Navicular Drop Test Research Articles

Navicular Drop Height Asymmetry as an Intrinsic Risk Factor for Lower Limb Injury in Male Recreational Athletes

Morphological and functional asymmetry of the lower limbs is a well-recognized factor contributing to musculoskeletal injuries among athletes across different levels. However, limited research exists on evaluating foot mobility asymmetry as a potential predictor of such injuries. This study aimed to (1) assess the frequency of foot mobility asymmetries among amateur athletes, (2) investigate the predictive value of foot mobility asymmetry (measured via navicular height drop) for injury risk, and (3) explore the relationship between foot type and injury occurrence. A cross-sectional sampling method was employed to select 45 physically active male amateur athletes (runners and team sports practitioners) from a university. Injury history was retrospectively recorded, and a modified navicular drop test was conducted to classify foot arch height. The predictive power of navicular height drop asymmetry was analyzed using ROC curves, and the relationship between foot type (neutral and defective combinations—pronated or supinated) and injury occurrence was examined using chi-square tests for independence. Multiple logistic regression was applied to calculate injury risk odds ratios across different foot type subgroups. The results revealed a significant frequency (51.1%) of participants with at least one defective foot, including 31.1% with one neutral and one defective foot and 20% with both feet defective. Navicular height drop asymmetry emerged as a valuable predictor of injuries, with a 36% asymmetry identified as the cut-off for increased injury risk (AUC = 0.832, 95% CI: 0.691–0.973, p < 0.001). A significant relationship was found between foot type and injury occurrence. Only one out of 22 participants with neutral feet (4.55%) experienced an injury, compared to 9 out of 14 (64.29%) with one neutral and one defective foot and 5 out of 9 (55.56%) with both feet defective. These differences were statistically significant (χ2 = 16.24, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.60). The odds ratio for injury risk was 37.8 (p = 0.016) for those with asymmetry (one neutral and one defective foot) and 26.3 (p = 0.102) for those with both feet defective, compared to participants with both feet neutral. In clinical practice, these findings suggest that routine screenings for physically active individuals should incorporate foot mobility asymmetry assessment. However, it is essential to integrate this factor with other risk indicators. For individuals exhibiting high asymmetry, general foot defect correction programs may be beneficial, but injury prevention strategies should adopt a more comprehensive approach, focusing on overall fitness and tailored interventions for high-risk individuals.

Navicular Drop Test And Variability In Center Of Pressure During Single Limb Balance

Navicular Drop Test And Variability In Center Of Pressure During Single Limb Balance

Effects of Pilates Exercise Training on Static Balance and Lower Limbs Proprioception in Adult Females With and Without Flexible Flatfeet.

It is well known that flatfeet are associated with a higher incidence of lower limb injuries in different populations. Thus, we examine how Pilates exercise training affects static balance and ankle and knee proprioception in females with and without flexible flatfeet. Study Design. Case series; Level of evidence. This quasi-experimental study involves 91 healthy 18- to 25-year-old female university students. The Navicular Drop Test was used to diagnose flatfeet. Pilates included core strength, balance, and flexibility exercises for 16 weeks. Static balance was assessed using the sharpened Romberg test and ankle and knee joint proprioception were measured using joint position reproduction tests. The Wilcoxon test indicated within-group pre-post improvements in static balance, and ankle and knee joint proprioception in the Pilates and the healthy control group (P < .05). The between-group comparisons at post-test showed significant differences for joint position reproduction test of the dorsiflexion (P < .05, η2 = 0.10) and the plantarflexion (P < 0.05, η2 = 0.08) in favor of the healthy controls group. Joint proprioception of ankle and knee was positively correlated with increasing static balance in the healthy control group. The results showed that Pilates has the potential to improve static balance, and ankle and knee proprioception. However, it did not improve postural control and proprioception in individuals with flatfeet. Our findings advise combining Pilates with other interventions to develop flexible flatfeet in females. Level I.

Subtalar joint pronation: Who is the real enemy, presence or severity: A cross-sectional study?

