Naval Operations Research Articles

Algorithm for sea fog monitoring with the use of information technologies

Sea fog occurs frequently around the Korean Peninsula during April to July and is considered a major marine meteorological disaster, causing serious transport accidents and socioeconomic losses. Fog-related marine accidents represent 29.5% of the total marine accidents in Korea, which mainly occur along domestic ship routes during night time. In this study, an algorithm for sea fog monitoring using information technologies was developed to reduce fog-related marine accidents and to manage marine transportation, offshore and coastal fisheries, and naval operations. A dual channel difference (DCD) method using the 3.9 and 10.8 µm channels and texture-related measurements from the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) is applied to detect sea fog. To delineate the probable area of sea fog, the threshold value of − 2.0 K on the DCD is regarded as an indication of areas of sea fog and low cloud. A Laplacian calculation of the 10.8 µm brightness temperature is proposed as the texture-related measurement for sea fog. The threshold value of the Laplacian calculation is 0.1. An algorithm based on a combination of information technology (IT)-based navigation and sea fog detection technologies was developed to provide warnings to sea-going ships that may encounter fog-related danger. The algorithm checks the geometric relationship between the detected sea fog area and parameters related to the ship, such as its current position, sailing direction and speed, and sailing route. If the algorithm determines that the ship may be in danger, a warning is provided to the ship and a change of route is recommended. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, by Charles D. Stanton

Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, by Charles D. Stanton

A Window Seat on American Politics: Reflections on the GMFUS/APSA Congressional Fellowship

On a foggy Monday morning in late September 2010 in Kiel, Germany, I received a phone call from Berlin. “Do you have any plans for November through summer of next year?” the voice inquired. One of the two German Marshall Fund congressional fellows for the 2010–2011 round had suddenly dropped out and a replacement was needed. The call came five months after I had been initially rejected for the fellowship, and while my life had certainly moved on (I had begun work on my PhD dissertation at the University of Kiel and had expected to stay in Northern Germany for two or three years), I quickly regained my composure, asked for time to discuss this with my dissertation director as well as with my parents, and shortly thereafter accepted the selection. Exactly how I managed to cram the amount of work required for moving overseas into four weeks instead of the usual four to six months remains blurry. Eventually, however, I was able to tie up the loose ends in Germany, get the appropriate work visa for the United States, and even participate in a prestigious, long-planned naval reserve exercise that the German Navy's chief of naval operations had invited me to attend.

SOUTH AFRICAN NAVAL PERSONNEL SECONDED TO THE ROYAL NAVY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939-1945

Cdr H. R. Gordon-Cumming has written that in the early days of the Second World War large drafts of RNVR (SA) officers and ratings were taken by the few British Warships which called at Simonstown and Durban to make up their war complements and that later on 'Union nationals took part in nearly every major naval operation and also performed all manner of obscure duties, from minesweeping in the Faroe Islands to nautical surveying up the West River in China. Even the explosion of one of the atomic bombs in Japan was witnessed by a South African prisoner of war - a young RNVR seaman who had served in HMS Exter, sunk after the Battle of the Java Sea. This fascinating statement leaves the reader wanting to know the full story of our seconded naval personnel since it is clear that it is a particularly interesting and proud record of service.

Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean - By Charles D. Stanton

International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 41, Issue 1 p. 220-221 Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean – By Charles D. Stanton JOE FLATMAN, JOE FLATMAN Institute of Archaeology, University College LondonSearch for more papers by this author JOE FLATMAN, JOE FLATMAN Institute of Archaeology, University College LondonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 February 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00333_13.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume41, Issue1March 2012Pages 220-221 RelatedInformation

A FRENCH ARMADA? THE AZORES CAMPAIGNS, 1580–1583

ABSTRACTThe Spanish Armada and the battle of Lepanto loom large in a remarkable period of international history shaped to a considerable extent by the deployment of sea power. Yet between 1581 and 1583, France also conducted a large-scale naval operation at great distance. A series of expeditions to the Azores reached a climax with the defeat in battle of a French fleet of sixty ships off the island of São Miguel in July 1582. Acting under the authority of Catherine de Medici and in the name of her rival legal claim to the Portuguese throne, the commander Philippe Strozzi had not only led the most ambitious oceanic operation in French history up to that date and a bid to extend France's overseas empire but a serious challenge to Philip II's union of the Iberian crowns. Yet this was more than just a puzzling anomaly in France's foreign policy. It was also an act of royal authority and the pursuit of reputation and status by the queen mother that was entirely consistent with the domestic priorities of the crown in the context of the Wars of Religion.

