Navy Blue Research Articles

Zbiór fragmentów kafli średniowiecznych i nowożytnych z badań zamku w Chęcinach, woj. świętokrzyskie

The article is the first attempt at arrangement of attainable for a researcher collection of tiles from a royal castle in Chęciny, first of all in aspect of chronology of individual groups of tile finds, which in case of Chęciny may be reconstructed only on the grounds of stylistic and technological analyses. The collection of tile fragments from archaeological excavations of the castle in comparison with other objects of this type in Poland is very not numerous (hardly 185 fragments). With the period of the late Middle Ages fragments of barely one tile may be connected, whereas coming from mature in respect of workshop producer; it must – as pars pro toto – illustrate aesthetic aspect of the castle in the 15th century and the beginnings of the next century when the king’s court sometimes stayed here, especially in times of Vladislav Jagiello. A little more fragments may be connected with mature 16th century. Among them there are enigmatic plates of kaolinite clay, hypothetically defined as fragments of stove surmounting. Representations of animals on two of these plates still stylistically belong to the Gothic; they were surely made with the use of matrixes, with which face plates of “classical” tiles were stamped. The biggest collection of tile fragments comes from the 1st half of the 17th century, concretely from the period since 1607 (destruction of the Gothic castle and beginnings of its rebuilding in the late Renaissance style) to 1655 (rst destructions in times of the Swedish war). Most important seems to be recovery of several fragments of tiles covered with glazes of navy blue and white – navy blue. At least one of them must have come from a stove described in lustration from 1613 as “blue stove”. It stood in the court room (“the great room”) of the lordly house. Likewise in cases of other stoves of the “Vasa” horizon, the stove from Chęciny should be connected with the period of Sigismund III reign. Other fragments of tiles coming from hitherto archaeological excavations of the castle of Chęciny are difficult to assign to specific stoves known from written sources, although the collected material may be generally divided into stages connected with certain works conducted on the castle within the 16th and the 1st quarter of the 17th century. The present text should be treated as the first contribution to attempts at reconstruction of heating system of the upper castle and heating of rooms situated in the lower part. Archaeological research will be here of great importance, but also reading again – in context of the reported subject – written sources, in which hitherto unused possibilities still remain.

Solophenyl Navy Blue Dye Removal by Smectite Clay in a Porous Bed Column

Many studies have been reported whose objective has been the removal of effluent dyes from aqueous solution via adsorption methods. Among the adsorbents studied have been natural clays. The present study was aimed at evaluating smectite clay as a viable adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater in industrial textile laundries. This clay is mainly composed of residue generated in the activities related to the exploration of gypsite which is abundantly available in the Araripe-PE region, located in Northeast Brazil.In the methodology chosen, a solution of the navy blue dye Solophenyl, which is the main dye employed in such laundries, was prepared with the following composition: 0.75 g dye + 11.25 g sodium chloride in 1000 mll of water. The clay (0.2 g quantity) was used in two forms: the natural extracted material and product obtained after its calcination at 300 °C. All assays were undertaken employing a porous bed column. The experimental data allowed an assessment of the kinetic behaviour of the ...

Degradation analysis of Reactive Red 198 by hairy roots of Tagetes patula L. (Marigold)

Tagetes patula L. (Marigold) hairy roots were selected among few hairy root cultures from other plants tested for the decolorization of Reactive Red 198. Hairy roots of Tagetes were able to remove dye concentrations up to 110 mg L(-l) and could be successively used at least for five consecutive decolorization cycles. The hairy roots of Tagetes decolorized six different dyes, viz. Golden Yellow HER, Methyl Orange, Orange M2RL, Navy Blue HE2R, Reactive Red M5B and Reactive Red 198. Significant induction of the activity of biotransformation enzymes indicated their crucial role in the dye metabolism. UV-vis spectroscopy, HPLC and FTIR spectroscopy analyses confirmed the degradation of Reactive Red 198. A possible pathway for the biodegradation of Reactive Red 198 has been proposed with the help of GC-MS and metabolites identified as 2-aminonaphthol, p-aminovinylsulfone ethyl disulfate and 1-aminotriazine, 3-pyridine sulfonic acid. The phytotoxicity study demonstrated the non-toxic nature of the extracted metabolites. The use of such hairy root cultures with a high ability for bioremediation of dyes is discussed.