The study aims to compare static and dynamic postural stability, navicular drop, dorsiflexion range of motion, and jumping performance of individuals with neutral, prone, and hyperprone foot postures. Forty-eight participants between the ages of 18 and 40, were categorized into neutral (n=16), prone (n=16), and hyperprone (n=16) according to foot posture index (FPI). Static and dynamic postural control evaluations (with the Biodex Balance System SD), navicular drop test (NDT) weight-bearing lunge test, countermovement jump test without arm swing, and drop vertical jump tests have been completed. In the results, the average age of participants in the NG, PG, and HPG are 22.31 ± 2.75, 23.87± 3.72, and 22.37 ± 1.28 years and BMI are 22.6 ± 3, 23.4 ± 3.8, and 21.4 ± 2.24 (kg/m²), respectively. The demographic data of the participants showed a homogeneous distribution. There were no significant differences in none of the outcomes except the NDT. Navicular drop amount is positively correlated by the subtalar joint pronation. An increase in subtalar joint pronation does not have a significant effect on static and dynamic stability, jump performance, or dorsiflexion range of motion in healthy individuals.

Ultrasound assessment of talar cartilage thickness measurements in asymptomatic subjects with pes planus and its relationship with anthropometric parameters

IntroductionIndividuals with pes planus may have alterations in talar cartilage thickness due to changes in lower extremity alignment. The aim of this study was to measure the talar cartilage thickness of subjects with pes planus and compare the results with those of healthy controls. Another aim of the present study was to evaluate its relationship with anthropometric foot parameters. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 48 individuals (16 males and 32 females) in the pes planus group and 48 individuals in the healthy control group (14 males and 34 females) based on the Navicular Drop (ND) test and the Foot Posture Index (FPI). Talar cartilage thickness (TCT) was measured with ultrasound. Anthropometric foot parameters of the individuals, such as foot length and foot width, were evaluated using a podoscope. ResultsTCT was higher in participants with pes planus compared to the control group (dominant side, p = 0.006; non-dominant side, p = 0.002). Foot width and length were similar in both groups for the dominant and non-dominant feet (p > 0.05). TCT on the dominant foot was positively correlated with the FPI score (r = 0.205, p = 0.045), ND score (r = 0.297, p = 0.003), foot width (r = 0.244, p = 0.017) and foot length (r = 0.253, p = 0.013). On the other hand, TCT on the non-dominant side was positively correlated with the FPI score (r = 0.235, p = 0.021), ND score (r = 0.363, p < 0.001), foot width (r = 0.270, p = 0.008) and length (r = 0.303, p = 0.003). ConclusionThe talar cartilage of patients with pes planus seems to be thicker, and this is generally related to body weight, body mass index, foot anthropometrics, and posture characteristics. Level of evidenceLevel III, diagnostic comparative study.

High Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot and Latent Trigger Points in Lower Limb Muscles.

Background: The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of latent trigger points (LTrPs) in lower limb muscles in participants with a high medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot compared to controls. Methods: Participants with a navicular drop test of 4-9 mm were included in the control group; the high MLA group included navicular drop test values of ≤4 mm. The presence of LTrPs was assessed by palpation techniques. The muscles evaluated were medial gastrocnemius (LTrP1), lateral gastrocnemius (LTrP2), soleus (LTrP1), peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus, rectus femoris, vastus medialis (LTrP1 and LTrP2), and the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps (LTrP1 and LTrP2). Results: Thirty-seven participants with high MLA and thirty-seven controls were included in the study. Twenty-nine (78.4%) participants in the high MLA group had at least 1 LTrP, compared to twenty-three (62.2%) in the control group. No statistical difference (p < 0.05) was found in the total number of LTrPs between groups (4.46 ± 3.78 vs. 3.24 ± 3.85). There were more participants (p < 0.05) with LTrPs in the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and vastus lateralis (LTrP1 and LTrP2) in the high MLA group than in the control group. Conclusion: Although no differences were found in the number of total LTrPs between groups, the prevalence was statistically significantly higher in the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and vastus lateralis of the participants with high MLA of the foot.

Effectiveness of jumping rope combined with short foot exercise on the medial longitudinal arch in a patient with flat foot: A case report

A flat foot is a deformity that leads to the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. Flat foot may be congenital or acquired, which can be treated with various exercises; short foot exercise is where the head of the first metatarsal is pulled towards the heel without flexion of the toes; jumping rope helps in eccentric and concentric muscle action of the foot. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of jumping rope and short foot exercises on the medial longitudinal arch of a 24-year-old female patient with a flat foot. The pre-treatment assessment was done using a navicular drop test, and treatment was given for 20 minutes daily for six weeks; following the intervention, jumping rope and short foot exercises effectively improved the medial longitudinal arch.

