Nautical Charts Research Articles

THE ROLE OF THE TNI NAVY’S HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTRE IN MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES (A STUDY ON PROVIDING HYDROGRAPHIC DATA FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERY)

<p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Indonesia is a rich country who has many natural resources, especially marine resource. To achieve<span> </span>good and sustainable marine resource management will need marine science as a tool such as hydrography. Nowaday, hydrography is often looked only for creating sea map or nautical chart for navigation. Whereas, if we look deeper about hydrography, it has a key role in fisheries resources management especially for fishermen which is hydrography can be a main support for sustainable fisheries and enhancing economic value. This paper explains about the role of hydrography in supporting economic value for fishermen and sustainable fisheries resource in installation fish aggregating devices (FADs), solving fishermen conflicts, and fisheries port. First, key role in installation FADs, effective and efficient of FADs is depend on the where FADs is installed. There are some criterias that must be considered for installing FADs such as sea depth, distance between FADs, seabed contour, free from shipping lanes, and oceanographic parameters. Those criterias needs data from Hidrography survey. Second, role of hydrography in conflict resolution by creating special map with clear coordinate points to show the boundary of fishing area that often occuring the conflict of fishermen. Third, role of hydrography to determine appropriate place for establishing fishing port. By doing hydrography survey to collect the field data in building jetty, cruise lanes, and break water port.<span> </span></span></span></span></p>

Set of Data Elements for Nautical Charts Cataloging: Analysis Between the RDA Scheme and the IDERA Metadata Profile

The nautical chart is a cartographic resource designed to meet the requirements of maritime navigation, showing the depth of the water and the nature of the seabed, as well as the configuration, features and elevation of the coast and the dangers and aids to navigation. The nautical charts provide a graphic representation of the information required by the navigator to carry out safe navigation. The organization and description of this type of resources is a key element when accessing information. From the scope of librarianship, the current scheme for the processing of information is the RDA standards Resource, description and access), which allow the description of all kinds of information resources. On the other hand, geospatial organizations have developed different specific metadata schemes for the processing of spatial information. Metadata allows a producer to describe a dataset fully so that users can understand the assumptions and limitations and evaluate the dataset's applicability for their intended use. In Argentina, the scheme for processing this kind of information is called IDERA, which is based on the ISO 19115: Standards on geographic information. The present work analyzes the treatment that specific rules of metadata like IDERA and general norms of description of resources like RDA give to the set of specific data present in the digital nautical charts. Methodology: from the identification of data elements that allow to describe and identify nautical charts as information resources a comparative table between both schemes was developed. Results: Neither of the two schemes has contemplated the totality of data element set established for the identification of nautical charts. The RDA scheme managed to better satisfy the description and identification of nautical charts that IDERA, although neither of them contemplate 100% the established data elements set. Conclusions and recommendations: 1) According to the above, neither of the two schemes to process the information complies in its entirety with the information contained in the nautical charts. 2) Some data elements do not fit in any of the two schemes, reducing visibility and information retrieval of the two schemes for processing information, RDA are those that allow a more complete description of the resource, although in a general, non-specific way. 3) The specialized spatial data scheme (IDERA) leaves out important data elements of this kind of resources. 4) IDERA metadata profile, although it was thought for spatial data does not include the special characteristics of the different resources that make it up. 5) It is advisable to develop a metadata profile that, in addition to contemplating the general characteristics of geospatial resources, includes the particularities of each class of its resources

The Liber de existencia riveriarum (c.1200) and the Birth of Nautical Cartography

ABSTRACTThe earliest known historical clue to what might be a primitive nautical chart is in a medieval manuscript of c.1200, the Liber de existencia riveriarum et forma maris nostri mediterranei, which describes the Mediterranean Sea. The body of the manuscript consists of an account of the Mediterranean and Black seas and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and northern Africa organized in 45 regional sections, each introduced by a short text setting out the orientation and size of the region, followed by a portolan-like listing of contiguous coastal localities with the distances between them. These are complemented by additional tracks across the open sea (pelagic tracks) for which both distances and directions are provided. Two distinct types of directions can be distinguished: those not affected by magnetic declination, which indicates that they were probably determined by astronomical methods, and those affected by systematic errors that could only have originated in observations made with a marine compass. It is suggested that some of the pelagic courses in the Liber were compiled from an existing chart or sketch based on astronomical directions, which may have been used as a general reference for the work. The implication is that the genesis and technical evolution of the medieval portolan chart were more complex than has hitherto been thought by map historians, who have based their analyses on the few extant exemplars from the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries, all based on compass directions.