Use of immobilised Chlorella vulgaris for the removal of colour from textile dyes

Discharge of textile wastewater containing toxic dyes can adversely affect the aquatic ecosystems and human health. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential use of immobilised Chlorella vulgaris UMACC 001 in removing colour from textile dyes (Supranol Red 3BW, Lanaset Red 2GA and Levafix Navy Blue EBNA) and textile wastewater (TW). Two immobilisation matrices were used, namely 1% κ-carragenan and 2% sodium alginate. Of the three dyes tested, the highest percentage of colour removal was from Lanaset Red 2GA. The cultures immobilised in 2% alginate attained the highest percentage of colour removal (44.0%) from the dye at an initial concentration of 7.25 mg L−1. Immobilised cultures in alginate also removed higher percentage of colour (48.9%)from the TW, than the suspension cultures (34.9%). Aeration did not enhance the percentage of colour removal but increased the colour intensity of the wastewater instead. C. vulgaris immobilised in alginate will be useful for final polishing of textile wastewater after undergoing primary treatment before discharge.

Development of a disperse dye immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus

For investigating the feasibility of using disperse dyes as an immunoassay chromogenic marker, a disperse dye, DADISPERSE NAVY BLUE SP, was selected in analyzing antibody against infectious bursal disease virus (anti-IBDV). With the color intensity revealed in the disperse dye immunochromatographic test (DICT) strip as the objective function, the optimal dyeing conditions were found as follows: dye concentration absorbance (at λ max = 587 nm) = 3, pH 7, 50 °C, for 10 min. Under these conditions, the resultant dyed-antibody (rabbit anti-chicken) can produce an optimal color intensity reading of 55,054 on the strip. For performing qualitative immunoassay, chicken sera samples taken from different farms were used for the anti-IBDV titre assessment. The results of DICT strips showed very high sensitivity and specificity as compared to that analyzed by FlockChek enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (F-ELISA) kits. For quantitative immunoassay, it was found that the color intensity measured with DICT was linearly correlated to that of F-ELISA titre ( r 2 = 0.9687). Therefore, DICT was further applied to the detection of chicken anti-IBDV sera under vaccination in the farms. The average titres of the sampling groups exhibited a strong agreement to that of F-ELISA. Accordingly, the DICT method developed in this study, shown to be reliable, cheap and simple in both qualitative and quantitative immunoassays, is particularly suitable for point-of-need testing (PONT) in agricultural applications.

The Art Student's War

The Art Student's War Brad Leithauser When the streetcar halts at Woodward and Mack, the young soldier who climbs aboard with some difficulty—he looks new to his crutches—is surpassingly handsome. Everybody notices him. His hair, long for a soldier's, is shiny black. His eyes are arrestingly blue. That gaze of his is a little unnerving and suggests a sizable temper, maybe. Or maybe not, for the crooked grin he releases at seeing himself securely aboard is boyish and winsome. Everybody in this dusty car feels heartened by him. A nation capable of producing soldiers as stirring as this young soldier—how could it possibly lose the War? Although she doesn't allow herself to stare openly, nobody is more observant of the handsome wounded young soldier than someone called Bea, whose true name is Bianca: Bianca Paradiso. A tall girl wearing a red hat, she is standing in the middle of the car. The War has been going on for what feels like ages and those tranquil days before the soldiers overran the streets seem to belong to her childhood. The olive drab and navy blue of the boys' uniforms have reconstituted the palette of the city. Bea is an art student. She examines minutely the city's streets and streetcars, parks and store-window displays and billboards, and of course its automobiles. Her teacher last quarter, Professor Evanman, spoke of automobiles as the city's "blood vessels"—this is, after all, the Motor City—and he urged his students to view Detroit as a "living creature." It was advice that struck powerfully: the city as a living creature. Bea is eighteen. She cultivates these days an enhanced receptivity to color, including the heavy black of this soldier's hair, and the hovering, weightless, [End Page 191] gas-fire blue of his eyes, to say nothing of the emphatic fresh white of the plaster bandage encasing his left leg. Bea is heading home from a two-hour class in still-life painting. Her professor this quarter is Professor Manhardt, who would never counsel his students to contemplate anything automotive. Professor Manhardt is a purist. He, too, offers inspiring advice. An artist never stops mixing paint. . . . That's one of Professor Manhardt's maxims and while heading home from class Bea typically entertains a drifting armada of colors without objects—big floating swatches and swirls of pigment. Yes, servicemen's uniforms have colored the city for a long time, but it's only recently, in this sodden late spring of 1943, that you've begun to see many of the wounded. There's a special light attends them, like El Greco's figures. Each glimpse of a wounded soldier forces you into a fearful medical appraisal. How bad is he hurt? That's always the first question in everybody's mind. And Please, God, not too badly. . . . That's the follow-up prayer. Please, God. Fortunately, nobody Bea personally knows has been wounded or killed, so far at least, although a high school classmate, Bradley Hake, has long been missing in action in the Philippines. Well, this one, the very good-looking boy on the Woodward Avenue streetcar, isn't hurt too badly. Though his leg is bandaged all the way above his knee, and though he grimaced on the car step, he exudes a brimming youthful well-being once aboard. It's so good to be home, his grin declares. Good to be alive in a month in which, as the newspapers daily report, American boys by the hundreds are dying overseas. Yes, truly it is wonderful to be back in Detroit, on this last Friday in May, the twenty-eighth of May, after a record-breaking stretch of rainy days, riding a streetcar up Woodward Avenue, the city's central thoroughfare, with a mixed crowd of people who are—men and women, white and colored—heading home for supper. It's approaching five o'clock and the streetcar is full, with recent arrivals like Bea left standing. Streetcars are always full, ever since the War started. Of course there's not a chance in the world the soldier [End Page 192] will be left standing...

