s). The identified and characteristic recognition of offshore near fault pulse-like ground motion revealed by this earthquake event raises new concerns about seismic design for offshore engineering.

Running safety analysis of a train-bridge coupled system under near-fault ground motions considering rupture directivity effects

The implementation of China’s high-speed railroad network and the “Bridges Instead of Roads” construction concept has raised concerns over earthquake safety. The complex mechanism of near-field ground motions poses greater risks than far-field ground motions due to the rupture directivity effect, and Hanging-wall/Footwall effects. The PEER earthquake database lacks earthquake records with fault distances less than 20 km, making it difficult to study train running safety (TRS) under near-fault ground motions. To address this issue, an empirical formulation method is adopted for near-fault three-dimensional seismic synthesis that considers source and site characteristics as well as rupture directivity effects using regression analysis. The method is verified with respect to directivity pulse and a train-bridge coupled system (TBCS) model is developed to verify its accuracy under earthquakes. Responses of the TBCS model under near-fault ground motions synthesized with different fault types, closest distances to the fault surface, and directivity parameters are analyzed by taking the average of the largest part of the response for comparison. Results show that dip-slip faults pose a greater danger than strike-slip faults, and the main reason for the hazard caused by rupture directivity effects is the generation of a forward directivity pulse, which makes the TBCS highly susceptible to derailment under near-fault pulse-like ground motions.

Utilising Artificial Neural Networks for Assessing Seismic Demands of Buckling Restrained Braces Due to Pulse-like Motions

Buckling restrained brace frames (BRBFs) exhibit exceptional lateral stiffness, load-bearing capacity, and energy dissipation properties, rendering them a highly promising choice for regions susceptible to seismic activity. The precise and expeditious prediction of seismic demands on BRBFs is a crucial and challenging task. In this paper, the potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the seismic demands of BRBFs is explored. The study presents the characteristics and modelling of prototype BRBFs with different numbers of stories and material properties, utilising the OpenSees software (Version 2.5.0) for numerical simulations. The seismic performance of the BRBFs is evaluated using 91 near-fault pulse-like ground motions, and the maximum inter-storey drift ratio (MIDR) and global drift ratio (GDR) are recorded as a measure of seismic demand. ANNs are then trained to predict the MIDR and GDR of the selected prototypes. The model’s performance is assessed by analysing the residuals and error metrics and then comparing the trend of the results with the real dataset. Feature selection is utilised to decrease the complexity of the problem, with spectral acceleration at the fundamental period (T) of the structure (Sa), peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and T being the primary factors impacting seismic demand estimation. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ANN approach in accurately predicting the seismic demands of BRBFs.

Seismic response analysis of pile-supported wharf under three types of near-fault ground motion

Near-fault pulse-like ground motions exhibit distinct properties, such as forward-directivity and fling-step effects. It is necessary to study the seismic response characteristics of the pile-supported wharf (PSW) under different near-fault ground motions. In this study, thirty near-fault ground motions were utilized as input motions, including forward-directivity, fling-step and non-pulse ground motions. A three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element (FE) model was created to simulate the PSW structure. The seismic response (displacement, bending moment, and acceleration) of the PSW structure under 30 ground motions with peak ground acceleration (PGA), effective peak acceleration (EPA), improved effective peak acceleration (IEPA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and effective peak velocity (EPV) scaling were calculated and compared. The simulation results demonstrate that the PSW structure responds more significantly under two types of near-fault pulse-like ground motion. For near-fault pulse-like ground motions, PGV scaling is better for studying displacement/bending moment response of PSW structure than others. EPA scaling is suitable for studying the acceleration response of PSW structure.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Tunnel Underlain by a Soft Soil Layer Under the Near-Fault Pulse-Like Ground Motions

Affected by the near-fault pulse-like ground motions, the tunnels emerged in adverse geology, especially in an inhomogeneous strata are more vulnerable. However, the quantitative index effects on tunnel response during pulse identification are unclear and the propagation features of the near-fault pulse-like waves in a soft soil interlayer site are seldom revealed. In view of this, an improved energy-based pulse identification was used in this study to quantitatively extract the potential pulse energies emerged in velocity time-histories of ground motions. Subsequently, a series of numerical simulations were carried out to consider the critical parameters of soft soil layer and input ground motions. Finally, the dynamic response of the tunnel and interaction differences of soil and tunnel subjected to three types of ground motions were revealed. The result showed that the near-fault pulse-like ground motions pose a commonly severe damage to the tunnel, especially in the high pulse period ground motions based on the energy-based pulse identification method. The pulse energy of ground motions is an effective pulse index to analyze the seismic effects on tunnel when pulse periods of two different ground motions are uniform, and the index affects the tunnel in dynamic internal forces. More importantly, the existence of soft soil layer severely affects the propagation of input ground motions. At frequency domain, the ground response increases at high frequency component in the near-fault pulse-like ground motion, while the response shows a decreasing at low frequency component.

Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Concrete Deficiency Caused by In-situ Quality Management Issues

Concrete is a widely used building material known for its cost-effectiveness and high resistance compared to alternative materials. However, uncertainties in the casting process due to variations in the environment and human error can compromise its strength, increasing the risk of collapse when subjected to seismic excitations. Previous studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of earthquake vibrations on buildings and infrastructure. This study aims to fill the research gap by investigating the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures constructed with lower-quality concrete under near-fault pulse-like ground motions. The main objective of this research is to assess the impact of diminished concrete strength on structural rigidity and susceptibility to ground disturbances. Specifically, the study aims to quantify the extent of performance changes in defective structures, particularly those constructed with poor-quality concrete, in response to seismic activities. To achieve this, the research involves developing multiple finite element models and conducting nonlinear analysis to scrutinize their behavior. A key focus of the study is to compare the performance of various RC buildings with concrete defects to that of a benchmark model. This comparative analysis highlights the influence of suboptimal quality control on the nonlinear behavior of RC structures. Furthermore, the study examines the correlation between changes in building response and earthquake characteristics to provide comprehensive insights into the potential risks associated with substandard construction practices. Based on the results of this study, it was found that inadequate quality control of concrete significantly impacts the performance of RC frames subjected to pulse-like ground motions. The decrease in compressive strength of the concrete led to noticeable increases in various structural parameters, including story shear, overturning moments, story displacement, drifts, accelerations, and hysteretic energy. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of compromised concrete quality on the overall structural response. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-010 Full Text: PDF