Nb Process Research Articles

Hybrid synaptic structure for spiking neural network realization

Neural networks and neuromorphic computing represent fundamental paradigms as alternative approaches to Von-Neumann-based implementations, advancing in the applications of deep learning and machine vision. Nonetheless, conventional semiconductor circuits encounter challenges in achieving ultra-fast processing speed and low power consumption due to their dissipative properties. Conversely, single flux quantum circuits exhibit inherent spiking behavior, showcasing their characteristics as a promising candidate for spiking neural networks (SNNs). In this work, we present a compact hybrid synapse circuit to mimic the biological interconnect functionality, enabling the weighting operations for excitatory and inhibitory impulses. Additionally, the proposed structure facilitates input accumulation, which is performed before the activation function. In the experiments, our synaptic structure interfaces with a soma circuit fabricated using a commercial Nb process, underscoring its compatibility and supporting its potential for integration into efficient neural network architectures. The weight value on the synapse is configurable by utilizing cryo-CMOS circuits, providing adaptability to the inference networks. We’ve successfully designed, fabricated, and partially tested the JJ-Synapse within our cryocooler system, enabling high-speed inference implementation for SNNs.

Effective removal of malachite green oxalate from aqueous solution using Newbouldia laevis husk/MWCNTs nanocomposite: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics

The discharge of colored effluent into water bodies is a big concern; hence, the current work was designed to fabricate a superior nanocomposite (NBM) using the Newbouldia laevis husk (NB) and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) for the adsorption of malachite green oxalate (MGO). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis was used to assess the specific surface area of NB (0.7699 m2 g−1) and NBM (94.006 m2 g−1). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to determine the chemical moieties on the surface of the adsorbent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the surface morphology and the thermal behavior of the adsorbents. Essential factors of the adsorption process were investigated, and it was revealed that pH 6.0, adsorbent dose of 0.05 g, contact time 80 min, concentration of 100 mg dm−3 and maximum adsorption capacity of 35.78 mg g−1 (NB) and 69.97 mg g−1 (NBM) were the optimal parameters. The NB and NBM adsorption processes followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The exothermic and endothermic adsorptive processes were noticed to be the best descriptions of MGO elimination by NB and NBM, respectively. The uptake of MGO by NB and NBM was best described by models of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Besides, NBM demonstrated uptake efficiency that is >80% after the fourth adsorption/desorption cycle. As a result, NBM has a wide range of possible uses in environmental remediation.

Zircons in NYF-type pegmatites in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: A record of Nb and REE mineralization processes

The metallogenic mechanism of Nb and rare earth elements (REEs) during the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of alkaline rocks remains ambiguous. Zircon is a common accessory mineral occurring in both barren aplite and the Nb-Y-F mineralized pegmatite (NFY-type) in Miyi County of the Pan-Xi area, the central zone of the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in SW China. Here, we present in situ geochemical analyses on these zircons to reveal the Nb-REE mineralization processes during magmatic-hydrothermal evolution, as well as the prospecting potential of plume-related NYF-type pegmatites. Four types of zircons are identified in the Miyi aplite and pegmatite. Zrn-I with well-developed oscillatory zoning (OZ) represents magmatic zircons in the aplite. Zrn-II and Zrn-III are magmatic zircons in the pegmatite. Zrn-II is closely associated with albite and is restricted to the center of an individual crystal, indicating early crystallization. There are abundant nanoscale britholite and thorite inclusions in Zrn-II, indicating that the primary melt is enriched in Ca, Y, REEs, Nb, Th, and F. Zrn-III presents as the rim of Zrn-II, with a sharp boundary between them. Zrn-IV is a metamict zircon formed through hydrothermal alteration after its structure was destroyed due to high Th and/or U contents. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of both Zrn-I and Zrn-III yields concordant ages of ca. 258 Ma, coeval with the felsic magmatism in the ELIP. For positive εHf(t) values of Zrn-I and Zrn-III (1.8–5.8 and 1.5–9.1, respectively), the Miyi pegmatite is also plume-related and might be derived from magma resembling A-type granite in the ELIP. Both Zrn-I and Zrn-III show negative Eu anomalies, and there is a decrease in Sc contents from Zrn-I to Zrn-III, indicating that the Miyi pegmatite formed from a highly evolved magma. Furthermore, the synchronous increases in Na, Nb, Y and total REEs from Zrn-I to Zrn-III indicate that excess Na in the melt plays an essential role in the further enrichment of Nb, Y, and REEs. In addition, a dramatic decrease in Nb, Y and total REE contents and LREE (light REE)/HREE (heavy REE) ratios from Zrn-III to Zrn-IV illustrates that Na- and F-rich hydrothermal fluids can leach and facilitate the precipitation of these elements, particularly LREEs. Therefore, there are two-stage Nb and REE mineralization processes related to magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the Miyi pegmatite, which may be a general model for the mineralization of plume-related NFY-type pegmatites.