Decolorisation of exhausted reactive dye bath using ozonator for reuse

Exhausted Reactive dye bath samples of Turquoise Blue, Olive Green and Navy Blue shades were collected from cotton knit wear dyeing units in Tirupur. Ozonation was conducted in a column reactor system fed with ozone at the rate of 0.16 g/min to assess its efficiency in reducing the color, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. Complete decolorization of the effluent was achieved in 10 min contact time and ozone consumption of 153 mg/ L for Turquoise Blue, 128 for Olive Green and 143 for Navy Blue shades effluents respectively. The corresponding COD removal was 43 %, 44 % and 43 % for the three shades while TOC removal efficiency was 45 %, 45 % and 40% respectively. The results from the reusability studies indicate that the dyeing quality was not affected by the reuse of decolorized dye bath for two successive cycles. It is concluded that ozonation is efficient in decolorization of exhausted dye bath effluents containing conventional reactive dyes. However, the corresponding removal of COD from the textile effluent was not significant.

Removal of Reactofix Navy Blue 2 GFN from aqueous solutions using adsorption techniques

The wheat husk, an agricultural by-product, has been activated and used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of Reactofix Navy Blue 2 GFN from aqueous solution. In this work, adsorption of Reactofix Navy Blue 2 GFN on wheat husk and charcoal has been studied by using batch studies. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined to be a function of the solution pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration and contact time. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of wheat husk and charcoal for dye removal were obtained using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as the free energies, enthalpies and entropies of adsorption were also evaluated. Adsorption process is considered suitable for removing color, COD from waste water.

Uncollected Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, and: Major Poems and Selected Prose (review )