A Study on Category Qualification of Pirate Action and a Rational Application in Criminal Law

History of pirate share with humankind. The event changed the course of history. In recent years, pirate expand their influence. Pirate bring about a result international disputes and a military collision, an armed conflict. This lead to Jurisdiction. A vessel go across the wide sea like the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The vessel was sailing in international waters. This job calls for extreme care. But pirate create an air of anxiety. Because They stage a hostage situation. They commit human trafficking and destruction. Therefore collaboration is essential. Each country decided to further their cooperation based on mutual trust. This is corporate responsibility. Recentely, A Somali pirate，suspected of shooting the captain of a Korean freighter during a naval rescue operation last month，has admitted that he was carrying a firearm while holding him hostage，in a reversal of his earlier position，according to maritime police in Busan. Let's have a good look at the problem first. First problem, action of pirate will be punishable under Articles of the Criminal Code. Second, universalism and cosmopolitanism introduce a new system concerned this deed. Third, private security companies share with warship to carry out a joint operation. We badly need a change to sweep the pirates from the seas. Also municipal law is required revision and complementary measures. Universalism and cosmopolitanism be universally applicable Articles of the Criminal Code. And private security companies need a mutual-assistance system subordinately. This is a favorable state of affairs for many reason. The other thing is problem of divulge information by an insurance company. This affair will be completely closed off to legislate connected regulations. We need to category qualification of pirate action and a rational application in criminal law before.

Review

Book Reviews 129 For example, deinstitutionalization did not occur simply because neuroleptic drugs were available (p. 97), and Philippe Pinel is no longer seen as “the liberator of the insane” (p. 114). This substantial work attempts to do too many things: it is simultaneously a celebration of Michigan’s state asylums, a journey down William Decker’s own memory lane, an overview of America’s psychiatric past, and a record of nearly every event that ever occurred at Traverse City’s mental hospital. Based on the success of Decker’s previous book about the asylum in Kalamazoo, it is understandable why he chose to write a companion text for Traverse City. Chapter 20 represents a surprisingly focused overview of the entire work, and readers may find this the most useful part of Decker’s book. In spite of Northern Michigan Asylum’s weaknesses, it is a title worth acquiring, as it contributes to local Michigan history and provides a worthy resource for lay and academic readers alike. Anouska Bhattacharyya Harvard University Jack Dempsey. Michigan and the Civil War: A Great and Bloody Sacrifice. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2011. Pp. 174. Appendix. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Partial bibliography. Paper, $21.99. In the midst of secession’s sesquicentennial, as PBS reprises Ken Burns’s documentary and reenactors prepare for a busier-than-average season of encampments, Dempsey’s engaging contribution also indicates beyond the slightest doubt that his state has endured far worse than the current economic “downturn.” Not that celebrating the selflessness of Civil War-era Michiganders while minding our twentyfirst -century standard of scholarly detachment is always easy. Participation and casualty rates that exceed those of almost all other Union states make the task of explaining that selflessness in 174 pages especially challenging. The greater part of this volume relies on familiar secondary sources and published memoirs, yet the nonspecialist reading public will benefit. Organization varies from chronological to topical, beginning with brief overviews of Michigan from statehood to 1860, the secession crisis, 1861, and 1862. Subsequent chapters on women, naval operations on the Great Lakes, black troops, generals, politicians, POWs, and combat/combat-support units other than infantry are 130 The Michigan Historical Review interspersed with three others summarizing Michigan’s contributions in 1863, 1864, and 1865, concluding with the capture of Jefferson Davis by elements of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. Although readers in search of reevaluations of Michigan’s more prominent dramatis personae—Zachariah Chandler, George A. Custer, and Henry Hunt, for example—will be disappointed, they will just as surely profit from the added attention given their less famous but also important contemporaries. Austin Blair gets a far better showing than William B. Hesseltine affords him in Lincoln and the War Governors, even though Dempsey fails to demolish Hesseltine’s argument. Elon J. Farnsworth, a capable cavalry officer killed in action along with far too many of his men because of Hugh Judson Kilpatrick’s abysmal generalship, also appears. Farnsworth’s is more a story of what might have been; by recognizing that the charge Kilpatrick had ordered would surely fail, he demonstrated in his dying hour a fitness for divisional command that his superior clearly lacked. Alpheus Williams, Israel Richardson, and Orlando Willcox also appear in justifiably bold relief, although at least one equally deserving Michigan commander gets far less attention. Robert H. G. Minty, arguably one of the Union’s more effective cavalry brigade commanders—and one who also had the misfortune to serve under Kilpatrick—receives less coverage than he deserves. Unfortunately, readers will encounter spotty copyediting, including misspelled names, such as Philip St. George Cook instead of Cooke (p. 169). So, too, is sufficient context lacking in places. Frequent descriptions of Custer as “the Boy General” create the impression that generals in their twenties were rarer than was actually the case. Indeed, Farnsworth was only two years older than Custer, and Kilpatrick, three. Nor did Lee drive McClellan away from Richmond (p. 38); McClellan fell back repeatedly during and after the Seven Days Campaign even when not pressed by Lee. And because John Pope is not mentioned, Dempsey creates the impression that Lee opposed McClellan at Second Manassas as well (p...