Design of Max Pooling Operation Circuit for Binarized Neural Networks Using Single-Flux-Quantum Circuit

For the binary neural network (BNN), We design a max pooling operation circuit (MPOC) using single-flux-quantum circuits based on the multiple data comparators. To continuously compare multiple data and find the maximum value, the multiple data comparator uses the internal state of non-destructive read-out (NDRO) flip-flop and NDRO with complementary outputs to store the maximum value. The MPOC is designed with a gate-level pipeline architecture and uses the internal state to store the maximum value, avoiding the use of feedback loops or tree structures when comparing multiple data. Therefore, the area of the MPOC is reduced by approximately 74% compared to the conventional MPOC using many shift registers with tree structures. The throughput is approximately 21.2 times higher and the area is reduced by 22.1% when compared with the conventional MPOC using feedback loops. We designed an MPOC with 2878 Josephson junctions using a 10 kA/cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Nb process. The proposed circuit can be used for pooling operations of any size after a 1-channel 3x3 convolutional layer, which accelerates the forward propagation process of binary neural networks (BNNs). Simulation results show that the MPOC can perform pooling operations continuously at the frequency of 50 GHz.

Processing of Nb doped hematite for visible light photocatalytic reduction of noxious methylene blue

In this work, pristine Fe2O3 (FO, hematite) and Nb-doped Fe2O3 nanostructures with varying doping concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% are synthesized with hydrothermal technique. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of doping concentration on photocatalytic activity toward mineralization of methylene blue (MB). Multiple instruments were utilized to examine the structures and functionalities of the pristine Fe2O3 (FO, hematite) and Nb-doped Fe2O3 nanostructure. The utilization of physiochemical techniques has confirmed the incorporation of Nb3+ ions into hematite. The Scherrer formula was employed to investigate the size of crystal of synthetically manufactured nanomaterials. The average particle size of undoped samples was determined to be 58 nm, while in doped samples the average nanostructure size was found to be 37 nm. The utilization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that Nb ions were able to enhance surface area and reduced particle aggregation. The band gap of FO, 5%-NFO, 10%-NFO, and 15%-NFO synthesized materials are 2.3, 2.2, 2.07 and 1.93 eV measured with UV Vis study. The exceptional photocatalytic characteristics of doped FO is attributed to a decrease in band gap energy. After 100 min, the highest level of methylene blue (MB) degradation was attained by 10%-NFO. The optimized concentration of 10%-NFO, a photocatalyst possessing a high electron trapping capacity, enhance the photoreduction process of organic dye.

