Naval Academy Research Articles

The Great Outdoors

This study compares outdoor adventure-based leader development programs with a traditional non-outdoor program to test predictions about differential effects on leader development outcomes. Participants were drawn from the population of U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen involved in experiential leader development programs as a component of their training and education. Three concurrent experiential leader development programs were compared in terms of their impact on leader development outcomes, including leader identity, leader efficacy, and organizational cynicism. Two programs were outdoor, adventure-based experiences; one was a conventional, non-outdoor experience. We found that outdoor adventure-based programs varied in their effects on leader development outcomes, whereas the non-outdoor program had no significant effects on outcomes. Implications of these varied effects on leader development are discussed in terms of the implementation of theory-driven leadership development experiences.

A Biblioteca da Real Academia dos Guardas-Marinha: a constituição e organização de um acervo especializado mediada pela formação profissional do oficialato militar-naval

Em 1802, era criada uma biblioteca para prover lentes e alunos da Real Academia dos Guardas-Marinha, instituição militar de ensino que formava o oficialato empregado na Marinha portuguesa, de saberes diversos relacionados com a atividade de uma marinha de guerra. Com a vinda daquela Academia junto com a Corte, a Biblioteca dos Guardas-Marinha tornou-se a primeira biblioteca pública a funcionar no Rio de Janeiro. Contudo, é a organização temática estabelecida pelo seu primeiro diretor que demonstra o entrelaçamento entre conteúdos científicos e artes mecânicas na formação profissional do oficialato militar-naval no período joanino.

Kekurangan energi makanan tidak berefek negatif terhadap pertambahan tinggi badan laki-laki usia 18-21 tahun: Studi di Akademi Angkatan Laut Surabaya

This research was carried out to know increase of growth of males attending Indonesian Naval Academy in order to found the normal growth of healthy males for reference of Indonesia population, especially those in 18 to 21 years age. The variables measured were body height, weight, grip strength, and subscapular, biceps, triceps, and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, while undergoing the first year of training. This research also analysed the difference between more activities and less activities group, while they were given the same kind and amount of food every day. The sample consisted of 50 male cadets aged 18-21 years. The sample was divided into two groups. Group 1: the group that was enrolled in CC (Cross Country) extra-curricular activity, and Group 2: the group that did not enrol in CC (Cross Country) extra-curricular activity. The two groups experienced the same treatment of basic physical exercises, and both received the same quality and amount of food every day. The Group 1 was arranged to get several additional hours of training in the morning and in the afternoon, related to the CC activities. The individuals within the two groups were measured twice—at the beginning of their training year, and a year later. Paired Sample T Test was used in seeing the difference between the two measurements. This research revealed that the physical exercise that was carried out in the Naval academy for a year did not cause any significant increases in the right and left grip strength of both groups. Both of the groups had a high intensity of physical exercise, consequently the significant declined in skinfold thicknesses. A difference in the increase of weight after a year was found between the two groups. The unsignificant increase of weight was found in Group 1. This was caused by the fact that they were subjected to extra physical training compared to Group 2. Although individuals in Group 1 were having tougher training, evidently they experienced significant increase in body height. Moreover, Group 1 experienced that significant increase in body height even though they did not experience significant increases in body weight. The increase of body height in the two groups possibly was caused by the fact that they were still at the age of growth in length. It might as well caused by good nutritive supplies throughout the year, and regular workouts. A further study comparing the cadets with common people must be carried out to further understand the influence of physical exercise and nutritive supplies to the increase of body height among males within the range of this age group.

Naval Academy Attacks Corrosion with Education and Research

Abstract The U.S. Naval Academy is expanding awareness about corrosion-related material degradation, its effects on force readiness, and efforts to manage it. One of the goals of the Naval Academy’s corrosion education efforts and corrosion-related STEM activities is to teach students to understand materials degradation processes and prevention methods for aging defense systems.