Uncollected Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, ed. Terry L. Meyers. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2005. xxvi + 334 pp. (vol. 1), v + 487 pp. (vol. 2), v + 399 pp. (vol. 3). Hardback $475.00; 295.00 [pounds sterling]. Algernon Charles Swinburne, Major Poems and Selected Prose, ed. Jerome McGann and Charles L. Sligh. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 2004. xxx + 498 pp. Paperback. $24.95; 15.00 [pounds sterling] Back in the early 1960s the late, much-respected Cecil Y. Lang laid the foundation stone for modern Swinburne studies with the six volumes of The Swinburne Letters. At a stroke this exposed the biographies by Gosse (1917), Lafourcade (1932), and Hare (1949) as doing little more than skimming over the life. He went on edit unpublished and uncollected New Writings By Swinburne (1964) and select from Swinburne's poetry in the anthology The PreRaphaelite Poets (1975). Both Terry Meyers and Jerome McGann personally acknowledge Lang's assistance them, his scholarship, and his passing, in two substantial new publications that will inspire Swinburne scholars in the first decades of a new century. I can personally testify the importance of Terry Meyers' twenty-five years of labor because he very kindly allowed quotation from some of the letters in this edition for my biography A. C. Swinburne: A Poet's Life (1997). The purple cloth of these three volumes of uncollected Swinburne letters is going become as familiar a shelf companion as the navy blue of their six predecessors. Each carries an illustration for its frontispiece: volume 1 (1848-74) has an unseen Swinburne/Menken photograph from the late 1860s; volume 2 (1875-89) prints a picture of Swinburne taken at Holmwood in the 1870s, which I first unearthed for VP a few years ago; and volume 3 (1890-1909) has a Rotherstein caricature of Swinburne. In addition the Index, volume 3 also has a group of undated letters, and two appendices--Background a Family Joke, an extended footnote some of the Disney Leith-Swinburne letters of the 1890s, and some notes and corrections Lang's edition. In his introduction, Terry Meyers agrees with Henry James that everything about such a being as [Swinburne] becomes and remains fascinating (p. xv). This edition originated in 1970 when he pursued the text of a Swinburne letter whilst working on a Ph.D about Shelley. Meyers pays tribute his friendship with Swinburne collector John Mayfield, as well as his studies with Jerome McGann. Lang and Mayfield both assisted with some of the details in the copious and often remarkable annotations. Meyers' intention is to collect all of the letters by Swinburne that have come light since the last volumes of Lang's The Swinburne Letters appeared in 1962. The new edition includes letters published in journals by other scholars since the 1960s, others from printed sources that Lang (forgivably) missed, and a choice from some 1200 letters Swinburne known survive. Meyers adds, Nearly all of the letters in this edition are previously unpublished and they are collected now for the first time. There is a website which contains extra annotations and corrections at http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/swinburne/. So, do the Uncollected Letters advance Swinburne studies? And if so, how? First and foremost, Uncollected Letters prints a group of letters, and other relevant material, that relate directly the central question of Swinburne biography, namely, the identity of Swinburne's lost love (to use Lang's famous title phrase). In volume 3, Meyers annotates a number of letters written between Swinburne and his cousin Mary Disney Leith in the 1890s. Three of these letters were first discussed by Fuller in 1968 and a further seventeen by James D. Birchfield in 1980. Much of this correspondence (cy merest dozen) is in a playful cypher transposing the initial letters of words, and has numerous flagellation allusions. …

Decolorization Screening of Synthetic Dyes by Anaerobic Methanogenic Sludge Using a Batch Decolorization Assay

The nonspecific ability of anaerobic sludge bacteria obtained from cattle dung slurry was investigated for 17 different dyes in a batch assay system using sealed serum vials. Experiments using Reactive Violet 5 (RV 5) showed that sludge bacteria could effectively decolorize solutions having dye concentrations up to 1000 mg l−1 with a decolorization efficiency of above 75% during 48 h of incubation. Headspace gas composition of anaerobic batch systems for varying dye concentration revealed that lower concentrations of RV 5 (upto 500 mg l−1) were found to be stimulatory to the methanogenic activity of sludge bacteria. However at higher dye concentrations, the headspace gas composition was found to be similar to batch assay controls without dye, indicating that dye at higher concentrations was inhibitory to methanogenic bacteria of sludge. The optimum inoculum and incubation temperature for maximum decolorization of RV 5 was found to be 9.0 g l−1(in terms of total solids) and 37°C, respectively. Of sixteen other dyes tested, nine (Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 31, Reactive Blue 28, Reactive Red HE8B, Reactive Yellow, Reactive Golden Yellow, Mordant Orange, Novatic Olive R S/D & Navilan Yellow GL) were decolorized with more than 88% efficiency; three (Orange II, Navy Blue HER & Novatic Blue BC S/D) were decolorized with about 50–65% efficiency, whereas other three dyes (Procion Orange H2R, Procion Brilliant Blue HGR & Novatic Blue BC S/D) were decolorized with less than 40% efficiency. Though Ranocid Fast Blue was decolorized with about 92.5% efficiency, this was merely due to sorption, whereas the other dyes were decolorized due to biotransformation.

Degradation of textile dyes mediated by plant peroxidases.