PSSA- INTERNATIONAL SOLUTION TO PROTECT THE BIODIVERSITY IN HA LONG BAY - CAT BA MARINE AREA

A Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) is an important management tool for biodiversity protection of a marine area. At the time of designation of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, an associated protective measure, which meets the requirements of the appropriate legal instrument establishing such measure, must have been approved or adopted by IMO to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the threat or identified vulnerability. Information on each of the Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) that has been designated by IMO is available on the nautical chart. The Vietnam’s coastal zones and islands are the isolated oceanic habitat of extremely rich marine life in very good condition which is important to the maintenance and dispersal of the marine life of the western tropical Pacific. Vietnam coastal areas are very high risk areas affected by maritime activities, particularly international shipping, therefore in the future identification of some Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) is necessary. The first Particularly Sensitive Sea Area for Vietnam in Ha Long - Cat Ba was initially proposed in this paper.

Automated Identification of Discrepancies between Nautical Charts and Survey Soundings

Timely and accurate identification of change detection for areas depicted on nautical charts constitutes a key task for marine cartographic agencies in supporting maritime safety. Such a task is usually achieved through manual or semi-automated processes, based on best practices developed over the years requiring a substantial level of human commitment (i.e., to visually compare the chart with the new collected data or to analyze the result of intermediate products). This work describes an algorithm that aims to largely automate the change identification process as well as to reduce its subjective component. Through the selective derivation of a set of depth points from a nautical chart, a triangulated irregular network is created to apply a preliminary tilted-triangle test to all the input survey soundings. Given the complexity of a modern nautical chart, a set of feature-specific, point-in-polygon tests are then performed. As output, the algorithm provides danger-to-navigation candidates, chart discrepancies, and a subset of features that requires human evaluation. The algorithm has been successfully tested with real-world electronic navigational charts and survey datasets. In parallel to the research development, a prototype application implementing the algorithm was created and made publicly available.

Ephemeral cartography: on mapping sound

ABSTRACTWith the concurrent rise of internet cartography (e.g. Google Maps) and low-cost digital audio recording devices, soundmapping has become a widespread phenomenon. But soundmapping has a much longer history, reaching back centuries and arguably millennia. Taking a kind of media archaeological approach to such cartographic practices, I consider a number of approaches that have been used historically in systematically combining sound and mapping and offer a rough media taxonomy to elucidate the particular relationships between them (e.g. mappings in sound, of sound, etc.). I begin with Homeric epic and then move through medieval mappae mundi, Ottoman nautical charts, linguistic atlases and sonar. My historical endpoint is a cluster of practices that (usually implicitly) constitute the beginning of contemporary analysis of soundmapping: the soundscape, both in its well-known form, as articulated by Murray Schafer, but also in the work of Michael Southworth, whose ground-breaking mapping practices influenced Schafer’s own ideas about sonic cartography. Beyond this archaeological rethinking of origins, I also seek to rethink mapping generally from the perspective of soundmapping: not only do soundmaps remind us of the audiovisual mediations of mapping more generally, they specifically assert the temporality of experiencing all maps, whether explicitly sonic or not.