Potential Source of Technical and Leadership Skills: Former Members of the US Military

HR Discussion - Interview with John Zornick on hiring former members of the US military. How can former members of the US military help fill the demand for engineers in the oil and gas industry? Although degreed engineers are a small minority in the US military, many military officers are graduates of the service academies. Each of the five US military service academies [US Military Academy (Army), US Naval Academy (Navy and Marine Corps), US Coast Guard Academy, US Merchant Marine Academy, and US Air Force Academy] provides a broad curriculum with a strong focus on engineering. All those who attend these schools must take a series of math, science, and engineering courses that provide a strong technical foundation. Once military service graduates begin serving in the US armed forces, they often work with equipment that requires advanced technical competencies. For example, a navy surface warfare officer may be responsible for the engineering plant of a ship consisting of very large diesel engines, generators, and electronic auxiliary equipment. In another example, every navy submarine officer, no matter their educational degree, completes a rigorous year-long curriculum in the areas of math, chemistry, thermodynamics, physics, electrical engineering, materials, and mechanical systems. Once such military officers end their service commitment and enter into civilian life, this combination of professional training and hands-on experience in applying engineering principles provides them with a background that can be useful in filling the demand for engineers in the oil and gas industry.

Experimental Investigation of Trimaran Models in Shallow Water

Experiments were conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy's Hydromechanics Laboratory to determine the effect of finite water depth on the resistance, heave, and trim of two different trimaran models. The models were tested at the same length to water depth ratios over a range of Froude numbers in the displacement speed regime. The models were also towed in deep water for comparison. Additionally, the side hulls were adjusted to two different longitudinal positions to investigate possible differences resulting from position. Near critical speed, a large increase in resistance and sinkage was observed, consistent with observations of conventional displacement hulls. The data from the two models are scaled up to a notional 125-m length to illustrate the effects that would be observed for actual ships similar in size to the U.S. Navy's Independence Class Littoral Combat Ship. Faired plots are developed to allow for rapid estimation of shallow water effect on trimaran resistance and under keel clearance. An example is provided.

Experimental Investigation of Trimaran Models in Shallow Water

Experiments were conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy's Hydromechanics Laboratory to determine the effect of finite water depth on the resistance, heave, and trim of two different trimaran models. The models were tested at the same length to water depth ratios over a range of Froude numbers in the displacement speed regime. The models were also towed in deep water for comparison. Additionally, the side hulls were adjusted to two different longitudinal positions to investigate possible differences resulting from position. Near critical speed, a large increase in resistance and sinkage was observed, consistent with observations of conventional displacement hulls. The data from the two models are scaled up to a notional 125-m length to illustrate the effects that would be observed for actual ships similar in size to the U.S. Navy's Independence Class Littoral Combat Ship. Faired plots are developed to allow for rapid estimation of shallow water effect on trimaran resistance and under keel clearance. An example is provided.

Demonstrations and laboratory experiments in a senior level acoustics course

The Physics Department at the U.S. Naval Academy has a senior level four credit course (SP436) in acoustics (called “Acoustics”) that features a well-equipped laboratory including an anechoic chamber. The course is populated by Physics Majors along with a few Engineering Majors at times. This presentation will show how Mathematica 9 is used in the laboratory portion of the course to enhance lecture topics and student computational assignments. It is “hands-on” which helps motivate and enhance learning. Students learn the fundamentals of Mathematica as part of the laboratory experience. Tasks after data collection, including analysis and write-up, are done with this software. Workstations include laptop personal computers, spectrum analyzers, oscilloscopes, laser Doppler vibrometers, and various accelerometers, mics, hydrophones, and ultrasonic transducers. A demonstration of standing waves in a cylindrical cavity will be presented as a representation of some of our featured lab experiments—including: Helmholtz resonators, linear and nonlinear vibration of a circular membrane, or circular elastic plate, flexural waves on a thin bar, Chladni plates, the hanging oscillating chain, spectral analysis (Fourier series, Fourier integral), sound speed vs. temperature and salinity, acoustic landmine detection, moving coil loud speaker, waves on strings, transmitting arrays, and wave guide studies.