The peroxidase enzyme from the plants Ipomea palmata (1.003 IU/g of leaf) and Saccharum spontaneum (3.6 IU/g of leaf) can be used as an alternative to the commercial source of horseradish and soybean peroxidase enzyme for the decolorization of textile dyes, mainly azo dyes. Eight textiles dyes currently used by the industry and seven other dyes were selected for decolorization studies at 25-200 mg/L levels using these plant enzymes. The enzymes were purified prior to use by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Peroxidase of S. spontaneum leaf (specific activity of 0.23 IU/mg) could completely degrade Supranol Green and Procion Green HE-4BD (100%) dyes within 1 h, whereas Direct Blue, Procion Brilliant Blue H-7G and Chrysoidine were degraded >70% in 1 h. Peroxidase of Ipomea (I. palmata leaf; specific activity of 0.827 U/mg) degraded 50 mg/L of the dyes Methyl Orange (26%), Crystal Violet (36%), and Supranol Green (68%) in 2-4 h and Brilliant Green (54%), Direct Blue (15%), and Chrysoidine (44%) at the 25 mg/L level in 1 to 2 h of treatment. The Saccharum peroxidase was immobilized on a hydrophobic matrix. Four textile dyes, Procion Navy Blue HER, Procion Brilliant Blue H-7G, Procion Green HE-4BD, and Supranol Green, at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L were completely degraded within 8 h by the enzyme immobilized on the modified polyethylene matrix. The immobilized enzyme was used in a batch reactor for the degradation of Procion Green HE-4BD and the reusability was studied for 15 cycles, and the half-life was found to be 60 h.

Functional polymers for colloidal applications. X. Syntheses of graft-charged naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates and their ability to disperse dyes

N-(3-sodium propylsulfonate)-α-naphthylamine–formaldehyde condensates (NAFS) and O-(3-propylsulfonate)-α-naphthol–formaldehyde condensates (NOFS) are synthesized by condensation reactions followed by ring-opening reactions. Those condensates are used as dispersants to disperse dyes in water (C. I. Navy Blue 79 and C. I. Brown 1), and can be compared to the conventional dispersants [e.g., naphthalenesulfonate–formaldehyde condensates (NSF)]. The dispersing properties of the condensates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), sedimentation, as well as measurments of viscosity. For NAFS or NOFS, the sulfonate groups were grafted separately on the backbone of the condensate; however, for NSF, the sulfonate groups were anchored on the backbone of the condensate. The structural effects of those condensates were demonstrated by comparing the dispersing ability of these condensates, and the conventional condensates NAFS and NOFS exhibit better dispersing abilities than NSF for the Navy Blue 79 and Brown 1 dyes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pulmonary alveolar phospholipoproteinosis induced by Orasol Navy Blue dust.

1. Orasol Navy Blue (ONB) is a water-insoluble nitroaromatic dye to which workers may be exposed to the dust. 2. Rats and guinea pigs exposed for 30 min to 173 mg m-3 did not show toxic signs or respiratory tract histopathology. 3. Rats, mice and guinea pigs were exposed 6 h a day for 20 or 100 days to 2.05 mg m-3 ONB dust (particle size, 33.6% < 5 microns). Except for decreased body weight of guinea pigs during the exposure period, no adverse signs were seen over a 1-year period from the first exposure. Respiratory tract histopathology was not seen in mice or guinea pigs. Rats showed scattered alveolar lesions characterized by aggregations of macrophages, PAS-positive debris, cholesterol, sudanophilia and birefringence, with preservation of the interstitum and no fibrogenic response. The number and size of these lesions was related to the duration of exposure. 4. The similarity of the lesions seen in the rat following exposure to ONB dust and those seen in humans from other exogenous causes of pulmonary alveolar phospholipoproteinosis suggests that overexposure of humans to a respirable dust of ONB may produce this lesion. 5. The rat is a convenient model to investigate pulmonary alveolar phospholipoproteinosis by exposure to respirable dusts.