Niobium and tantalum recovery from the primary source and from tin slag, an industrial challenge: A review

AbstractNiobium (Nb) and Tantalum (Ta) are used to increase materials' mechanical resistance and produce lighter alloys. Worldwide Nb production reached 78 000 t in 2020. The reduced ore offer justifies the recycling of these metals from tin slag, contributing to the circular economy. Nb2O5 and Ta2O5 extraction either from the primary source or the tin slag is an industrial challenge. Nb and Ta dissolution processes already implemented are fluoride leaching, sulphuric leaching, alkaline leaching, and alkaline roasting. The fluoride process raises environmental concerns about waste control. The sulphuric method can be managed to have higher Nb and Ta extraction in a less aggressive process, if some changes are implemented, such as increasing the number of extraction steps, decreasing the pulp density, or increasing the temperature; however, the efficiency of this methodology must be tested for tin slag. The alkaline method seems to be more selective to Nb and Ta by reactants and temperature control. Despite those well‐established Nb and Ta treatments, they must be adapted to recover Nb and Ta from slag. The slag has low Nb and Ta content, while high Si and Ca concentrations exist in the matrix. This paper brings the main methods used to extract the Nb and Ta from the primary resources and an overview of Nb and Ta recovery from the slag. This investigation comes as a tool to guide the development of new methods to recover Nb and Ta from low‐grade sources such as tin slag.

Influence of Nb addition and process parameters on the microstructure and phase transformation behavior of NiTiNb ternary shape memory alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

NiTiNbx (x=1,3,5) alloys were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of powder mixtures containing pre-alloyed NiTi and elemental Nb powders. Upon Nb addition, the dependence of the martensite transformation temperatures (MTTs) on the L-PBF process parameters was significantly altered. In case of the NiTiNb1 alloy, the MTTs increased as the laser energy density was increased, whereas it decreased in case of the NiTiNb5 alloy. It is suggested that the net effect of Nb addition is to lower the MTTs, while Ni evaporation has the opposite effect. The latter contribution is predominant in alloys with low Nb addition (1 at.%), while the Nb-related effects become the major influencing factor in the high-Nb alloys (5 at.%). In the case of the NiTiNb3 alloys, the factors that promote and suppress MTTs are almost completely compensated, and the MTT is rather stable despite of the large variation of L-PBF process parameters.

Design of Binary Convolution Operation Circuit for Binarized Neural Networks Using Single-Flux-Quantum Circuit

We design a binary convolution operation circuit (BCOC) using a single-flux-quantum circuit for high-speed and energy-efficient neural network. The proposed circuit is used for binary convolution operations using a convolution kernel size of 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \times $</tex-math></inline-formula> 3, which accelerates the forward propagation process of a binary neural network (BNN). We analyze the binary convolution process and propose a bisection method for optimization. The BCOC is designed with a gate-level pipeline architecture and uses the bisection method for reduced number of pipeline stages. Thus, the circuit area of the BCOC is reduced by approximately 50% compared with that of a BCOC without the bisection method. We design the BCOC with 3270 Josephson junctions using a 10 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Nb process. The measurement results show that the BCOC can perform binary convolution operations with a kernel size of 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \times $</tex-math></inline-formula> 3. Compared to a CMOS circuit, BCOC increases the power efficiency by 3.9 times. In future research, we will build up a library of BNNs based on SFQ circuits to simulate various BNN structures.

Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Nb–TiO2 ODS Materials for Surgical Implants

Abstract Nb–TiO2 alloys, strengthened by oxide dispersion (ODS), have good properties for application in surgical implants. These alloys have been processed by a powder metallurgy technique. Compaction and sintering tests were carried out in order to understand the microstructural evolution of these materials during processing. Oxygen degassing takes place due to the volatilization of niobium suboxides during highvacuum sintering. Additions of TiO2 up to 1 wt.% caused an increase in the sinterability of niobium, especially during the first stage of sintering. An explanation for the role of TiO2 particles during sintering is also proposed.

Design and implementation of bit-parallel RSFQ shift register memories

In this paper, a shift register (SR) memory based on rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic for bit-parallel access is proposed. The memory cell changes from a row in the memory array to a column to increase the bit of data accessed per one clock cycle. The design of the 8 bit × 2 bit (8 × 2) memory is introduced. The memory consists of four parts: a SR memory array, an input buffer, an output buffer, and a controller, in which the controller is used to produce a control signal at a certain clock cycle specified by the address data. We have obtained the low speed test of the 8 × 2 memory fabricated by 6 kA cm−2 Nb process (SIMIT-Nb03), all bit-parallel access operations (write, read, clear and write, and read again) have been verified. We also simulated the 8 × 8 memory with data width expansion and obtained the maximum operating frequency of 34 GHz after the place and route with the SIMIT-Nb03 cell library. Based on the hierarchical storage, we have used the 8 × 8 memory as a basic block to construct large size of memory system, the access time and bandwidth have been evaluated. The bit-parallel memory shows higher bandwidth than bit-serial memory with the same capacity, especially for large capacity memory.

