Navigation Patterns Research Articles

Wrapped Up: The Motility of Polarly Flagellated Bacteria.

A huge number of bacterial species are motile by flagella, which allow them to actively move toward favorable environments and away from hazardous areas and to conquer new habitats. The general perception of flagellum-mediated movement and chemotaxis is dominated by the Escherichia coli paradigm, with its peritrichous flagellation and its famous run-and-tumble navigation pattern, which has shaped the view on how bacteria swim and navigate in chemical gradients. However, a significant amount-more likely the majority-of bacterial species exhibit a (bi)polar flagellar localization pattern instead of lateral flagella. Accordingly, these species have evolved very different mechanisms for navigation and chemotaxis. Here, we review the earlier and recent findings on the various modes of motility mediated by polar flagella.

ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА И НЕДОСТАТКИ НАВИГАЦИОННОЙ ХИРУРГИИ ПРИ ДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ

This review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of navigation surgery during dental implantation surgery, which contribute to the precise surgical placement of implants. This technique can be divided into: dynamic (DN) and static navigation (SN), and static navigation can be divided into full (FN) (full surgical protocol) and pilot surgery (PS). Dynamic navigation (DN) includes drilling-driven approaches and non-computing-driven approaches. In dynamic navigation, bone formation and implant placement are fully monitored using special software; while static navigation refers to the use of static navigation patterns. The complete surgical protocol associated with flapless surgery and milling cutter guides has demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by pilot surgery, which can provide comparable results, while the installation of implants without a computer provides the least accuracy when transferring the implant positioning from preoperative planning to the patient. In addition, the surgical stage without folding the flap is associated with a reduction in pain, less consumption of painkillers, less swelling, shorter time in the chair and a reduced risk of bleeding while achieving greater patient satisfaction. However, other methods, such as non-computer implantation procedures, require more surgical experience to overcome their limitations. There is still little evidence to support dynamic surgery, and further research is needed.

Using GPS Tracking to Investigate Outdoor Navigation Patterns in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: Cross-sectional Study.

BackgroundSpatial disorientation is one of the earliest and most distressing symptoms seen in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and can lead to them getting lost in the community. Although it is a prevalent problem worldwide and is associated with various negative consequences, very little is known about the extent to which outdoor navigation patterns of patients with AD explain why spatial disorientation occurs for them even in familiar surroundings.ObjectiveThis study aims to understand the outdoor navigation patterns of patients with AD in different conditions (alone vs accompanied; disoriented vs not disoriented during the study) and investigate whether patients with AD experienced spatial disorientation when navigating through environments with a high outdoor landmark density and complex road network structure (road intersection density, intersection complexity, and orientation entropy).MethodsWe investigated the outdoor navigation patterns of community-dwelling patients with AD (n=15) and age-matched healthy controls (n=18) over a 2-week period using GPS tracking and trajectory mining analytical techniques. Here, for the patients, the occurrence of any spatial disorientation behavior during this tracking period was recorded. We also used a spatial buffer methodology to capture the outdoor landmark density and features of the road network in the environments that the participants visited during the tracking period.ResultsThe patients with AD had outdoor navigation patterns similar to those of the controls when they were accompanied; however, when they were alone, they had significantly fewer outings per day (total outings: P<.001; day outings: P=.003; night outings: P<.001), lower time spent moving per outing (P=.001), lower total distance covered per outing (P=.009), lower walking distance per outing (P=.02), and lower mean distance from home per outing (P=.004). Our results did not identify any mobility risk factors for spatial disorientation. We also found that the environments visited by patients who experienced disorientation versus those who maintained their orientation during the tracking period did not significantly differ in outdoor landmark density (P=.60) or road network structure (road intersection density: P=.43; intersection complexity: P=.45; orientation entropy: P=.89).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that when alone, patients with AD restrict the spatial and temporal extent of their outdoor navigation in the community to successfully reduce their perceived risk of spatial disorientation. Implications of this work highlight the importance for future research to identify which of these individuals may be at an actual high risk for spatial disorientation as well as to explore the implementation of health care measures to help maintain a balance between patients’ right to safety and autonomy when making outings alone in the community.