Functional polymers for colloidal application. IX. The dispersing ability of anionic and zwitterionic aniline‐formaldehyde condensates to dyes

AbstractAnionic and zwitterionic aniline–formaldehyde condensates, N‐(3‐sodium propylsulfonate) aniline–formaldehyde condensates (PSAF), and N, N‐dimethyl‐N‐(3‐propylsulfonate) anilinium–formaldehyde condensates (DPSAF) are used as dispersants to disperse dyes (C. I. Navy Blue 79 and C. I. Brown 1), compared with the conventional dye dispersants–naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensates (NSF). The dispersing properties of the condensates are assessed by the viscosity method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the final volume fraction after sedimentation, and adsorption behaviors. Compared to DPSAF, the PSAF and NSF with a lower molecular weight (PSAF‐L, NSF‐L) show significantly lower apparent viscosities of the paste of Navy Blue 79. Comparing the results of the viscosity method with those of SEM and the final volume fraction after sedimentation, it can be concluded that a better‐dispersed paste displayed by SEM shows a lower viscosity and a smaller final volume fraction. The amount of NSF‐L adsorbed on Navy Blue 79 is significantly higher than that of PSAF‐L and DPSAF‐H. However, the sulfonate on PSAF‐L can be extended more deeply toward the bulk phase compared to that on NSF‐L so that PSAF‐L can result in a high effective thickness. These adsorption phenomena are used to interpret the dispersing ability. For Brown 1, the anionic dispersants can reach a similar minimum viscosity independent of their molecular weight, but the PSAF with high molecular weight shows a remarkably low optimum concentration (ca. 3% compared to PSAF‐L 9%, NSFs 5%). © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.

On the identification of properties and propositional functions

The theory of properties, relations, and propositions (PRPs) promises to play a significant foundational role in logic, philosophy, semantics, and psychology. There is now a growing recognition of this fact by research ers in these disciplines.' Nevertheless, formalizations of PRP theory run into some technical complexities in connection with the treatment of free and bound terms occurring in PRP-abstracts (see, e.g., Bealer, 1979, 1982, 1983; Zalta, 1980; Monnich, 1983). These complexities can be largely avoided by adopting the thesis that properties and propositional functions are identical (see, e.g., Aczel, 1980 and 1987; M6nnich, 1983; Turner, 1987; Chierchia and Turner, 1988). The purpose of this paper is to present some reasons against this thesis despite its short-term technical advantages.2 Philosophically, the propositional-function thesis seems unacceptable on at least two counts. First, it is highly counterintuitive. How im plausible that familiar sensible properties are functions the color of this ink, the aroma of coffee, the shape of your hand, the special painfulness of a burn or itchiness of a mosquito bite. No function is a color, a smell, a shape, or a feeling. Or consider the fact that navy blue is darker than yellow and that it covers the surface of my pen. No function is darker than another function, and no function covers the surface of my pen. To assert otherwise seems to be a category mistake.3 In addition to intuitive objections to the propositional-function thesis, a second philosophical objection is that the thesis threatens the prospect of certain explanations in epistemology, phenomenology, and philo sophical psychology. For example, how are we to explain what is going on in the interplay of sensation and cognition when a person sees that two objects have some sensible quality in common? Or how are we to explain why various shades of color can look so similar? At best, the identification of properties and propositional functions complicates our epistemology, phenomenology, and philosophical psychology in con nection with these and kindred phenomena. My aim, however, is not to dwell on such philosophical objections to the propositional-function thesis, serious as they are. Rather, my aim is to discuss four logical difficulties facing the thesis. (1) The first problem derives from the fact that functions are usually

Mutagenicity in Salmonella of dyes used by defence personnel for the detection of liquid chemical warfare agents.

Paper strips containing indicator dyes have been developed by defence scientists to change color upon exposure to certain agents but not to common solvents. As a preliminary step in studies on their possible genetic or carcinogenic hazard, 6 dyes used in these detection papers were tested with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. The 3 nitro arenes tested were found to be mutagenic. Two of them, Orasol Navy Blue 2RB (without metabolic activation) and Eastman Fast Blue B-GLF (with metabolic activation), induced higher yields of mutations in the frameshift revertible strains, but base substitution mutations also were found. The third nitro arene, ethyl-bis-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) acetate, induced only frameshift reversions, the greatest yields without metabolic activation. Because of weak but consistent mutagenic activation. Because of weak but consistent mutagenic effects with a fourth dye, thiodiphenyl-4,4'-diazo-bis-salicylic acid, fluctuation tests using Salmonella strain TA98 were performed, and dose-related, statistically-significant mutagenic responses were observed. Two remaining dyes, Fluorescent Brilliant Yellow R and 2,5,2',5'-tetramethyltriphenylmethane-4,4'-diazo-bis-beta-hydroxynaphthoic anilide, were not mutagenic in experiments using doses extending into the toxic range. Spot tests were performed on different paper strips containing the dyes. When the papers were eluted with dimethyl sulfoxide, responses were found to be qualitatively similar to those in the plate tests. Although microbial test results cannot be used to assess risk in man, these results indicate a potential mutagenic or carcinogenic hazard for individuals exposed to these dyes, especially the nitro aromatics.