Effect of the laminar separation bubble induced transition on the hydrodynamic performance of a hydrofoil

The present study deals with the effect of the laminar separation bubble (LSB) induced transition on the lift, drag and moment coefficients of a hydrofoil. A 2D numerical study, based on the SST γ–Reθ transition model of ANSYS-CFX®, is conducted on a NACA66 hydrofoil. Angles of attack range from −4°to 14°and the chord-based Reynolds number is Re=7.5×105. An experimental investigation is carried out in the French naval academy research institute’s hydrodynamic tunnel based on the measurements of lift, drag and moment. Experiments on a smooth, mirror finished, hydrofoil enable comparison with RANS calculations using the transition model. Experiments with a roughness added on the leading edge enable comparison with RANS calculations using the SST fully turbulent model. For angles of attack below 6°, the LSB triggered laminar to turbulent transition of the boundary layers of the suction and pressure sides is located near the trailing edge of the smooth NACA66. As the angle of attack reaches 6°, the LSB suddenly moves to the leading edge on the suction side while transition is located at the trailing edge on the pressure side. The smooth hydrofoil shows higher CL and CM and lower CD than the rough leading edge one from −4°to 6°. Both experiments lead to the same coefficients from 6°to 14°. The calculations show that both models are in good agreement with their corresponding experiments. Velocity profiles in the vicinity of the LSB at an angle of attack of 2°and pressure coefficients of the calculations using the transition model are compared with published experimental studies and show very good agreement. The SST γ–Reθ transition model proves to be a relevant, even essential, prediction tool for lifting bodies operating at a moderate Reynolds number.

The morally-injured veteran: Some ethical considerations.

Currier, Drescher and Harris (2014) provide good empirical evidence for a linkage between diminished spiritual functioning and PTSD in their samples of combatants from the Vietnam and Iraq/Afghanistan Wars. The authors’ report lower spiritual functioning—measured broadly in terms of both personal and public spiritual/ religious experience and engagement—in veterans who seek treatment for combat-related PTSD versus those who do not seek treatment. Problems experiencing forgiveness (e.g., selfforgiveness, forgiveness of others, a sense of divine forgiveness) were particularly predictive of PTSD symptom severity. Currier and colleagues make the reasonable supposition that negative religious coping and forgiveness problems might have a prominent role in the severity and chronicity of PTSD. They recommend that clinicians appraise traumatic stress disorders in spiritual terms, exploring the spiritual significance of symptoms and perhaps working to strengthen spiritual/religious cognitions, emotions, and behaviors in the course of psychotherapy. This excellent study raises a number of intriguing clinical questions related to the role of spirituality in the assessment and treatment of combat veterans. For instance, it remains unclear what role depression might play in diminished spiritual functioning. PTSD is often accompanied by depression in some form. Do the hopelessness, social disengagement, and dysphoric mood that define clinical depression simply color spiritual experience blue? Exploring the mediating role of depression between spirituality and PTSD should be a high priority in subsequent research. This study further raises the interesting possibility of reducing rates of PTSD among veteran populations through a robust precombat program of spiritual inoculation. For instance, might the Building Spiritual Fitness program described by Pargament and Sweeney (2011) offer a strategy for boosting spiritual health prior to combat exposure? Although Currier and colleagues (2014) raise a number of rich clinical possibilities, I am most concerned about two of the ethical implications. First, the authors wisely discuss the potential linkage between moral injury and PTSD. Moral injury may occur when a combatant transgresses deeply held moral beliefs (Litz et al., 2009); often, these beliefs are reinforced by religious conviction. For instance, when a service member is unable to morally or spiritually justify his or her actions (e.g., killing another person), including actions required to stay alive, significant anxiety and guilt may ensue. Currier and colleagues (2014) wisely suggest that clinicians working with veterans should have the therapeutic skills to address the spiritual dimensions of PTSD, perhaps including spiritual/ religious solutions for moral injury. But clinicians in this context should be cautious about mere symptom relief when moral anguish is in play. For instance cognitive techniques aimed at softening client beliefs about right and wrong or disputing the validity of the client’s guilt might paradoxically deprive a religiously committed client of rituals such as the confession of sin as an avenue to grace. Writing about Christian clients, McMinn, Ruiz, Marx, Wright, and Gilbert (2006) warn that, “therapists who strip away the language of sin from Christian clients may unwittingly take away a source of peace and hope by foreclosing the possibility of grace and forgiveness” (p. 296). Religion and spirituality-integrative clinical work requires some special sophistication. The ethical point here is that practitioners must consider the boundaries Correspondence concerning this Commentary should be addressed to W. Brad Johnson, United States Naval Academy Leadership, Ethics & Law, 112 Cooper Road, Luce Hall, Stop 7B, Annapolis, MD 21402. E-mail: johnsonb@ usna.edu T hi s do cu m en t is co py ri gh te d by th e A m er ic an Ps yc ho lo gi ca l A ss oc ia tio n or on e of its al lie d pu bl is he rs .