Children’s Ability to Read from Computers and Smartphones

Children now use digital devices for learning and leisure activities. The study assessed children's ability to read from computers, smartphones and printed sheets. We provided 60 children aged seven to ten years with reading material and recorded the time taken by them to complete reading and their navigation pattern and eye movements using software developed by us. There was no significant difference in the time taken to complete reading and the ability to recall the content when the children read from the three mediums ( P &gt; .05). The average eye fixation duration was however significantly higher when the children read from a smartphone ( P &lt; .05). Children aged nine and ten years used hyperlinks more often while reading from a smartphone than a computer ( P &lt; .05). We concluded that children can read fluently from all the three mediums by the age of seven years, and navigate hypertext effectively on smartphones by nine years of age.

Do individual characteristics affect online learning behaviors? An analysis of learners sequential patterns

Online learning systems allow learners to freely access learning contents and record their interactions throughout their engagement with the content. By using data mining techniques on the student log data of those systems, it is possible to examine learning behavior and reveal navigation patterns through learning contents. This study was aimed at investigating how learners’ characteristics affect their online learning behavior by using sequential pattern mining and clustering techniques. Participants were 74 undergraduate students from a public university, whose interactions with four different kinds of learning contents in an online learning system were collected. Results showed significant differences in sequential patterns of learners with different cognitive characteristics.

Automatically inferring user behavior models in large-scale web applications

Inferring a behavioral model from users’ navigation patterns in a web application helps application providers to understand their users’ interests. It is essential to automatically identify and generate such models as the volume of daily interactions with applications are enormous.

Field report: Deployment of a fleet of drones for cloud exploration

Drones are commonly used for civil applications and are accessible to those with limited piloting skills in several scenarios. However, the deployment of a fleet in the context of scientific research can lead to complex situations that require an important preparation in terms of logistics, permission to fly from authorities, and coordination during the flights. This paper is a field report of the flight campaign held at the Barbados Island as part of the NEPHELAE project. The main objectives were to fly into trade wind cumulus clouds to understand the microphysical processes involved in their evolution, as well as to provide a proof of concept of sensor-based adaptive navigation patterns to optimize the data collection. After introducing the flight strategy and context of operation, the main challenges and the solutions to address them will be presented, to conclude with the evaluation of some technical evolution developed from these experiments.

Examining adults’ web navigation patterns in multi-layered hypertext environments

Search engine users, when presented with multiple web search results, must be able to flexibly navigate dependent on the type of search tasks. Users who demonstrate inappropriate navigation behavior would likely fail to obtain target information. However, very few studies have examined users' web navigation patterns and their effectiveness in completing different types of search tasks in multi-layered hypertext environments. To fill these research gaps, we used data composing a sample of 1408 adults in the United States and the United Kingdom who completed both a specific information-locating task and an amorphous information-evaluating task when participating in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2012. We extracted participants’ clickstream data as well as their performance on the two tasks from recorded web navigation logs. Results from a series of latent class analyses and full-path sequence analyses showed five distinct behavioral patterns when participants performed the two tasks: of which, Flimsy, Breadth-first, Laborious, and Sampling patterns were revealed in both tasks, while the Satisficing pattern emerged exclusively in the specific information-locating task. Regarding pattern effectiveness, the Sampling pattern group outperformed other navigation pattern groups in the amorphous information-evaluating task, whereas the Satisficing pattern group performed best in the specific information-locating task.

How aerial insectivore bats of different sizes respond to nightly temperature shifts.

Small, volant and nocturnal, bats face strong challenges to avoid heat loss. Among aerial insectivores, body mass varies by two orders of magnitude between the smallest and the largest species. At low temperatures, physiological constraints should be harsher for smaller bats, as they lose more heat through their body surface than larger species. So, temperature variations should lead to distinct behavioural responses by bats of different body masses. Also, because they feed on arthropods, dependent on ambient temperature, aerial insectivores should halt feeding at low temperatures. Using ultrasound detectors and temperature and humidity sensors, we investigated how aerial insectivores of the coldest region in austral Brazil respond to nightly temperature variations and compared those responses between guilds of distinct body masses. We predict that smaller bats reduce their activity faster than larger bats, but that foraging should reduce simultaneously in the two guilds, as they depend on ectothermic prey. Bat activity reduced significantly below 12°C. Larger bats maintained their activity at temperatures where the activity of smaller bats had already halted. However, larger bats foraged mostly during the first half of the night, at higher temperatures than those chosen by smaller bats to forage. We associate these differential responses to the thermal convection process, which may increase prey availability at higher altitudes, where larger molossids are known to forage. Smaller species, mostly edge-space hunters, probably take advantage of less variable prey availability during the night, resulting in a more regular behavioural pattern of navigation and foraging.