CFD application to oceanic mixed layer sampling with Lagrangian platforms

Frontal adjustment and restratification in oceanic mixed layers is one of the processes that is considered to be important in the ocean's multi-scale energy transfer, biogeochemical transport, air–sea interaction, acoustic propagation and naval operations. We summarise a CFD-based modelling approach to sample processes at an idealised mixed layer base using passive scalars and particles, given a subset of realistic constraints on these resources in field experiments. The results emphasise the effectiveness of Lagrangian platforms, in particular passive particles, for sampling rapidly evolving submesoscale oceanic fields.

Aeromedicai overview of naval air operations at sea

Aeromedicai overview of naval air operations at sea

Rebels on the Great Lakes: Confederate Naval Operations Launched from Canada 1863-1864 By John Bell

Rebels on the Great Lakes: Confederate Naval Operations Launched from Canada 1863-1864 By John Bell

Rompeolas flotantes: revisión histórica y académica

The present paper defines a floating breakwater; its principal characteristics, a wide historical review, and an analytical development of structures, from the point of view of their efficiency in the coastal engineering, are provided. An emphasis is made in the possibility to apply those structures in coastal protection problems, among other uses, like for the generation of alleviated areas for naval operations and disembark on nautical wharfs.

President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor: A Research Note

Admiral Harold R. Stark (1880–1972) was appointed Chief of Naval Operations in August 1939 and served in that role until removed in March 1942. It was on his watch that the Japanese raided Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Nowadays the prevailing view of Stark seems to be largely shaped by the official verdict of the Secretary of the Navy, James V. Forrestal, namely that “Admiral Harold R. Stark, USN (Retired), shall not hold any position in the United States Navy which requires the exercise of superior judgment”. Our very different view is that Stark was a patriot who willingly sacrificed his reputation to preserve that of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and to enable him, as the one person capable of leading the Allies to victory in war against Nazi Germany, to assume his proper mantle.

UN-Mandated Maritime Arms Embargo Operations in Operation Unified Protector

On the basis of UNSC Resolutions 1970 and 1973 on the situation in Libya, between March and October 2011 NATO conducted the Operation Unified Protector (OUP). An important part of this NATO-led mission was that of enforcing a UN-mandated arms embargo at sea. In this context, this article examines the legal framework for maritime enforcement operations and describes some key legal aspects related to the intervention against potential embargo-breakers at sea. The arms embargo against Libya is unique because of the wording of relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, especially if compared with previous resolutions adopted with regard to Iraq, Haiti and former Yugoslavia. Logically in fact, the text of resolutions has an impact on the development of naval operations. In particular, the ‘expanded authority’ approach adopted by the Security Council - according to which the main focus of the embargo operations is on the territory of member States, rather than on the soil of the targeted State - had several consequences for the implementation of the arms embargo against Libya at sea.