Design and Evaluation of 2-bit-Input Single-Flux-Quantum Autocorrelator System for Astronomical Data Analysis

To improve the accuracy of astronomical data analysis, an increase in the number of output bits from the A/D converter is effective. We investigated a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) autocorrelator and an integrator that supports multiple-bit signal output from an SFQ A/D converter for astronomical data processing. The SFQ binary counter was used as the integrator that decimates the output from the SFQ autocorrelator for communication with equipment at room temperature. We designed the test circuits composed of 2-bit inputs, an autocorrelator, and an integrator that contains 5631 Josephson junctions using the 10 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Nb process. We confirmed the correct operation of the test circuit with a normalized bias voltage margin of 102%-114% by the low-speed test. We obtained its correct high-speed operation up to a 55.1 GHz clock frequency. In terms of circuit design, scaling up the test circuit is easy. These results indicate the effectiveness of a high-precision and large-bandwidth radio astronomical observation using SFQ circuit technology.

Performance of Digital SQUID with Sub-Flux Quantum Feedback Resolution Fabricated using 10 kA/cm2 Nb Process

Digital superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID with Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) feedback operates as a Δ-type oversampling A/D converter. Magnetic flux resolution at Nyquist frequency can be improved by taking sub SFQ feedback resolution and large oversampling ratio. Using high critical current density Nb process for fabricating SFQ circuits, we expected more higher operation speed for the digital SQUID and resulting to higher magnetic flux resolutions. We expected a performance of the digital SQUID magnetometer fabricated using 10 kA/cm2 Nb process based on CAD layout, with an up/down counter using T2FF cells and parallel SFQ feedback. For the clock frequency of 13 GHz and the Nyquist frequency of 1.587 MHz, the magnetic field noise was lower than and the slew rate was exceeded 500 mT/s.

SQUID microscopy for mapping vector magnetic fields

We mounted a vector-scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensor on a commercial SQUID microscope and successfully improved the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the sensor. Our proposed vector 3D SQUID sensor used multilayered niobium (Nb)-based technology; we realized three SQUID sensors in the structure of a vector pickup coil system on a single chip. The vector pickup coil system was built with three pickup coils that were orthogonal to one another to obtain the X, Y, and Z components of a magnetic field vector. To improve both sensitivity and spatial resolution, we attempted to reduce the inner diameter by increasing the number of windings of the pickup coils using the multilayered Nb process. The design value for the dc SQUID sensors was either the critical current density Jc = 320 A cm−2 for two Josephson junctions (JJs) or the critical current Ic = 12.8 μA for the 2 μm × 2 μm JJs. To measure the current–voltage (I–V) and voltage–flux (V–Φ) characteristics of a sensor, we constructed a homemade measurement system. The fundamental characteristics of our SQUID sensors were in good agreement with the design parameters. We mounted our vector SQUID sensor on a commercial scanning SQUID microscope (SQM2000, Seiko Instrument Inc.) with a single flux-locked loop channel to test one of the three channels. We repeated the measurements three times to obtain the X, Y, and Z componential images of the magnetic field from a single vortex, and we synthesized the 3D mapping of the magnetic field vectors from a single vortex. We proved that our sensor mounted on a SQUID microscope was suitable for measuring the X, Y, and Z components of a vector magnetic field.