Modeling of Vessel Traffic Flow for Waterway Design–Port of Świnoujście Case Study

The paper presents an analysis of ship traffic using the port of Świnoujście and the problems associated with modelling vessel traffic flows. Navigation patterns were studied using the Automatic Identification System (AIS); an analysis of vessel traffic was performed with statistical methods using historical data; and the paper presents probabilistic models of the spatial distribution of vessel traffic and its parameters. The factors that influence the spatial distribution were considered to be the types of vessels, dimensions, and distances to hazards. The results show a correlation between the standard deviation of the traffic flow, the vessel sizes, and the distance to the hazard. These can be used in practice to determine the safety of navigation and the design of non-existing waterways and to create a general model of vessel traffic flow. The creation of the practical applications is intended to improve navigation efficiency, safety, and risk analysis in any particular area.

Pattern2Vec: Representation of clickstream data sequences for learning user navigational behavior

SummaryWord embedding approaches represent data sequences to handle their contextual meaning in the NLP tasks. Nowadays, there is an emerging need to understand the user behavior patterns over navigational clickstream data. However, representing the URL data sequences utilizing existing embedding approaches to cluster users' behavior with unsupervised machine learning tasks is a challenging task. This study introduces the Patter2Vec embedding approach using a representation vector to construct contextual, precise, and interpretable clusters over the hidden and popular navigational patterns. To test the usability of the proposed representation in clustering tasks, we conduct an experimental study, which indicates that Pattern2Vec outperforms existing embedding approaches.

Augmented Reality in Science Laboratories: Investigating High School Students’ Navigation Patterns and Their Effects on Learning Performance

Augmented reality (AR) has the potential to fundamentally transform science education by making learning of abstract science ideas tangible and engaging. However, little is known about how students interacted with AR technologies and how these interactions may affect learning performance in science laboratories. This study examined high school students’ navigation patterns and science learning with a mobile AR technology, developed by the research team, in laboratory settings. The AR technology allows students to conduct hands-on laboratory experiments and interactively explore various science phenomena covering biology, chemistry, and physics concepts. In this study, seventy ninth-grade students carried out science laboratory experiments in pairs to learn thermodynamics. Our cluster analysis identified two groups of students, which differed significantly in navigation length and breadth. The two groups demonstrated unique navigation patterns that revealed students’ various ways of observing, describing, exploring, and evaluating science phenomena. These navigation patterns were associated with learning performance as measured by scores on lab reports. The results suggested the need for providing access to multiple representations and different types of interactions with these representations to support effective science learning as well as designing representations and connections between representations to cultivate scientific reasoning skills and nuanced understanding of scientific processes.

Leveraging Browsing Patterns for Topic Discovery and Photostream Recommendation

In photo-sharing websites and in social networks, photographs are most often browsed as a sequence: users who view a photo are likely to click on those that follow. The sequences of photos (which we call photostreams), as opposed to individual images, can therefore be considered to be very important content units in their own right. In spite of their importance, those sequences have received little attention even though they are at the core of how people consume image content. In this paper, we focus on photostreams. First, we perform an analysis of a large dataset of user logs containing over 100 million pageviews, examining navigation patterns between photostreams. Based on observations from the analysis, we build a stream transition graph to analyze common stream topic transitions (e.g., users often view “train” photostreams followed by “firetruck” photostreams). We then implement two stream recommendation algorithms, based on collaborative filtering and on photo tags, and report the results of a user study involving 40 participants. Our analysis yields interesting insights into how people navigate between photostreams, while the results of the user study provide useful feedback for evaluating the performance and characteristics of the recommendation algorithms.

LexRank with threshold to identify EF-ISF navigation patterns in xMOOC of Open edX

The use of the Open edX platform to offer xMOOC courses by different Universities in the world, has led to a growth in the participation of students in the courses, thus generating a set of navigation patterns when interacting with the xMOOC which are recorded in the tracking.log file. So far there is no study that identifies EF-ISF navigation patterns of the set of patterns, for this reason in this document propose the use of the LexRank with Threshold algorithm for the identification of the EF-ISF navigation patterns.

Sex Differences in Electronic Health Record Navigation Strategies: Secondary Data Analysis.