General Henry Lockwood of Delaware: Shipmate of Melville, Co-Builder of the Naval Academy, Civil War Commander

General Henry Lockwood of Delaware: Shipmate of Melville, Co-Builder of the Naval Academy, Civil War Commander

Differentiated LMX: Effects of Racial Diversity and Leader Style on Motivation and Performance

Despite calls for more theoretical and empirical attention, race and racial diversity remain important, but largely ignored, aspects of team composition in previous leadership theory and research. As a result, scholars and practitioners know relatively little about how to best lead racially diverse organizations and their sub-units. We examine the moderating role that team racial diversity has on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation and individual level, team member motivation. We also examine to what extent leaders’ use of consideration further explains these effects. Multilevel analyses of a sample of 198 United States Naval Academy midshipmen who were organized into 68 squads revealed that team racial diversity undermined the positive effects of LMX differentiation on member motivation. Leader style further explained these effects. In racially diverse squads, LMX differentiation had positive effects on member motivation when leaders were not seen as using consideration behaviors to influence their team members and negative effects on member motivation when leaders were seen as using consideration behaviors to influence their team members. Furthermore, we found evidence that these latter negative effects, in turn, partially explained the effects of LMX differentiation on member performance.

Experimental verification of numerical simulation of projectile impact on ballistic shields

Abstract In this work, the author presents experimental verification of numerical simulation of projectile impact on constructional shields. The experimental tests were performed at a unified test stand to investigate ballistic resistance of materials in field conditions. The stand was developed at the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia, and then patented. The design of this test stand was based on construction of a ballistic pendulum, fitted to measure: impact force, turn angle of the ballistic pendulum x, impact velocity and residual velocity of the projectile. All the measurement data were transmitted to a digital oscilloscope and a personal computer. The ballistic velocity of the shield of VBL(R) - defined according to Recht’s and Ipson’s method, was compared with V BL(Z) and VBL(Z1) - determined according to the author’s method. Verification of numerically simulated ballistic velocity VRO versus the before-mentioned velocity was carried out at the 10GHMBA-E620T steel shields impacted by 12.7 mm type B- 32 projectiles. The introduced method can be used for determining ballistic thickness hBL and ballistic velocity VBL for both homogeneous plates as well as multi-layered constructional shields

The influence of surface gravity waves on marine current turbine performance

Surface gravity waves can significantly impact operating conditions for a marine current turbine, imparting unsteady velocities several orders of magnitude larger than the ambient turbulence. The influence of surface waves on the performance characteristics of a two-bladed horizontal axis marine current turbine was investigated experimentally in a large towing tank facility at the United States Naval Academy. The turbine model had a 0.8m diameter (D) rotor with a NACA 63-618 cross section, which is Reynolds number independent with respect to lift coefficient in the operating range of Rec≈4×105. The torque, thrust and rotational speed were measured at a range of tip speed ratios (TSR) from 5<TSR<11. Tests were performed at two rotor depths (1.3D and 2.25D) with and without waves. The average turbine performance characteristics were largely unchanged by depth or the presence of waves. However, tests with waves indicate large variations in thrust, rotational speed, and torque occurred with the passage of the wave. These results demonstrate the impact of surface gravity waves on power production and structural loading and suggest that turbines should be positioned vertically within the water column at a depth which maximizes power output while minimizing material fatigue.

