Nature Research Articles

The Pathologically Evolving Aggregation-State of Cells in Cancerous Tissues as Interpreted by Fractal and Multi-Fractal Dispersion Theory in Saturated Porous Formations

A recent author’s fractal fluid-dynamic dispersion theory in porous media has focused on the derivation of the associated nonergodic (or effective) macrodispersion coefficients by a 3-D stochastic Lagrangian approach. As shown by the present study, the Fickian (i.e., the asymptotic constant) component of a properly normalized version of these coefficients exhibits a clearly detectable minimum in correspondence with the same fractal dimension (d ≅ 1.7) that seems to characterize the diffusion-limited aggregation state of cells in advanced stages of cancerous lesion progression. That circumstance suggests that such a critical fractal dimension, which is also reminiscent of the colloidal state of solutions (and may therefore identify the microscale architecture of both living and non-living two-phase systems in state transition conditions) may actually represent a sort of universal nature imprint. Additionally, it suggests that the closed-form analytical solution that was provided for the effective macrodispersion coefficients in fractal porous media may be a reliable candidate as a physically-based descriptor of blood perfusion dynamics in healthy as well as cancerous tissues. In order to evaluate the biological meaningfulness of this specific fluid-dynamic parameter, a preliminary validation is performed by comparison with the results of imaging-based clinical surveys. Moreover, a multifractal extension of the theory is proposed and discussed in view of a perspective interpretative diagnostic utilization.

Bismuth tri-iodide – Graphene 2D material

In recent years, a multitude of 2D materials has been extensively studied, and new ones continue to emerge. Among these, bismuth tri-iodide-graphene material has been reported in both theoretical and experimental studies, displaying intriguing properties. These findings suggest potential photovoltaic applications for BiI3 layers and van der Waals superstructures. In this context, the present work explores the growth of van der Waals superstructures BiI3–graphene, obtained through physical vapor deposition. These structures are achieved by nucleating BiI3 and allowing it to grow on graphene-covered TEM grids and ultra-flat silicon substrates.When the structures are directly grown on grids and substrates covered with graphene, twisted BiI3 structures are formed, leading to Moiré interference, indicating the presence of two or more BiI3 layers and non-uniformity. However, when the structures are grown on grids pre-treated with UV/O3, and then subjected to annealing and post-growth, they become more uniform and aligned, without observable twisting. Structures obtained on substrates with this treatment and post-growth result in thinner layers, as thin as 7.59 ± 0.16 nm, with a roughness of 0.435 ± 0.018 nm. As the thickness decreases, the position of the (003) reflection peak in the diffraction pattern shifts to lower values and broadens, indicating an expansion of the cell along the c-axis. The obtained bandgap values, ranging from 1.55 ± 0.04 to 1.62 ± 0.04 eV, closely align with theoretical predictions. The obtained structures become part of the 2D universe of other similar materials, such as TMDs-graphene, and open up exciting possibilities for new properties and applications.

Feasibility study of a multidisciplinary DEprescribing review for Frail oldER Adults in Long-term care (DEFERAL) targeting potentially inappropriate antihypertensive medications

Abstract Introduction Frail older adults who reside in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are at a higher risk of adverse drug events due to potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Deprescribing is a safe and effective method of reducing PIMs. Despite the benefits, there is evidence that deprescribing is not being conducted. The DEFERAL strategy was designed to support healthcare professionals (HCPs) to deprescribe PIMs for frail older adults in LTCFs. DEFERAL consists of a three-monthly multi-disciplinary team (MDT) deprescribing review, incorporating evidence-based deprescribing tools. It is conducted in person at the LTCF, targeting one pre-determined class of PIMs, organised by a nurse champion on site.[1] Aim To test the DEFERAL strategy, focusing on implementation outcomes of acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness and fidelity while collecting intervention data on deprescribing decision-making. Methods A feasibility study was conducted, recruiting a convenience sample of two LTCFs in the South-West of Ireland. The LTCFs required a general practitioner, pharmacist and nurse to be eligible. To be included in the deprescribing review, patients were required to be ≥65 years, frail, prescribed ≥1 antihypertensive and to have no deprescribing contraindications. The study followed a hybrid type three design,[2] focusing on implementation outcomes whilst collecting intervention data. HCP feedback was collected using a post-meeting survey, which was emailed to HCPs or available in paper format via the on-site nurse champion. Data were analysed quantitatively. Open-ended comment boxes were analysed using content analysis. Data on intervention outcomes were collected using a summary sheet documenting meeting attendance, recruitment and decision-making, and were analysed quantitatively. Results The survey was completed by ten HCPs (83.3%). Of completed surveys, 100% (n=10) agreed that the DEFERAL strategy was acceptable and appropriate to support deprescribing and 90% (n=9) agreed that it was feasible to undertake. The majority (90%) of HCPs indicated that they completed their designated roles exactly as described; however, qualitative feedback described site-specific modifications. In Site 1, the wider MDT were not engaged as intended and the site did not facilitate the education and screening phase as described. Site 2 introduced an additional resource to facilitate documentation of clinical measurements to support deprescribing decision-making. From a total of 90 residents, 56 (62.2%) were prescribed ≥1 antihypertensive medication. Of those resident at the time of the review, 16 (29.6%) patients were eligible and deprescribing occurred for six patients (37.5%) through dose reduction of antihypertensive medications. Documented reasons for not deprescribing included fear of negative consequences and inappropriate blood pressure measurements. Conclusion The DEFERAL strategy led to successful deprescribing of antihypertensive medications in LTCFs, supported with positive feedback on implementation outcomes. A strength of the strategy is its universal nature. DEFERAL could be adjusted to support deprescribing for different PIMs, patient cohorts or organisational structures in LTC. The strategy provides a blueprint to support medication reviews in LTC, integrating the pharmacist into routine practice. Future research is required to test the strategy for effectiveness, considering the site-specific modifications. A study limitation was the lack of completion of the follow-up survey, limiting the completeness of the feedback on the strategy.