BackgroundUse of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased dramatically over the past decade. Their widespread adoption has been plagued with numerous complaints about usability, with subsequent impacts on patient safety and provider well-being. Data in other fields suggest biological sex impacts basic patterns of navigation in electronic media.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether biological sex impacted physicians’ navigational strategies while using EHRs.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of a prior study where physicians were given verbal and written signout, and then, while being monitored with an eye tracker, were asked to review a simulated record in our institution’s EHR system, which contained 14 patient safety items. Afterward, the number of safety items recognized was recorded.ResultsA total of 93 physicians (female: n=46, male: n=47) participated in the study. Two gaze patterns were identified: one characterized more so by saccadic (“scanning”) eye movements and the other characterized more so by longer fixations (“staring”). Female physicians were more likely to use the scanning pattern; they had a shorter mean fixation duration (P=.005), traveled more distance per minute of screen time (P=.03), had more saccades per minute of screen time (P=.02), and had longer periods of saccadic movement (P=.03). The average proportion of time spent staring compared to scanning (the Gaze Index [GI]) across all participants was approximately 3:1. Females were more likely than males to have a GI value <3.0 (P=.003). At the extremes, males were more likely to have a GI value >5, while females were more likely to have a GI value <1. Differences in navigational strategy had no impact on task performance.ConclusionsFemales and males demonstrate fundamentally different navigational strategies while navigating the EHR. This has potentially significant impacts for usability testing in EHR training and design. Further studies are needed to determine if the detected differences in gaze patterns produce meaningful differences in cognitive load while using EHRs.

An architecture for non-linear discovery of aggregated multimedia document web search results.

The recent proliferation of multimedia information on the web enhances user information need from simple textual lookup to multi-modal exploration activities. The current search engines act as major gateways to access the immense amount of multimedia data. However, access to the multimedia content is provided by aggregating disjoint multimedia search verticals. The aggregation of the multimedia search results cannot consider relationships in them and are partially blended. Additionally, the search results’ presentation is via linear lists, which cannot support the users’ non-linear navigation patterns to explore the multimedia search results. Contrarily, users’ are demanding more services from search engines. It includes adequate access to navigate, explore, and discover multimedia information. Our discovery approach allow users to explore and discover multimedia information by semantically aggregating disjoint verticals using sentence embeddings and transforming snippets into conceptually similar multimedia document groups. The proposed aggregation approach retains the relationship in the retrieved multimedia search results. A non-linear graph is instantiated to augment the users’ non-linear information navigation and exploration patterns, which leads to discovering new and interesting search results at various aggregated granularity levels. Our method’s empirical evaluation results achieve 99% accuracy in the aggregation of disjoint search results at different aggregated search granularity levels. Our approach provides a standard baseline for the exploration of multimedia aggregation search results.

Spatial knowledge and firefighters’ wayfinding performance: A virtual reality search and rescue experiment

Firefighters often need to digest complex spatial information within a short period of time for search and rescue. Previous wayfinding literature has documented evidence about how the general population in normal situations leverage different forms of spatial information, including landmarks, routes and survey (maps), to develop spatial knowledge and guide wayfinding. However, little is known about how the arbitrarily given spatial information affects firefighter wayfinding behavior and performance when the time is limited and there is no privilege for them to develop complete spatial knowledge in an evolving manner. To narrow the knowledge gap, we conducted a wayfinding experiment with firefighters (n = 40) using Virtual Reality (VR). In the experiment, firefighters were required to find three victims in a simulated office maze. Each firefighter randomly experienced four experimental conditions in this study including control condition, landmark condition, route condition, and survey (map) condition. For each experimental condition, firefighters had 3 min to memorize the different layouts of the virtual office mazes using one of three spatial information including landmarks, routes, and survey (map), and then went to the virtual office maze to find the victims. The number of victims found, time, and navigation patterns were used to evaluate firefighters’ wayfinding performance. The results indicated that the route and survey spatial information was more efficient in facilitating firefighter to memorize the layout, leading to a better wayfinding performance.We also found that although the survey information provided more complete information about the layout, it also burdened firefighters in a way that they had to plan the path with limited time. Since survey information may induce different path planning strategies, survey information did not result in a better performance than the route information as suggestedby previous studies. This research helps explain the relationship between different forms of spatial information and the wayfinding performance of firefighters. The findings will help professionals design better training protocols and technologies for firefighters.

