Drowning Research Articles

Drowning and its prevention

溺水是一个非常重要但被忽视的公共卫生问题.据WHO估计,2002年全球约38万人死于非故意溺水(除洪水、运输事故和水上运输事故引起外),溺水成为全球意外伤害中继交通伤害和跌落之后的第三位死亡原因~([1]).中国也是溺水高发国家之一,但相关研究和预防控制仍处于起步阶段.为此本文对国内外溺水研究与预防控制进行了综述,希望为相关专业人员提供参考。

Study on the risk factors of injuries among children at school age, from the families of migrant workers in Hangzhou city

To explore the risk factors of injuries among school aged children from migrant workers' families, in Hangzhou. A cross-sectional survey on 3582 students from eight separate schools in which, four were set for migrant workers' families and the other four were for families of permanent residents. Stratified cluster random sampling method was used. Data was analyzed by unconditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods under SPSS 13.0. The incidence rate of injury did not show statistical difference between children of migrant workers or from the permanent residents. The incidence rate of multiple injuries was higher in children from the migrant workers' families. The incidence rates on electric shock occurred at the primary school, drowning among boys at the secondary school and scald/crash/cutting by knives in girls at secondary schools were seen higher among children from the of migrant workers. Results from multivariate analysis showed that factors as gender (OR = 1.20), age (6 - 9 years: OR = 0.70, 10 - 12 years: OR = 1.45), fond of playing Pingpong (OR = 1.35), history of injuries by pets (OR = 1.41), skills on swimming (OR = 1.22), no history of being threatened (OR = 0.68), having harmonious family relations (OR = 0.69) and owning a house by family (OR = 0.76) appeared to be the major one that related to the occurrence of injury. Personal behavior as well as family and social environment seemed to be factors affecting the occurrence of injuries among children from the migrant workers' families.

Drowning

Drowning

Prevention of Drowning

Prevention of Drowning

Effects of insulin on stress hyperglycemia in drowning infant rats.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of insulin on stress hy-perglycemia in the drowning rats. Methods Stress hyperglycemia rat model was induced by drowning. Thir-ty-two rats were randomized into control, drowning, air resuscitation and air-insulin resuscitation groups. Insu-lin was injected into the air-insulin resuscitation rats via abdomen. The glucose,insulin, TNF-α level of serum were determined during the drowning and resuscitation. 3H-D-glucose was used to measure the glucose uptake rate (GUR) of skeletal muscles. Results Compared with those in the control group, the GUR decreased,in-sulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) increased significantly in drowning group. Compared with those in the air resuscitation group, the blood glucose and TNF-α were decreased, the GUR increased significantly in air-insu-lin resuscitation group. Conclusion Insulin therapy may decrease the blood glucose and TNF-α level, in-crease the GUR of stress hyperglycemia,and the mortality of drowning rats can be decreased. Key words: insulin; drowning; stress; pancreas islets function

Onshore storminess factor: a new tool for regional beach hazard rating and beach safety management

Drowing hazards result from the interaction between bathers and the morphodynamic surf processes related to the regional synoptic setup and regional offshore oceanographic conditions. We focus on the beach hazard rating (BHR) derived from meteorological parameters of synoptic scale that control seasonal swell generation and direction. We suggest a new characterization of the seasonal Mediterranean meteo-oceanographic systems as a relationship between the regional meterological parameters averaged over a given period of time and space and the resulting regional wave climate and direction. Our study area is the entire Mediterranean Sea and its coastlines. We suggest the onshore storminess factor (ONSF) as a proxy to express the amount of energy approaching a given coastal segment, and use ONSF maps of the Mediterranean Sea as a tool for drowning hazard and drowning risk analyses. For beach safety management (BSM), we recommend that the regional ONSF--a macro scale approach--be used before applying a morphodynamic BHR approach, which operates on a micro scale at the local or single beach level. ONSF maps show that the Eastern Libyan, Egyptian, Gaza Strip, Israeli, and Lebanon coasts, all located in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea, are tagged with higher ONSF values. The rest of the coast of Libya and southern Tunis show intermittent ONSF values. The lower ONSF values typically occur along most of the northern and western Mediterranean shores; however most of these shores have very low ONSF values.

Very low frequency motions of a rip current system: observations and modeling

Biscarrosse beach, located on the French Aquitanian Coast, is a high-energy meso-macrotidal double-barred beach. The outer and the inner bars exhibit most of the time crescentic patterns and transverse bar and rip morphology, respectively. Breaking waves over these three-dimensional features induce strong rip currents that are responsible of several drowning accidents each year. To improve our knowledge on this kind of complex environment, an intensive 5-day field experiment was carried out in June 2007 at Biscarrosse Beach. The present study is focused on Very Low Frequency motions (VLF) of a rip current system over a well-developed bar-rip morphology. Using both a drifter experiment and virtual drifter modeling, the study aims at analyzing the rip current pulsations and the drifter retention in the surf zone. The main results show the oscillating behavior of the rip currents, in particular within the rip neck where the VLF pulsations are intense (reaching 1m/s on time scales of 10 to 30 minutes). In addition, most of the drifters are retained within the surf zone (about 80%), with the other 20% exiting the surf zone. These results are reproduced by our numerical model, which shows that shear instabilities of the rip current can be the cause of such retention/expulsion proportions. In addition, here we present the spatial variability of the VLF motion over the entire rip current system.