OnlyFans: How Models Negotiate Fan Interaction

AbstractOnlyFans is a social media platform that allows individuals to sell subscription access to content and interact with subscribers. While open to all forms of creators, OnlyFans has become synonymous with pornographic and erotic content, particularly during its growth over the Covid-19 pandemic. Models on OnlyFans are paid by fans to provide an experience which is tailored to the fantasy of the fan. This study employed a qualitative reflexive thematic analysis to examine the complexities of creator-fan interactions, the challenges faced by models, and their strategies in managing those interactions. Seven Ireland-based OnlyFans models (87.5% cis-women), participated in semi-structured interviews via social media. Findings identified four key challenge domains: boundaries, exposure, impression management, and interaction. Models strategised in a number of ways, such as clarifying boundaries, protecting identities, managing impressions, and confining fan interactions to the platform itself. However, the ambiguous nature of the roles in this fan-model dynamic, often culminated in blurred lines between fantasy and reality, leading to boundary violations and problematic fan-model relationships. This dynamic has striking parallels with the challenges experienced between influencers and celebrities with their fans, emphasizing the universal nature of this digital interaction phenomenon. The findings bear significant implications for a broad range of individuals, including potential and active OnlyFans models, celebrities and influencers navigating fandoms, researchers exploring online interactions, and mental health professionals assisting clients in these contexts. This study acknowledges its limitation in exploring only the models’ perspective, urging future research to incorporate fan perspectives of this dynamic.

Paremiological analysis of the concept “Family/shańaraq” in english and karakalpak languages

Paremiological analysis of the concept of "family/shańaraq" in English and Karakalpak languages is important for understanding cultural values, preserving cultural heritage, promoting intercultural understanding, and informing practical applications in various fields. By examining proverbs, idioms, and sayings related to family, we can gain valuable insights into the universal and essential nature of family bonds. This analysis allows us to understand the cultural values and beliefs surrounding the concept of family in these languages, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage, contributing to intercultural understanding and communication, and providing practical applications in fields such as education, psychology, and sociology.

Warm, Light Smile, Timeless Humanity

The series of essays of "Yasha's Sketches" is a treasure among modern scholars' sketches. This paper pays special attention to the author Liang Shiqiu's life and thought trajectory, and explores and evaluates the motives for the creation of the collection, the humor and writing style, as well as the creative proposition of the collection, starting from the three aspects of style, writing style, and literary concept. Liang Shiqiu's attitude of life, which shifted from entering the world to exiting the world, prompted him to start composing small essays; the humor presented in the anthology by using a variety of techniques can be classified into three kinds, namely, laughter, bitter laughter, and ridicule, and Liang's humor is different from Lu Xun's and Qian Zhongshu's because of its warmth and generosity; and the "fixed and universal human nature" is the unifying theme of the anthology. Liang's humor" is the unifying theme of the anthology, which also influences the creation of later generations of literature.

A model of strain hardening for stage IV based on lattice curvature induced dislocations and grain fragmentation

A new model is presented for the interpretation of the nearly linear Stage IV large strain hardening behavior observed in polycrystalline metals. The approach is based on the orientation change of the grains that induces a curvature of the crystallographic lattice and produces geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). The GND density is dependent on grain size, the latter is decreasing in a reciprocal manner with plastic strain in Stage IV. The GNDs are added to the dislocation density present at the end of Stage III in the Taylor relation to obtain an analytical formula for the strain hardening behavior of the material. The model is applied to polycrystalline nickel, copper, and commercially pure aluminum and produced good agreement with experiments. As grain fragmentation is a common phenomenon of all metals during large strain at low temperature, this model explains the universal nature of Stage IV.