A Novel Low-Temperature Superconductor Power Limiter

This paper presents a novel concept for realizing an RF power limiter for protecting superconductor digital receivers. A lumped-element niobium (Nb)-based filter is used as a protection circuit. It consists of lumped-element resonators formed using spiral inductors and metal–insulator–metal capacitors integrated on a multilayer Nb process. The circuit operates as a filter at low-power levels and as a reflector at high-power levels. The lumped-element filter circuit is studied in detail to explain the performance of the filter at high-power levels. It is concluded that some of the lumped-element inductors switch from being inductors when operating at low-power levels to being capacitors when operating at high-power levels. When the lumped-element inductors switch to capacitors, the filter circuit that consists of LC resonators switches to a circuit that consists of capacitors, causing the input power to be reflected back. Both the theoretical and experimental results are presented to verify this phenomenon. In addition to applications in RF power limiters, the concept can be employed to realize transmit/receive (T/R) switches in order to isolate the (T/R) circuit from the receive circuit.

A fluoride-free liquid-liquid extraction process for the recovery and separation of niobium and tantalum from alkaline leach solutions

The production of high purity niobium (Nb) or tantalum (Ta) compounds still relies on processes that require highly acidic conditions and concentrated HF or NH4F solutions. Recent progress in the chemistry of group V elements, along with the evolution of the environmental concerns, call for the development of more sustainable industrial processes for these strategic elements. In sharp contrast with the historical fluoride approach chosen by the Nb and Ta refining industry, there has been a recent surge in the literature concerning the chemistry of these elements in diluted alkaline or oxalate media. We here propose an innovative liquid-liquid extraction process that is amenable to separate Nb and Ta from alkaline feed solutions, can be operated at low acidity and that does not require any fluoride-based chemical. The developed strategy is as follows: first, Nb and Ta are co-extracted from their alkaline solution (pH 12) using a quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat® 336) dissolved in an organic diluent; then, Nb is selectively back-extracted in a mixture of diluted nitric and oxalic acids; and finally, Ta is stripped in a diluted nitric media. The process also affords purifying Nb from Ti, Fe and Na. Following an optimization at laboratory scale, the full process has been validated during continuous running tests (160 h at 1.4 L h−1) using industrial Nb-Ta caustic solutions coming from the development of the so-called Maboumine process. The developed process works at room temperature, low acidity ([H+] < 1 M), exhibits high recovery yields, and allows producing Nb2O5·nH2O with purity higher than 99.5%. The process also yields a tantalum product (Ta2O5·nH2O with >20 wt% Ta) even when starting from a diluted feed (39 ppm Ta). The proposed strategy paves the way for new Nb and Ta hydrometallurgical processes operating under mild chemical environments and represents a concrete alternative to the current fluoride-intensive industrial methods.

Challenges of Nb Application in Thermomechanical Processes of Steels for Long Products

Nb is a classical microalloying element in the design of thermomechanical treatments in low carbon steels for flat products applications. However, its use in medium-high carbon grades, as occurs in hot rolling of bars, is less common. This is, in part, because of the diversity of characteristics required to those grades of steels and the less knowledge about the function of Nb in these cases. Consequently, less information is reported concerning thermo-mechanical processing of Nb microalloyed steels in long products applications. In this case, it is necessary to consider the singularities related to these processes, such as the short interpass times and the wide range of chemical compositions usually applied on these products. Short interpass times result in high strain rate values that can lead to metallurgical changes on the mechanisms occurring during the hot rolling must be considered. Moreover, the high Carbon contents applied in long products, usually between 0.20–0.40%, can influence the Nb solubility and precipitation in each stage of the process: prior to hot rolling on the reheating furnace, during the process and after hot rolling, depending on the cooling strategy adopted and on the post-rolling heat treatments that can be applied. This paper analyses different singularities associated with the use of Nb microalloying for long products. Several aspects, such as the partial or complete dissolution of the Nb prior to hot rolling, its role in the control of austenite microstructure and its incidence in the final microstructure and mechanical properties, will be considered.