Academic genealogy of Lawrence A. Crum

Lawrence Crum received his Ph.D. in physics from Ohio University in 1967; his advisor was Prof. F. Burt Stumpf. He studied as a postdoc under Prof. F. V. Hunt at Harvard from 1967 to 1968, and held faculty positions in physics at the U.S. Naval Academy from 1968 to 1978, where he supervised Trident Scholars—selected undergraduates who were able to perform the equivalent of a MS thesis. From 1978 to 1992, he held positions in the Department of Physics at the University of Mississippi, where he supervised a number of graduate students toward advanced degrees. Since 1992, he has held positions in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering at the University of Washington, where he has continued to supervise students toward advanced degrees. This poster will attempt to document the many students who have studied under Dr. Crum’s tenure during his academic career.

In Memoriam: James Douglas

Captain James Douglas, U.S. Navy (USN), Retired, one of the original four faculty members of the Construction Engineering and Management graduate program at Stanford University, died on February 24, 2013, in San Rafael, California. In 1975, when the Construction Division of ASCE (the predecessor to the Construction Institute) celebrated the Division’s Golden Jubilee, Douglas authored a short paper, titled the “Past and Future of Construction Equipment–Part III.” In 1975, he also authored the book Construction Equipment Policy. His work and writings provided the foundation for all that followed in construction equipment economics. As a fellow in the ASCE, he was awarded the ASCE Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize in 1969 and the ASCE Construction Management Award in 1975. Douglas was born in Uvalde, Texas on October 1, 1914. He grew up in San Antonio, Texas and graduated from high school at the age of 16. As a youth, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. Before he entered the United States Naval Academy at 20 years of age, he rode in a Calvary Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard (ARNG). He graduated from the Naval Academy with distinction and was commissioned in June 1938. The motto of the Navy Seabees, “Can Do,” summarizes his first career. In his early years, he served on board the USS Salt Lake City and the USS Wichita. In 1941, he married Sarah Maria “Sally” Bisset and continued his education at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, earning a Master of Civil Engineering degree in 1943. During WWII, he served in various Navy Seabee assignments, beginning with duty in the Aleutian Islands (Attu and Adak) and then the assault on Okinawa with the 87th Seabee Battalion. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat “V” for heroic service during the campaign on Okinawa in World War II. His long naval career moved him around the globe with his family. Capt. Douglas commanded the construction of a major naval air base at Subic Bay, Philippines (the largest peacetime earth-moving job since the Panama Canal). Initially, the work was to be accomplished by civilian contractors, but the jungle at Cubi Point, the location of the 10,000-ft long runway into Subic Bay, and the Zambales Mountains discouraged their interest in the work, so the project was give to the Seabees in 1951. He was later Director of the Seabee Division in Washington, DC and from 1956–1959 was in charge of the construction of eight Seabee bases in the Antarctic (Operation Deep Freeze). He retired as Captain in August of 1961. Immediately after retirement from the Navy, he started a second career in academia at the age of 46 years. After two years at Stanford University, he received a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering and then accepted a faculty appointment. He taught and conducted research on construction equipment economics at Stanford University until he retired as an Emeritus Professor in 1980. He founded an executive education program for construction managers called “Stanford Sierra Construction College.” He was one of the first in the field of construction engineering to apply computer technology to complex engineering problems. He said, “I didn’t feel old until I was 95 years old.” Requiescat in pace.