Assessment of Foot In Female Kathak Dancers

Background: Kathak is the art of storytelling and conveying it to the audience in a different way. Now a days kathak is spreading worldwide, and people are learning and chasing the challenges at top level for this the kathak dancers are focusing more and more over the riyaz followed by intense practice. Tatkar is an important component of this dance form which is performed by foot of dancer, commonly called as footwork. The population increasingly demand the repetitive rhythmic movements at ankle joint and to maintain the ankle stability there is requirement of heavy muscle work. This study examines postural deviations in the foot of female kathak dancers. Methods: The design was quantitative descriptive study utilizing Self Made Questionnaire developed specially for the research and foot posture index scale with the navicular drop test. The questionnaire contained questions related years of practice and frequency of practice with the pain associated to lower limb. Results: Percentage of people with normal and supinated conditions for both right and left feet across the different variables. It's notable that the categories for Pronated, Highly Pronated, and Highly Supinated feet were not observed in the datasets. Conclusion: In the present study it is found out that about 80% of total population have no postural changes found out in the foot the reason behind that can be the regular warm up cool down sessions, stretching and much more postural awareness. To avoid the foot problems and postural deviation now a days institutes are taking great warm up and cool down sessions with stretching for at least 1 hour and then startup with the forceful riyaz. Further research is warranted to make standardized warm up and cool down protocols for kathak dancers. KEYWORDS: Tatkar, kathak, Riyaz, Postural changes, footwork.

Pes planus level affects counter movement jump performance: A study on amateur male and female volleyball players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pes planus level on counter movement jump (CMJ) performance parameters in amateur female and male volleyball players. In this context, amateur volleyball players aged between 18 and 23 years actively playing in the university school volleyball team were included in the study. Pes planus levels of the participants were analyzed using the navicular drop test (NDT). My Jump Lab application was used for CMJ measurement. Within the scope of CMJ, the participants' jump height, force, relative force, power, relative power, average speed, take-off speed, impulse, and flying time were analyzed. According to the linear regression results between NDT and CMJ parameters, force in males (t = 12.93, P = .049) and average speed in females (t = -3.52, P = .017) were significantly associated with NDT. NDT was similar in men and women (P > .05). However, all CMJ parameters were highly different between genders (P < .001). In the correlation analysis between sport age and physical characteristics and CMJ parameters; height (r = .386, P = .046), weight (r = .569, P = .002), leg length (r = .389, P = .045), foot length (r =. 558, P = .005), foot width (r = .478, P = .018), force (r = .407, P = .039), impulse (r = .460, P = .018) parameters, and sport age. The results suggest that the average speed in females and force in males both significantly influenced NDT, highlighting the significance of both factors in predicting NDT scores. Moreover, all CMJ measures showed significant variations between genders, although the NDT scores did not. Furthermore, the correlation analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between a number of physical attributes and CMJ parameters, highlighting the multifaceted nature of athletic performance and indicating the possible impact of these attributes on CMJ results.

Effect of 8 Weeks Foot Reflexology Massage on Balance, Foot Arc, and Pain in Girls Aged 14 to 18 Years With Flat Foot

Background and Aims A flat foot is associated with complications, such as pain, fatigue, and balance decline. The present study investigated the effect of 8 weeks of foot reflexology massage on balance, foot arch, and pain in girls aged 14 to 18 years with flat feet. Methods In this quasi-experimental research, 30 girls with flat feet (mean age: 15.1±1.1 years, mean height: 156.1±2.2, and mean weight: 47.3±2.2 kg) voluntarily and conveniently were selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The massage program consisted of eight weeks (three sessions per week) of foot reflexology massage on the entire sole of both feet, in which two to three relaxation techniques were used in each session, according to the subject’s condition, for six minutes. Twenty-four hours before and 24 hours after the end of the massage therapy protocol, foot arch, dynamic balance, static balance, and pain intensity were assessed using the index of navicular drop test, star excursion balance test, balance error scoring system, and visual analog scale, respectively. Data analysis was done with an analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. Results The results showed that reflexology massage significantly affects static balance (P=0.0001) and pain intensity (P=0.0001) of young girls with flat feet. However, no significant effect was observed on the arch of the foot (P=0.38) and the dynamic balance (P=0.36). Conclusion Reflexology massage improves the proprioceptive information of the skin. Accordingly, it has improved static balance and reduced the pain intensity of girls with flat feet.