Thickness of marine Holocene sediment in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. We use various geophysical datasets (multibeam and singlebeam echosounder data, sub-bottom profiling Chirp and sonar data and very high-resolution boomer seismic data) along with published sedimentological data and depth data from nautical charts in order to create models of the depth of the seafloor and the base of Holocene marine sediment in the Gulf of Trieste. The two models are later used in order to calculate the thickness of marine Holocene sediment which has been depositing on the Late Pleistocene alluvial plain since the Holocene transgression in the Italian and Slovenian parts of the gulf. Thicker Holocene marine sedimentary sequences averaging at around 5 m are characteristic for the southeastern part of the gulf. In other parts of the gulf the Holocene marine sedimentary cover is very thin or even absent, except in close proximity to the shoreline and fluvial sediment sources, in the area of the Trezza Grande paleodelta and above topographic depressions of the Late Pleistocene base. The presented datasets available from the OGS SNAP data repository (http://doi.org/cpz2) represent a valuable reference for a wide variety of research disciplines dealing with the dynamic Earth system in the Gulf of Trieste and could be used as a valuable tool for designing sampling and geophysical campaigns in the studied area.

A review of advancement of hydrographic surveying towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying technique

Hydrographic surveying is one of the most seasoned types of marine research and includes a procedure of gathering bathymetry information that can be utilized as a part of creating and maintaining nautical chart. Establishment of modern nautical chart is very crucial to marine safety, coastal zone management and fish and mineral industries. This paper is an attempt to review the advancement of hydrographic surveying technique from the past decade towards Ellipsoidal Referenced Survey technique. An overview of hydrographic surveying, basic principle of development techniques and considering the merits and hindrances of the techniques will be summarized to support future application. Discussion of future directions will also be outlined.

Near-miss density map for safe navigation of ships

The purpose of the present study was to identify ship near-miss areas and determine the relative densities of the areas. The findings were used to develop a near-miss density map for safe ship navigation and the prevention of collision between passing ships. This study used big data of merchant vessel and fishing boat location for 1 year in 2014. The databases were interpolated using a time unit of seconds to extract near-misses between ships based on data for exactly the same time. Furthermore, to determine near-misses, the distance and time to closest point of approach were calculated for different pairs of approaching ships. The near-miss density of each grid of the map was depicted by means of the RGB color code. The concept was validated by using it to depict the distributions of actual collision accident locations that occurred in the southern coastal sea of Korea between 1997 and 2016. The highest near-miss area was found to be in the approach of Busan Port, where actual collision accidents also occurred most frequently. The results showed that 73.3% of the near-misses in the study area involved fishing boats. In addition, out of the 25 collisions that actually occurred in the study area in 2014, 19 (76.0%) were related to fishing boats, and this was reflected by the map developed in the present study. The findings of the study can be used to develop a special near-miss density nautical chart for use as a navigation safety material by deck officers. Such chart would facilitate the exercise of precaution in passing through dangerous areas.

Luís Teixeira, c.1585: The Earliest Known Chart with Isogonic Lines

KEYWORDS: Sixteenth centurymagnetic declinationisogonic linesgeomagnetic modellingnavigationnautical chartsplanisphereswind rosesLuís TeixeiraPetrus PlanciusFernando OliveiraJoão de LisboaPacific OceanPhilippine SeaNew Guinea

The geographical characteristics of Nansha Islands in the South China Sea

As is well-known, Nansha Islands in the South China Sea (SCS) are of important strategic position and invaluable ecological value. Therefore, many attentions are paid to either the political and legal aspects of exposed features that matter in the maritime delimitation, or the physical and geographical characteristics of coral reefs that are the predominant structures of these islands. However, it seems that they consistently lose the connection of sciences and humanities in the research of Nansha Islands in the SCS. In this study, we carry out a combinative research, based on remote sensing data using satellite imagery analysis together with historical materials using literature investigation, so as to reconsider to the geographical characteristics of Nansha Islands from a standpoint of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). After thoroughly appraising the statuses of these newly formed sand cays, several high tide features of Nansha Islands are identified. By means of the comparison of satellite images coupled with reference to nautical charting and sailing directions during different time periods, we can conclude that the statuses of these high tide features formed on reef platforms are relatively stable due to the growth of reef-building organisms although their migration patterns are subject to external disturbances, and hence the cursory judgment pursuant to the relevant provisions of the UNCLOS about whether a coral reef belongs to a low tide elevation only based on outdated references or ex parte evidences is not reliable. Moreover, it is accordingly justified to improve further development and perfection of the maritime legislation by eliminating such ambiguities with the growth of coral reefs and the evolution of sand cays being both taken into account.