National legislation as a source of the obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)

The article, based on the study of doctrinal developments and the practice of states, reveals the issue of national legislation as a source of the obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare). The article highlights the position of the UN International Law Commission on the role of national legislation and state practice in implementing the obligation to extradite or prosecute; the practice of certain states (Finland, Estonia, Macedonia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine) regarding the legal establishment of the obligation to extradite or prosecute is considered; the measures that states should follow at the national level in order to effectively implement the principle of aut dedere aut judicare are defined.
 The article establishes that the determination of the legal nature and scope of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare is possible through the study of various types of sources in which this obligation is established (treaties, customs, international and national court decisions, national legislation of states). The obligation to extradite or prosecute has traditionally been established by international treaties of various types, the number of which is constantly increasing. The participation of many states in such international treaties (of a universal, regional or bilateral nature) is a reflection of the existing national practice of the states regarding the implementation of the principle of aut dedere aut judicare.
 It is substantiated that, along with treaties and customary (at least for the most serious international crimes) enshrining the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, national criminal law is an important source of the obligation to extradite or prosecute. The effective implementation of the principle of aut dedere aut judicare in each specific case will depend on the state’s fulfillment of both its international obligations and the implementation of the necessary measures (in particular, regarding the establishment of jurisdiction over offenders and criminal offenses) defined in national legislation with regard to extradition and prosecution.

From slot mereology to a mereology of slots

In 2013, Bennett proposed a mereological theory in which the parthood relation is defined on the basis of two primitive relations: a is a part of b iff a fills a slot owned by b. However, this theory has issues counting how many parts an entity has. We explore the various counting problems and propose a new theory to solve them. Keeping the core idea of Bennett’s slots, this theory introduces mereological relations between slots. This theory enables us to solve all known counting problems and to go beyond the limits of Bennett’s theory by theorising expected features of mereological theories: supplementation principles and mereological sum and fusion. The theory is illustrated on ontological issues on the nature of structural universals and informational entities.

AUT DEDERE AS ERGA OMNES TO SUPPRESS CIVIL AVIATION CRIMES UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION LAW: THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Aut dedere (extradition) is an erga omnes obligation towards the international community aimed at closing the gate of safe haven so that the international criminal will face the consequence of his heinous act directed at the international community from the requesting state. The term aut dedere has not been used in conventions or treaties until the eighteenth century. This paper examines the necessity of integrating the doctrine of 'aut dedere' (extradition) into International Aviation Conventions to combat civil aviation offenses and seeks to explore its treatment under Islamic law, and the potential for punishment for refusal to extradite offenders. Through doctrinal legal research, the paper reveals that while aut dedere is obligatory under conventional law, it lacks enforceability without associated punishments. Conversely, extradition under Islamic law is deemed mandatory due to its universal nature. The paper underscores the relevance of Islamic jurisprudence in modern international legal frameworks and recommends amendments to International Civil Aviation Organization conventions to enforce extradition provisions and recognize civil aviation crimes as international offences, consistent with Islamic legal principles.

THE CONCEPTUAL NEXUS BETWEEN ISLAMIC FORESIGHT, ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND THE SHARIAH

The current global Muslim community is facing new challenges amidst the remnants of historical colonisation, sectarianism, and current geopolitical, economic and social realities. Despite these challenges, Muslim communities in general have been consistent in preserving the religious precepts derived from the primary sources of Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah, which form the foundation of the Islamic identity. Although widely underemphasised, futures thinking is deeply ingrained in the precepts of Islamic thought since the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), which unbeknownst to many, has indubitably shaped the transformation not only in Muslim communities, but has also influenced global shifts in civilisation from multifarious aspects, for example, science and technology, arts, governance and social justice. This paper seeks to illustrate the significance of Islamic futures thinking as a foundation for progress in Muslim communities, by applying the qualitative methods of content analysis and engagements in focus group discussions. To this end, the study analyses data obtained from the exploration of Islamic texts, traditions and literatures on the Islamic perspectives of futures thinking. This paper advances the proposition that futures thinking has a profound basis in Islam due to the universal nature of the Islamic concepts of knowledge, the methods of addressing gradual and imminent change, its constant inspirations towards excellence and a justly balanced society, as well as Islamic ethics in foresight. Findings of this study highlight the importance of futures thinking as a capacity that must be developed in the Muslim world as part of the process towards long term social transformation.