Physical and numerical investigation of cavitating flows around a pitching hydrofoil

The objective of this paper is to investigate cavitating flows around a pitching hydrofoil via combined physical and numerical studies. The aims are to (1) improve the understanding of the interplay between unsteady cavitating flow, hydrofoil motion, and hydrodynamic performance, (2) quantify the influence of pitching rate on subcavitating and cavitating responses, and (3) quantify the influence of cavitation on the hydrodynamic load coefficients and surrounding flow structures. Results are presented for a NACA66 hydrofoil undergoing controlled, slow $(\dot \alpha = 6^\circ /{\rm s})$(α̇=6∘/s) and fast $(\dot \alpha = 63^\circ /{\rm s})$(α̇=63∘/s) pitching motions from α = 0° to α = 15° and back to α = 0° for both subcavitating and cavitating conditions at a moderate Reynolds number of Re = 750 000. The experimental studies were conducted in a cavitation tunnel at the French Naval Academy, France. The numerical simulations are performed by solving the incompressible, multiphase Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations via the commercial code CFX using a transport equation-based cavitation model; a modified k-ω SST turbulence model is used to account for the effect of local compressibility on the turbulent eddy viscosity. The results showed that increases in the pitching rate suppressed laminar to turbulent transition, delayed stall, and significantly modified post-stall behavior. Cavitation inception at the leading edge modified the pressure distribution, which in turn significantly changed the interaction between leading edge and trailing edge vortices, and hence the magnitude as well as the frequency of the load fluctuations. For a fixed cavitation number, increases in pitching rate lead to increase in cavitation volume, which in turn changed the cavity shedding frequencies and significantly modified the hydrodynamic loads. Inversely, the leading edge cavitation observed for the low pitching velocity case tends to stabilize the stall because of the decrease of the pressure gradient due to the formation of the cavity. The results showed strong correlation between the cavity and vorticity structures, which suggest that the inception, growth, collapse and shedding of sheet/cloud cavities are important mechanisms for vorticity production and modification.

Network reconnaissance, attack, and defense laboratories for an introductory cyber-security course

Cyber-security is an area in which much curriculum development is taking place; it is important that such efforts be evaluated and shared. We describe three laboratories developed at the United States Naval Academy (USNA) for use in its fundamentals of cyber-security course. All three labs are conducted in a sandboxed virtual environment. Detailed instructor notes, student instructions, worksheets, grading guidance and supporting course software were developed for these labs. In this paper we share our experiences with these labs, assessment and evaluation material, and lessons learned so that others might benefit from our work.

Performance Assessment of Military Team-Training for Resilience in Complex Maritime Environments

This paper presents an analysis of a tool designed to evaluate the effectiveness of training for operational resilience. The tool measures eight categories of teamwork and four categories of taskwork. Military subject matter experts (SMEs) used the tool to assess the performance of eight cadet teams at The Royal Norwegian Naval Academy during two separate 4-hour simulator exercises and later during a 48-hour live exercise. Positive Spearman rank correlation coefficients between team performance assessments in the simulator exercises and the live exercise were strongest when the simulator scenario emphasized the uncertainty inherent in a complex military maritime exercise.

Influence of the Atmospheric Surface Layer on a Turbulent Flow Downstream of a Ship Superstructure

AbstractThis paper describes a set of turbulence measurements at sea in the area of high flow distortion in the near-wake and recirculation zone behind a ship's superstructure that is similar in geometry to a helicopter hangar/flight deck arrangement found on many modern U.S. Navy ships. The instrumented ship is a 32-m-long training vessel operated by the United States Naval Academy that has been modified by adding a representative flight deck and hangar structure. The flight deck is instrumented with up to seven sonic anemometers/thermometers that are used to obtain simultaneous velocity measurements at various spatial locations on the flight deck, and one sonic anemometer at bow mast is used to characterize inflow atmospheric boundary conditions. Data characterizing wind over the deck at an incoming angle of 0° (head winds) and wind speeds from 2 to 10 m s−1 obtained in the Chesapeake Bay are presented and discussed. Turbulent statistics of inflow conditions are analyzed using the Kaimal universal turbulence spectral model for the atmospheric surface layer and show that for the present dataset this approach eliminates the need to account for platform motion in computing variances and covariances. Conditional sampling of mean flow and turbulence statistics at the flight deck indicate no statistically significant variations between unstable, stable, and neutral atmospheric inflow conditions, and the results agree with the published data for flows over the backward-facing step geometries.