Procion Navy Blue in pulp and periapical studies

In an investigation of its value as a pulp-preserving medium, Procion Navy Blue was applied to the pulps of monkey teeth which had been exposed by an air-turbine drill. Evaluation of block sections of teeth and surrounding bone revealed that in all cases there was a severe inflammatory reaction in the pulp, which increased in severity with increases in observation time. Thus, Procion Navy Blue is not considered suitable for the treatment of exposed pulps.

Studies on the Acid Anthraquinone Dyes, I-II

In the Previous papers, we have reported on a manufacturing method of Na-monochloro-, and -1, 4-dichloroanthraquinone-7-sulfonates from Na-anthraquinone-sulfonate (Silver salt).In the present papers, we report on the synthesis of some acid anthraquinone dyes, from Na-1, 4-dichloroanthraquinone-7-sulfonate (I).1). Condensation of I with 2 moles of aniline, to obtain Na-1, 4-dianilino anthraquinone-7-sulfonate. 5g. I, 60g. aniline, and 2g. NaOAc. were stirred at 183-5°, for 8hr. The product was greenish black powder. Yield, 6.3g.(96.9% of the calc. amount). It showed no mp., and dyed wool, as well as nylon, bluish green hue of excellent light fastness. Dyeing and testing methods are outlined. In water solution, absorption maxima were found at 200mg, and 640mμ2). Amination of condensation product of I with 1 mole of aniline, to obtain Na-amino-anilino-anthraquinone-sulfonate. A mixture of 40g. I, 38.4g. aniline, 18g. Na2CO3 and 440cc. water was stirred at 95°, in the presence of freshly prepared cuprous oxide, for 4hr., until the condensation was complete (reaction end point was detected by paper chromatographical method). The product (11) was reddish violet powder. Yield, 38-40g.(83-86% of calc. amount). It showed no mp., and dyed wool bluish red. In water solution, absorption maxima were found at 259.0mμ., 332.5mμ., and 535mμ.Amination of II.5g. II (as Na salt), 180cc. 28% ammonia, and 2g. p-toluene sulfamide were taken in an autoclave, and heated at 125° and 20 atm. for 4hr. The product was deep blue powder. It showed no mp. Yield, 2.9-3.0g.(64-66% of calc. amount). It dyed wool navy blue of excellent light fastness. In water solution, absorption maxima were found at 255mμ., 550mμ., and 590mμ. The presence of amino group in the dye was identified by its diazotisation and coupling with β-naphtol, to obtain a brown acid azo dye.3). Condensation of I, with 1 mole of monomethylamine, and 1 mole of aniline, to obtain Na-methylamino-anilino-anthraquinone-sulfonate. 5g. I and 3g. Na2CO3 were dissolved in 150cc. water at 95°. To the solution, 0.9g. CH3NH2·HCl, dissolved in 20cc. water, was added, and stirred at 95° for 4-5hr. The product was reddish violet powder (III). Yield, 4.6g.(93.5% of calc. amount). It showed no mp., and dyed wool clear bluish red hue, but of little value as dye. In water solution, absorption maxima were found at 255.5mμ., and 535mμ.Condensation of III with 1 mole of aniline. 4 g. III (as Na salt), 50g. aniline, and 2g NaOAc were stirred at 183-5° for 25hr. The product was greenish black powder. Yield, 4.1g.(89.1% of calc. amount). It showed no mp., and dyed wool blue-black hue, similar to Acid Blue Black. 10 B.(C. I. 246). Dyeing and fastness properties were studied in details (See Table 3-5). In water solution. absorption maxima were found at 254mμ. and 620mμ.

378. Formation of quinones by union of ketones. The structure of Indanthrene Navy Blue R

378. Formation of quinones by union of ketones. The structure of Indanthrene Navy Blue R