Enhancing Athletes' Foot Stability: A Comparative Analysis of Gluteus Maximus and Gluteus Medius Muscle Strengthening Effects on Navicular Drop, Balance, and Foot Posture Index in Over-Pronated Foot

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of gluteus maximus versus gluteus medius muscle strengthening exercises on the navicular drop (ND), balance, and foot posture index (FPI 6) among athletes with over-pronated feet. A pre-post experimental study design with a total of 54 athletes with bilateral over-pronated feet were randomly assigned into group A (n=18), group B (n=18), and group C (n=18). Medial longitudinal arch height (MLA) was assessed with the Navicular Drop Test, the static and dynamic balance was determined with the stork stance test (SST) and modified Star Excursion Balance Test, and Foot Posture was assessed with Foot Posture Index 6. Multivariate Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of gluteus maximus versus gluteus medius muscle strengthening and short foot exercises. At four weeks, the gluteus medius along with short foot exercises (group B) showed significantly less ND and FPI 6 while showing more excellent SST and modified SEBT than the gluteus maximus muscle strengthening along with short foot exercises (group A) and control group (group C). These results suggest that adding gluteus medius muscle strengthening exercises to short foot exercises (SFE) was more effective in supporting the medial longitudinal arch and improving balance than performing SFE alone.

Effect of short foot exercise on lower-limb motor control function during single-leg standing in university students with flatfoot: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionIntrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) play an important role in lower-limb motor control, including biomechanics and neuromuscular control function. Short foot exercise (SFE) and toe curl exercise (TC) are methods used to train the IFMs, but their effect on lower-limb motor control has not been reported in previous studies. This study evaluated the effects of SFE and TC on lower-limb motor control function during single-leg standing (SLS). Trial designRandomized control trial. MethodThirty-six participants with flatfoot were randomly assigned to the SFE or TC group and performed exercise for 8 weeks. The assessment items were navicular drop test, toe grip strength (TGS), plantar sensation, and SLS. In the SLS assessment, we measured the mean center of pressure (COP) amplitude in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions, onset time of gluteus maximus (G. max) and gluteus medius (G. med), angle of forefoot/hindfoot protonation and hip adduction, and lateral pelvic shift. Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni corrections were performed in statistical analysis. ResultsThe SFE group showed significant differences between pre- and post-intervention for TGS (p < 0.001), COP ML (p = 0.039), and onset times of G. max (p = 0.015), and G. med (p < 0.001). The TC group showed no significant differences in all assessment items. ConclusionOur finding suggests that SFE contributes to lower neuromuscular control function in people with flatfoot. Trial registrationUMIN000049963.

Effect of Kinesiotaping Versus Short Foot Exercises in Children with Functional Flat Feet

Background: Flat Foot also known as pes planus is the condition wherein the curvature of the medial longitudinal arch is flatter than the normal with entire sole of the foot comes in contact to the ground. These could be because of factors such as muscle weakness, ligament laxity, failure in development of reflexes even after the child starts walking, if left untreated this may lead to complications including the foot pain, frequent falls, impaired gait and can affect the quality of life too. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the effects of Kinesiotaping and Short Foot Exercises on children with functional flat feet. Method: 30 students were selected for the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into Group A and Group B. The individuals in Group A received Kinesio-taping along with short foot exercises and the individuals in Group B received the short foot exercises. Results: Both the groups showed improvement in navicular drop test and the foot posture index but individuals in group B treated with kinesio-taping and short foot exercises showed more statistical significance. Conclusion: The study concluded that kinesio- taping along with short foot exercises was found to be effective as a treatment plan for children with functional flat feet aged 6-12 years.