Spectral Imaging of Portolan Charts

Abstract. Spectral imaging of Portolan Charts, early nautical charts, provided extensive new information about their construction and creation. The origins of the portolan chart style have been a continual source of perplexity to numerous generations of cartographic historians. The spectral imaging system utilized incorporates a 50 megapixel mono-chrome camera with light emitting diode (LED) illumination panels that cover the range from 365 nm to 1050 nm to capture visible and non-visible information. There is little known about how portolan charts evolved, and what influenced their creation. These early nautical charts began as working navigational tools of medieval mariners, initially made in the 1300s in Italy, Portugal and Spain; however the origin and development of the portolan chart remained shrouded in mystery. Questions about these early navigational charts included whether colorants were commensurate with the time period and geographical location, and if different, did that give insight into trade routes, or possible later additions to the charts? For example; spectral data showed the red pigment on both the 1320 portolan chart and the 1565 Galapagos Islands matched vermillion, an opaque red pigment used since antiquity. The construction of these charts was also of great interest. Spectral imaging with a range of illumination modes revealed the presence of a “hidden circle” often referred to in relation to their construction. This paper will present in-depth analysis of how spectral imaging of the Portolans revealed similarities and differences, new hidden information and shed new light on construction and composition.

ICA contribution to the development of international standards of competence for nautical cartographers

Abstract. All professions face challenges as how best to ensure the achievement and continuance of the highest standards as they seek to determine and promulgate best practices. In the essentially linked professions of hydrographic surveying and nautical cartography these challenges become immediately international in their impacts and require close cooperation between the professional bodies representing surveyors, hydrographers and cartographers. The Standards of Competence for Nautical Cartographers are known in short form as S-8 and they describe the minimum required competencies for nautical cartographers. They indicate the minimum degree of knowledge and experience considered necessary for nautical cartographers and provide a set of programme outlines against which the FIG/IHO/ICA International Board on Standards of Competence for Hydrographic Surveyors and Nautical Cartographers may evaluate programmes submitted for recognition. The Standards recognize two levels of competence: Cate- gory A and Category B. In nautical charting communities, Category A programmes offer levels of comprehensive and broad-based knowledge in all aspects of the theory and practice of nautical cartography. Category B programmes provide a level of practical comprehension, along with the essential theoretical background, necessary for individuals to carry out the various nautical cartography tasks. The Standards have recently undergone complete review and should be ratified during 2017/18. This paper aims to bring the existence and aims of the Standards to the wider notice of ICA members and to describe the philosophy and aims of the review in meeting the professional competency needs of the nautical cartographic community.

Developing a Personnel Capacity Indicator for a high turnover Cartographic Production Sector

Abstract. This paper describes a framework for development of an indicator for human re-sources capacity management in a military organization responsible for nautical chart production. Graphic chart for the results of the model COPPE-COSENZA (Cosenza et al. 2015) is used to properly present the personnel capacity within a high people turnover environment. The specific skills for the nautical charts production allied to the turnover rate require continuous and adequate personnel in-corporation and a capacity building through education and on-the-job training. The adopted approach for the study establishes quantitative values to fulfill quality requirements, and also presents graphically a profile for the human resources on a specific job to facilitate diagnosis and corrective actions.

Acoustic remote characterization of seabed sediments using the Angular Range Analysis technique: The inlet channel of Tagus River estuary (Portugal)

The inlet channel of the Tagus River estuary is located in the biggest urban area of Portugal and connects the river estuary basin to the Atlantic Ocean. Hence, it is a region with extreme economic importance, attested by the presence of the Lisbon port. For this reason, a large amount of resources is invested in acoustic surveys to update nautical charts and monitor the bottom modifications induced by the high hydrodynamics of this river. The use of acoustic remote characterization allows mapping the seafloor, including discrimination of different seafloor types. In this study, we used the Angular Range Analysis (ARA) technique to analyze the backscatter data from four distinct surveys acquired by different multibeam echo sounders systems to estimate the mean grain size of the bottom sediments. The correlation between the mean grain size provided by the ARA and laboratory results present in most cases a moderate to a strong linear relationship between them and the standard deviation of the residuals of the mean grain size between the ARA and the laboratory results varied between 0.52 and 1.01 ϕ. The higher residuals could be explained by regions with poor sediment sorting; changes in the seabed that occurred during the time interval between the hydrographic and sediment sampling surveys; solid input from tributary rivers; dumping of dredged material; positional inaccuracy of the samples; insufficient signal penetration of the multibeam echo sounders system to represent the vertical variation of the samples; and sediment mixing of vertical sedimentary structures during sampling. Therefore, we show that it is possible to apply acoustic remote characterization to highly hydrodynamic areas such as the Tagus River channel.

USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SYSTEMATIC NAUTICAL CARTOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF THE PARAGUAY RIVER WATERWAY

One of the main cargo corridors of the Brazilian West region is the Paraguay River. Currently, the Paraguay River Waterway moves more than seven million tons of cargo, being the second largest waterway for cargo movement in Brazil. However, for the uick and safe transport of goods it is essential to have a proper, systematic and complete mapping of the river bed. This work, in charge of the Brazilian Navy and dating back to the Nautical Cartographic Basic Plan of 1935, is performed with the construction of oficial nautical documents, aiming the navigation safety. These cartographic documents, called Official Nautical Charts, are the result from the mapping process, originated from the collection of bathymetric data on specific spots. This collection used always the most modern technologies available and recently, single beam echo-sounders and accurate positioners. Today new technologies are available, including the multi-beam echo-sounder, equipment with several advantages, allowing, among others, the full coverage of the riverbed. This article describes this paradigm shift for the collection of bathymetric data in Paraguay River basin, presenting the preliminary findings and conclusions from the use of this technology

The Invention and Developing of Multibeam Echosounder Technology

Abstract When a man has mastered the ability to travel by sea, he began to wonder what is the depth clearance under the keel and how to measure the depth. Initially, only coastal shipping was practiced. Cargo ship sailing, fishery, underwater scientific research, recreational diving as well as resource exploration and operation of submarine cables and pipelines laying were developing dynamically in this part of the continental shelf. That is why accurate bathymetric information was of great importance to masters, scientists, fishermen, ship-owners and all seafarers. Cartographic compilation of even a primitive nautical chart was a huge challenge. It was a painstaking process and required, first and foremost, a large amount of data, which was primarily obtained through not efficient measurements. As technology progresses, new techniques and methods of ocean exploration have developed. The technology, systems, devices and instruments of underwater exploration have gone through a long way of change, modernization and improvements, ultimately creating the potential for a bottom surface visualization as three-dimensional spatial models. A significant role has been played by multibeam echosounder which revolutionized the hydrographic surveys and proved to be efficient means of hydrographic and oceanographic surveys.

Vector Based Electronic Nautical Chart for Effective Visualization of Spatial Indexing

Electronic nautical diagram is broadly utilized as a part of cruising to guarantee the wellbeing. At The present review, we concentrate at viable representation of vector-based electronic nautical outline amid structural ordering improvement. The recovery of the execution information from the administration is used commonly for the spatial ordering. The R-tree is used to develop the outline of the framework. In this paper we proposed the outcome demonstrated and assessed of the framework outline was ordered by the R-tree. This demonstration and assessed is represented by the nautical graph.

Introduction: the value of peripheral nerve surgery.

If a single picture is worth a thousand words, then a video, by logical extension, would be priceless. This edition showcases peripheral nerve surgery in all its grandeur and preserves it for posterity. Classic and novel surgical techniques are shown related to tumor biopsy or resection; nerve decompression for entrapment; and nerve reconstruction with direct repair or nerve transfer. Akin to a nautical chart filled with detailed maps for sailors, this Neurosurgical Focus Video Atlas provides navigational tools for neurosurgeons. The shared underlying message is that a sound knowledge of anatomy can lead to innovation (i.e., creative approaches or solutions) and excellence (i.e., improved patient outcomes).

A Study on Marking Nautical Charts with Aquaculture Farms for Prevention of Marine Accidents

A Study on Marking Nautical Charts with Aquaculture Farms for Prevention of Marine Accidents