Predicting the user navigation pattern from web logs using weighted support approach

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;span id="docs-internal-guid-f3d644ee-7fff-d3c1-15b5-f75fe28d3e2d"&gt;&lt;span&gt;A weblog contains the history of previous user navigation pattern. If the customer accesses any portal of organization website, the log is generated in web server, based on sequence of user transaction. The weblog stored in the web server as unstructured format, it contains both positive and negative responses i.e. successful and unsuccessful responses, identifying the positive and negative response is not useful for identifying user behavior of individual user. Initially the successful response is taken, from that conversion of unstructured log format to structured log format through data preprocessing technique. The process of data preprocessor contains three step process data cleaning, user identification and session identification. The pattern is discovered by preprocessing technique from that user navigation pattern is generated. From that navigation pattern classifier technique is applied, the conversion of sequence pattern to sub sequence pattern by clustering technique. This research is to identify the user navigation pattern from weblog. The Improved Spanning classification algorithm classifies the frequent, infrequent and semi frequent pattern. To identify the optimal webpage using classificatopn algorithm from thet user behavior is identified.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The Impact of Electronic Health Record-Based Simulation During Intern Boot Camp: Interventional Study.

BackgroundAccurate data retrieval is an essential part of patient care in the intensive care unit (ICU). The electronic health record (EHR) is the primary method for data storage and data review. We previously reported that residents participating in EHR-based simulations have varied and nonstandard approaches to finding data in the ICU, with subsequent errors in recognizing patient safety issues. We hypothesized that a novel EHR simulation-based training exercise would decrease EHR use variability among intervention interns, irrespective of prior EHR experience.ObjectiveThis study aims to understand the impact of a novel, short, high-fidelity, simulation-based EHR learning activity on the intern data gathering workflow and satisfaction.MethodsA total of 72 internal medicine interns across the 2018 and 2019 academic years underwent a dedicated EHR training session as part of a week-long boot camp early in their training. We collected data on previous EHR and ICU experience for all subjects. Training consisted of 1 hour of guided review of a high-fidelity, simulated ICU patient chart focusing on best navigation practices for data retrieval. Specifically, the activity focused on using high- and low-yield data visualization screens determined by expert consensus. The intervention group interns then had 20 minutes to review a new simulated patient chart before the group review. EHR screen navigation was captured using screen recording software and compared with data from existing ICU residents performing the same task on the same medical charts (N=62). Learners were surveyed immediately and 6 months after the activity to assess satisfaction and preferred EHR screen use.ResultsParticipants found the activity useful and enjoyable immediately and after 6 months. Intervention interns used more individual screens than reference residents (18 vs 20; P=.008), but the total number of screens used was the same (35 vs 38; P=.30). Significantly more intervention interns used the 10 most common screens (73% vs 45%; P=.001). Intervention interns used high-yield screens more often and low-yield screens less often than the reference residents, which are persistent on self-report 6 months later.ConclusionsA short, high-fidelity, simulation-based learning activity focused on provider-specific data gathering was found to be enjoyable and to modify navigation patterns persistently. This suggests that workflow-specific simulation-based EHR training throughout training is of educational benefit to residents.

Using a scenario-based hybrid approach to understand participant health behavior.

Qualitative and mixed methods approaches are commonly used to understand participants' interactions with real-world settings and can help health services researchers to obtain realistic details about patients' health behaviors. However, interviews do not easily capture data about how patients perform health-related behaviors that are not part of their daily routine. A scenario-based approach is one method that can be used prospectively to explore how patients make decisions about their health-related behaviors. This approach is comprised of a set of small tailored probable circumstances with equally plausible situations, and are presented as narrative descriptions. To understand how older adults, a group at high-risk for OTC misuse, select over-the-counter (OTC) medication qualitative methods can be used. This study describes a scenario-based hybrid approach that included a simulation exercise and a situational interview to understand how older adults first select and then take OTC medication. The scenario-based hybrid approach consisted of 1) a simulation exercise to emulate participants' real-world experiences as they selected a medication in a store, followed by 2) a situational interview to capture how participants intended to take the medication they selected. Video recordings captured interview data as well as participants' body language, navigation patterns, and other nuanced data that would not have been captured in audio recordings. The scenario-based hybrid approach not only yielded detailed information about behavior, but also allowed investigators to discern participants' decision-making, influences, and the rationales they use when selecting and taking OTC medications. Studies aiming to capture participants' behavior in naturalistic situations can use these techniques to draw inferences from direct and indirect visual references that may not be captured otherwise. In this study, the goal was to understand how older adult participants select and take OTC medications. This approach allowed the research team to expediently recreate situations in which participants would purchase an OTC medication, a task that may not occur frequently and thus may not be amenable to participant observation or accurately recalled using retrospective interviewing.