Effects of short foot training on foot posture in patients with flatfeet: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

With lifestyle changes, the prevalence of flatfoot is increasing year by year, with a prevalence of 29%. Flatfoot will lead to an inevitable injury and reduce the quality of life. Short foot exercises can enhance the strength of the intrinsic muscles of the foot and improve the symptoms of flatfoot. However, there is controversy regarding its specific efficacy. This meta-analysis quantitatively evaluates the effect of short foot training on patients with flatfeet and provides evidence to inform the clinical approach to short foot training in patients with flat feet. A total of eight databases were searched, including CNKI, WANFANG, VIP, and CBM in Chinese and PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase in English. The timeframe for searching the literature was March 2023 for each database build. English database search terms and search formulas were: (flat foot OR talipes valgus OR talipes calcaneovalgus) AND (short foot exercises OR physical therapy OR neurophysiotherapy). The current pooled results show no significant difference in the improvement of the navicular drop test and foot posture index with short foot exercises compared to controls; only short foot exercises greater than 6w showed a significant improvement in the navicular drop test, and sensitivity analysis showed a significant improvement in the foot posture index with short foot exercises. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that short foot exercises need a larger sample size to find their effect on improving flat feet; the duration of the intervention is a factor. As most studies are currently unclear whether the participants were patients with flat feet or asymptomatic individuals with flat feet the disease syndrome in patients with flatfoot may also be a factor.

Prognostic Power of Foot Mobility in Identifying the Risk of Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Cross-Sectional Study of Male Volleyball Players at Different Competitive Levels.

(1) Background: The arch structure and mobility of the foot are considered injury risk factors in volleyball. However, there are limited studies presenting differences in injury prevalence and the risk of lower limb injuries in relation to the competitive level in male volleyball. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to evaluate foot mobility (through navicular drop test) as an injury risk factor in volleyball players from different competitive levels. (2) Methods: The reliability and usefulness of navicular drop testing were initially assessed in test-retest procedures (based on a sample of eight participants and 16 feet measurements), with primary analyses conducted using foot measurements of the twelve top-level volleyball players (24 feet) and eighteen academic-level volleyball players (36 feet). The modified navicular drop test was conducted, and the feet were classified based on arch height, and injury prevalence was retrospectively assessed with a previously validated questionnaire. Chi-squared tests, receiver operating curves, and logistic regression were used as statistical methods. The navicular drop test was verified as a reliable tool by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (3.1) analysis. (3) Results: There were no significant differences in injury prevalence between academic- and top-level volleyball players, though there was a significant relationship between pronated foot and injury risk independent of competitive level. Generally, for both groups, thresholds above 10 mm of the navicular drop were predictors of lower limb injuries. The risk of injury if the foot was pronated ranged from 70% (academic level) to over 90% (top-level players). However, no statistically significant effect of competitive level on the chance of injury was observed. (4) Conclusions: Our study found a high prevalence of foot injuries independently of competitive level. There was a relationship between pronation of the foot and the risk of injury. However, the risk of lower limb injury was higher in pronated top-level players. Also, a navicular drop greater than 10 mm was an excellent predictor of injuries at both competitive levels.

Effects of BOSU Ball Exercises Versus Wobble Board Exercises on Pain and Balance in Individuals with Pes Planus

Background: Pes planus, usually called flat foot is a deformity that causes the medial longitudinal arch to collapseand makes the foot flat to the floor level. Flat feet may be caused by aging, pregnancy, heredity, physiologicalcondition or an injury to the foot ligaments. Weight-bearing exercises are performed on an unstable surface suchas wobble board and BOSU ball as part of the balance board training technique.Purpose: To find out the effect of BOSU ball exercises versus wobble board exercises among individuals with pesplanus.Materials and Methods: A sample of 30 was taken using a navicular drop test on the arch of the foot, NPRS on pain,and Berg balance scale on balance. According to the selection criteria for the study which was divided into twogroups, a BOSU ball with ultrasound (n=15) and wobble board with ultrasound (n=15) were given. Interventionswere given as 6 sessions a week for 2 weeks. The entire process was performed from November 2022 to April 2023.Result: The mean value of BOSU ball exercises at the post-test was found to be higher than the mean value ofwobble board exercises with a p-value of &lt;0.0001.Conclusion: The study concludes that the BOSU ball with ultrasound therapy has a higher positive outcome inmanaging pes planus.