Epilepsy and Risk for Drowning

Individuals with epilepsy are at increased risk for drowning, but the exact risk is unclear. To estimate the risk, researchers conducted a

Not Waving but Drowning

‘Kick a megalith’, as one leading phenomenologist of landscape is said to have remarked, ‘and it hurts’. No such pithy formula comes immediately to mind with regard to the reality checks offered by...

The dynamic change and value of serum Per in children with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Objective To explore the level and clinical value of serum PCT in children with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).Methods Ninety-six children with SIRS and critical score below seventy in Zhengzhou Children's Hospital Intensive Critical Unit(ICU)were admitted from January 2006 to December 2006.Severe pneumonia,toxic dysentery,bacterial meningitis,septicemia were the major underlying diseases of fifty-four children with infectious SIRS.Intracranial hemorrhage,infant muggy syndrome,poisoning,anthracemia,drowning,tumor were the major underlying diseases of forty-two children with non-infectious SIRS.PCT,IL-6,IL-8,CRP and WBC were compared between the two groups.Results The levels of semm PCT,CRP and WBC in infectious SIRS group was higher than non-infectious SIRS group(P＜0.001).Dynamic observation of serum PCT level in children developing from sepsis to MODS confirmed that serum PCT concentration at seventy-two hour stably increased.IL-6 and IL-8 showed no significant difference between the two groups(P＞O.05).IL-6 and IL-8 concentration in sepsis group was higher than that in severe sepsis and MODS group(P＜0.05).But CRP and WBC had no significant difference(P＞0.05).Conclusion PCT concentration in serum has important value in differential diagnosis and prognosis assessment,and has more sensitivity and specificity than conventional inflammatory parameters. Key words: Procalcitonin; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Drowning and three‐wheel strollers

Drowning and three‐wheel strollers

Not Drowning, Waiving: Responsibility to Others in the Court of Shakespeare

Not Drowning, Waiving: Responsibility to Others in the Court of Shakespeare

Drowning in a Sea of Episodes

Drowning in a Sea of Episodes

Mortality Reasons of Romany Children in Eastern Slovakia

The presented speech gives information on mortality reasons of Romany and non - Romany children at the age 0 - 18 years in Presov region of Eastern Slovakia. Statistical data about the number of lively - born children and about mortality rate from 1997 - 2003. Pathology diagnoses and questionnaires about death reason were used for the analysis. The most frequent reason of death of infants were congenital developing diseases specially those of cardiovascular and of central nervous system. There were on the first place, from the death reasons, injuries, on the second place, pathological state of CNS and on the thir d place oncological diseases and infections. From the injuries leading to death of children at the age 1 - 18 the most frequent was dro wning, next crash injuries, accident falls, suicides, murders and death because of burning or of electric strikes.

Analysis of under 5 years old children mortality and the leading death cause in China from 1996 to 2000

To study the trend of under 5 years old children mortality and the leading cause of the deaths in China from 1996 to 2000. The data presented in this report were obtained from the national child mortality surveillance network, including 116 counties (cities) throughout China. The target population was all children under 5 years old in the monitored areas whose mothers or fathers had resided in the area for at least one year. The data were collected and reported by health workers at the three-level network. The neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) and under 5 years old mortality rate (U(5)MR) in China dropped to 22.8, 32.2, 39.7 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 24.0, 36.0, 45.0 respectively in 1996), which declined 5.0%, 10.6%, 11.8% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. In urban areas, NMR, IMR and U(5)MR dropped to 9.5, 11.8, 13.8 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 12.2, 14.8, 16.9 respectively in 1996), which declined 22.1%, 20.3%, 18.3% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. In rural areas, NMR, IMR and U(5)MR dropped to 25.8, 37.0, 45.7 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 26.7, 40.9, 51.4 respectively in 1996), which declined 3.4%, 9.5%, 11.1% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. There was a steady decline in the U(5)MR due to diarrhea, pneumonia, neural tube defects and drowning in China. In urban/rural areas, the overall decline in NMR, IMR and U(5)MR from 1996 to 2000 was spectacular. Especially the U(5)MR due to avoidable deaths such as pneumonia and diarrhea was dropped markedly in rural areas.

Operational Design for Drowning out Crystallization of MSG Considering Oiling out Phenomena

Operational Design for Drowning out Crystallization of MSG Considering Oiling out Phenomena

Drowning by Multiples

La proposition 8 des Elements d'Euclide est analysee selon la linguistique grecque et arabo-latine

The Drowning Season

The Drowning Season

Lessons to be learnt from Bunmi Shagaya's drowning

Lessons to be learnt from Bunmi Shagaya's drowning

The Management of Near Drowning

The Management of Near Drowning