A Persistent, Effective, and Affordable Global Fleet Station Concept

AbstractThis paper will examine the Global Fleet Station (GFS) concept, first proposed in the Naval Operations Concept 2006 and implemented since then through a variety of US Navy (USN) and US Coast Guard (USCG) humanitarian assistance and foreign military training cruises. First, we will explore GFS missions, and the capability and materiel requirements that are derived from them. Next, relying on lessons learned from recent USN and USCG GFS and GFS‐type cruises, and preliminary analysis of 20 US and foreign vessels potentially suitable for GFS missions, this paper will argue that to effectively implement GFS in a persistent, distributed, and affordable manner, greater attention must be given to ships specially built or modified for the mission, complemented by dual‐use legacy ships used as necessary in augmentation roles. It is important to recognize that emerging GFS requirements differ greatly from requirements for ships built for major combat operations, but that the resulting cost savings actually make this a cost‐effective and operationally effective trade‐off for the USN.

해군작전시 단파(HF) 레이더 자료의 효과적 활용방안

해양환경정보를 필요로 하는 어떠한 분야보다도 정확하고 신속한 의사결정이 요구되는 해군작전분야에서는 실시간으로 정확한 해양환경정보를 제공받을 수 있는 효과적인 자료 수집 수단이 필요하다. 현재 국내에서 시험운영중인 단파 레이더는 연안으로부터 약 10-220km의 해역에 대해 약 0.3-12km의 해상도를 가지며 실시간으로 표층해수의 흐름과 파랑을 관측할 수 있다. 단파 레이더를 이용한 표층해수 관측망이 구축되면 다양한 일반 해양 활동과 군사 해양 활동을 지원할 수 있다. 장차, 우리나라 전 연안에 설치되는 단파 레이더를 활용하여 해군작전 임무 수행 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. Exact and rapid acquirement of ocean environment information is going to become more of an indispensable source of naval operations. Ocean surface measurements using High Frequency (HF) radar, which covers about 10-220km and has spatial resolution of 0.3-12km, have being operated in our country. It remotely observe and transmit realtime sea surface currents and waves. In the near future, the HF radar systems will be established along the whole coastal area. A performance of network of HF radar will support various marine and naval activities. Operational uses of HF radar for enhancing naval operation ability are suggested.

Time-domain finite element modeling of interaction of heterogeneous solids with acoustic waves

The vibroacoustic finite element toolkit (VATK) utilizes a Lagrangian finite element method specifically developed for analyzing the interaction of biosolids immersed in fluids with acoustic waves. It employs a superposition principle to separate the incident acoustic wave from the scattered and radiated waves in a displacement-based finite element model. An absorbing boundary condition is applied to the perturbation part of the displacement. Linear constitutive equation allows for inhomogeneous, anisotropic materials, both fluids and solids. Displacement-based finite elements are used for all materials in the computational volume, which can be fluids, solids, and voids in arbitrary combination. Robust performance for materials with limited compressibility is achieved using incompatible-mode brick elements. A centered-difference time-stepping algorithm is formulated to handle general damping accurately and efficiently. The VATK uses a voxel-based modeling scheme for complex geometries. The modeling methodology comes with some challenges. Here we discuss the issues of verification and validation, convergence and error control, and performance of the present technique in application areas for which it was not originally intended. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Chief of Naval Operations, Environmental Readiness Division.]

Space, China's Tactical Frontier

In recent years, China has made stunning progress in its satellite reconnaissance capabilities. Starting from almost no capacity for live surveillance ten years ago, today the PLA has gained the capability to support real-time tactical naval operations from space. China's suite of electro-optical, synthetic aperture radar, and electronic intelligence satellites would be key to its anti-access/area denial capabilities, through which the PLA could deny the United States military the capability to operate with impunity close to its shores. Furthermore, these achievements suggest a shift towards more military-dedicated space assets and form the contours of a crucial support system for expanded PLA operations.

Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean – By Charles D. Stanton

Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean – By Charles D. Stanton

Finally flexing its muscles? Atalanta – The European Union's naval military operation against piracy

What happens to EU (European Union) foreign policy when the EU has military force at its disposal? Will it then still be correct to talk of the EU as a ‘normative’ power, or will military capabilities make the EU more inclined to act as a traditional great power and instead promote its interests on the world scene? This article aims to contribute to an answer by studying why the EU launched its first naval operation, operation Atalanta. The analysis suggests that taking responsibility for the long-term protection of humanitarian aid to Somalia was a mobilizing argument behind Atalanta and that this has been followed up in practice. Opposed to what one would expect of a traditional actor, the EU has not prioritised to protect European ships and has bound itself to global law when using force against pirates. Piracy is defined as criminal acts and pirates have been treated in accordance with their human rights.