Interplay between interface structure and magnetism in NiFe/Cu/Ni-based pseudo-spin valves

Magnetic pseudo spin valves (PSVs) with superconducting Nb electrodes, have been leading candidates for an energy-efficient memory solution compatible with cryogenic operation of ultra-low power superconducting logic. Integration of these PSV Josephson junctions in a standard multi-layer Nb process requires growing high-quality thin magnetic films on a thick Nb bottom electrode (i.e. ≥1.5kÅ, to achieve bulk superconducting properties). However, as deposited, 1.5kÅ Nb exhibits a rough surface with a characteristic rice grain morphology, which severely degrades the switching properties of subsequently deposited PSVs. Therefore, in order to achieve coherent switching throughout a PSV, the Nb interface must be modified. Here, we demonstrate that the Nb surface morphology and PSV crystallinity can be altered with the incorporation of separate 50Å Cu or 100Å Al/50Å Cu non-magnetic seed layers, and demonstrate their impact on the magnetic switching of a 15Å Ni80Fe20/50Å Cu/20Å Ni PSV, at both room temperature and at 10 K. Most notably, these results show that the incorporation of an Al seed layer leads to an improved face centered cubic templating through the bulk of the PSV, and ultimately to superior magnetic switching.

Processing of Nb–10W alloy via aluminothermic reduction–electron beam melting and evaluation of its cold plastic deformation behaviour

ABSTRACTA Nb–10%W (wt-%) alloy ingot was produced via aluminothermic reduction of a Nb2O5+ WO3 mixture followed by electron beam melting. The O and N contents of the ingot after triple EBM steps were 63 wt-ppm and 32 wt-ppm, respectively. This alloy presents potential for application as artificial pinning centre (APC) in Nb–Ti superconducting wires due to its high residual resistivity compared to pure Nb, which is a necessary characteristic to increase critical current density at high magnetic fields. The cold plastic deformation behaviour of this material was studied and compared to that of Nb–Ti and pure Nb. The hardening behaviour of the Nb–10W alloy was unusual as compared to others Nb alloys presumably due to unexpected inhomogeneity of the alloy even after cold plastic deformation and annealing at 1300°C for 4 h.

Suppression of strain-induced precipitation of NbC by epitaxial growth of NbC on pre-existing TiN in Nb-Ti microalloyed steel

Absence of strain-induced precipitation of NbC is observed in a conventional hot rolled Nb-Ti microalloyed X90 strip. Quantitative analysis using transmission electron microscopy and 3D atom probe tomography indicates that epitaxial growth of NbC on pre-existing TiN particles with a short inter-particle spacing of 300±65nm suppresses the occurrence of strain-induced precipitation of NbC on dislocations. The model for predicting kinetics of strain-induced precipitation of NbC on dislocations is incorporated into a criterion for the end of nucleation of strain-induced precipitation to estimate the effects of process parameters on suppression of strain-induced precipitation of NbC. TiN particle inter-spacing is identified as a key parameter influencing the precipitation behavior of NbC during thermomechanical controlled processing. TiN-NbC composite precipitates offer an alternative approach to strain-induced precipitation of NbC for high temperature processing of Nb microalloyed steels with high toughness. The significance and possible implication of the TiN-NbC composite precipitate engineering are discussed.

Design and Implementation of a 16-Word by 1-Bit Register File Using Adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametron Logic

We have been developing extremely energy-efficient microprocessors using the adiabatic quantum flux parametron (AQFP) logic. In this study, we designed and fabricated an AQFP register file, which is one of the key building blocks in the microprocessor. The 16-word by 1-bit register file with dual output ports and a single input port was designed by using an AQFP cell library with a minimalist design. The circuit is composed of three decoders and feedback delay latches (D-latches), which are clocked by four-phase excitation currents. The circuits were fabricated using the AIST 10 kA/cm2 Nb process. The total junction number and circuit area are 2544 and 3.1 mm × 5.4 mm, respectively. The estimated energy consumption is 18 aJ per clock cycle for 5 GHz operation. The latency is 1600 ps for 5 GHz operation. In the low-speed test, we confirmed the correct operations across 15 addresses.