Effectiveness of Jumping Rope Exercise Verses Short Foot Exercise on Pain and Quality of Life for Subjects with Flat Foot

Background: Pes planus, commonly known as flat foot, is a deformity that leads to the collapse of the mediallongitudinal arch and flattening of the foot against the ground. This study aims to compare the effectiveness ofjumping rope exercise and short foot exercise on pain reduction and improvement in quality of life for patientswith flatfoot.Purpose: To find out the effect of Jumping rope exercise versus short foot exercise among individuals with flatfoot.Method: A sample of 30 participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study.They were divided into two groups: the jumping rope exercise group with ultrasound (n=15) and the short footexercise group with ultrasound (n=15). The interventions were administered five times a week for three weeks.The entire process was performed from November 2022 to April 2023.Outcome measure: The navicular drop test (NDT) was used to measure the degree of foot pronation, the NumericPain Rating Scale (NPRS) was employed to assess pain levels, and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ)was utilized to evaluate participants’ quality of life.Results: The mean value of the jumping rope exercise group at the post-test was significantly higher than that ofthe short foot exercise group, with a p-value of &lt;0.0001Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that jumping rope exercise with ultrasound therapy yieldssuperior outcomes in managing Pes Planus compared to short foot exercise.

Comparison of Kicking Speeds Between Competitive Swimmers with Flat and Normal Feet in Selangor, Malaysia

Introduction: Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports. Although studies indicate that explored flat feet improved running performance, research on foot types and their impact on swimming is scarce and unexplored. This study investigates the difference between flutter kicking speed among competitive swimmers with flat and standard feet.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total of 78 competitive swimmers in the age range of 13 to 19 years were recruited from Pusat Akuatik Darul Ehsan swimming training using a purposive sampling method and a cross-sectional study design. Based on their navicular drop test scores, the participants were categorized as flat-footed (group A) and normal-footed (group B). An independent t-test was applied to compare the kicking speeds between flat-footed and normalfooted swimmers. The swimmers in group A and group B were instructed to perform a standard 50-m kicking front crawl performance with the upper limb placed over the sliding board individually in a swimming pool, and their reaching time was recorded using a stopwatch.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated flat-foot swimmers’ front crawl kicking performance was faster than normal-foot swimmers’ (P=0.03) with a medium effect size (d=0.50).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concludes that flat-footed competitive swimmers have an advantage in reaching 50 m in less time than normal-footed swimmers.

Influence of Pes Planus on Ankle Joint Mobility

Background Individuals having proprioceptive problems associated with joint stiffness also tend to have ankle joint mobility disorders which can lead to injuries to lower extremities. Pes planus is the outcome of the midfoot arch collapsing. Since the midfoot absorbs shock those with pes planus are more susceptible to problems such as thumb valgus tendonitis plantar fasciitis pain in the metatarsals knee pain and lower back pain from extended walking all of which lower the quality of life.Objective The objective of this comparative study was to compare the ankle mobility of individuals with and without flat feet.Methodology The navicular drop test NDT was used for screening the dominant side. For the screening individuals aged between 18 and 24 years were chosen as subjects. A flat-foot has an excursion greater than 9 mm. The ankle joints range of motion RoM was measured using a Halo digital goniometer.Results There was a weak negative correlation between NDT and dorsiflexion DF of r 76 -.23 P.04 and eversion of r 76 -.19 P.09. There was a weak positive correlation between NDT and plantar flexion PF of r 76 .14 P.21 and inversion of r 76 .10 P.38. The research revealed a weak correlation between the ankle joints plantar flexion inversion or eversion.Conclusion A weak correlation was found between the extent of pes planus and anklersquos range of motion.

Occurrence of adult acquired flat foot among diabetic patients in Rawalpindi and Islamabad: a cross-sectional descriptive study

Human foot is a biological masterpiece, which is strong enough to support the body weight and flexible enough to adjust to various surfaces. Foot postural deviation can alter the alignment of the entire body. The collapse of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot causes one of the most prevalent deformities i.e. flat foot. Diabetic patients are more prone to have flat foot due to degeneration of posterior tibial tendon over the course of their disease. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of adult acquired flat foot and assess the disability of flat foot among diabetic population in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 384 diabetic patients aged 35-60 year were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was employed. The data was gathered by performing navicular drop test to determine the presence of flat foot, assessment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction through single heel rise test and by using foot function index questionnaire to assess pain, disability and activity limitation. Based on results of the study, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction was observed to cause the appearance of low navicular height leading to flat foot in 58.33% of the population. Moreover, there is a moderate tendency of occurrence of flat foot among diabetic population in the absence of other risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, steroids use and previous foot trauma etc. With regard to the functionality measured by foot function index, it was implied that the functional status of the patient was reduced because of the pain, disability and activity restriction in the presence of flat foot.