Simultaneously probing the sound speed and equation of state of the early Universe with pulsar timing arrays

Recently, several major pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have assembled strong evidence for the existence of a gravitational-wave background at frequencies around the nanohertz regime. Assuming that the PTA signal is attributed to scalar-induced gravitational waves, we jointly employ the PTA data from the NANOGrav 15-year data set, PPTA DR3, and EPTA DR2 to probe the conditions of the early Universe. Specifically, we explore the equation of state parameter (w), the reheating temperature (T rh), and the sound speed (cs ), finding w = 0.59+0.36 -0.40 (median + 90% credible interval), and T rh ≲ 0.2 GeV at the 95% credible interval for a lognormal power spectrum of the curvature perturbation. Furthermore, we compute Bayes factors to compare different models against the power-law spectrum model, effectively excluding the pressure-less fluid domination model. Our study underscores the significance of scalar-induced gravitational waves as a powerful tool to explore the nature of the early Universe.

Испытание социальности: функция «первичной» метафоры в малой прозе Г. Мелвилла и Л. Толстого

Herman Melville’s ‘The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids’ (1855) and Leo Tolstoy’s ‘Master and Man’ (1895) are considered in this article as studies in human sociality with special attention to the similarity of receptive strategies and reactions that the two texts provoke.The reader’s aesthetic experience in both these cases is determined by the pronounced presence and power of “primary” metaphors: the warmth of human togetherness and the cold of alienation. The palpable sensuality of these metaphors and their distribution in the text (with greater concentration in the opening and the final parts) provide for the coherence of the two “metaphoric fields” (N. Babuts), their internal tension and dynamic. Textual micro-analysis makes it possible to recognize the universal nature of social connectivity as well as the variety of its cultural forms and individual authors’ priorities.Readerly participation in the act of embodied cognition makes reduction to allegory impossible, such that the drama of moral and social choice becomes experientially concrete. The presupposed correlation of aesthetic and social forms may give access to the otherwise unattainable terrain where intersubjective experience is constituted, recognized as a culturally relevant model, problematized.

A new species of Populus and the extensive hybrid speciation arising from it on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

While the diversity of species formation is broadly acknowledged, significant debate exists regarding the universal nature of hybrid species formation. Through an 18-year comprehensive study of all Populus species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 23 previously recorded species and 8 new species were identified. Based on morphological characteristics, these can be classified into three groups: species in section Leucoides, species with large leaves, and species with small leaves in section Tacamahaca. By conducting whole-genome re-sequencing of 150 genotypes from these 31 species, 2.28 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis utilizing these SNPs not only revealed a highly intricate evolutionary network within the large-leaf species of section Tacamahaca but also confirmed that a new species, P. curviserrata, naturally hybridized with P. cathayana, P. szechuanica, and P. ciliata, resulting in 11 hybrid species. These findings indicate the widespread occurrence of hybrid species formation within this genus, with hybridization serving as a key evolutionary mechanism for Populus on the plateau. A novel hypothesis, “Hybrid Species Exterminating Their Ancestral Species (HSEAS),” is introduced to explain the mechanisms of hybrid species formation at three different scales: the entire plateau, the southeastern mountain region, and individual river valleys.

The interdependence of R&D, innovations, and productivity: case of Polish manufacturing companies

Motivation: The structural model proposed by Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse (the CDM model) in 1998 has been the workhorse of the empirical analysis of the relationship between firms’ innovation input and output and performance. Most research applying the CDM methodology shows a positive relationship between firms’ R&D, innovation, and productivity, primarily in highly developed countries. However, some studies do not confirm the universal nature of these relations, pointing to possible differences between countries, sectors, firm characteristics, sources of knowledge, types of innovation, or performance indicators. Aim: The study aims to explore the relationship between R&D expenditures, patent applications, and labour productivity among Polish manufacturing firms. The study applies a four-stage analysis of the innovation-performance relationship based on the CDM model. The method enables us to track the transformation of innovation input into output and its impact on the performance of companies. The analysis is based on the survey conducted in 2018 on a random sample of 1049 Polish manufacturing firms. Results: The results reveal interesting insights into the analysed relationship. Firstly, initial results confirm the vital role of cooperation, being an exporter, and functioning in specific markets for deciding to invest in R&D. Secondly, state aid, employees’ education, and being part of the capital group are crucial for the R&D intensity. The analysis confirms a statistically significant positive relationship between Polish manufacturing firms’ innovation input and output. However, the results of the last stage of the analysis indicate that the performance of manufacturing firms is unrelated to the innovation output.

Chinese Senior High EFL Learners’ Foreign Language Reading Anxiety: Profile and Sources

In comparison with other skill-specific foreign language anxiety, foreign language reading anxiety (FLRA) was a less-researched realm. The purpose of the study was to investigate the general profile and possible sources of FLRA in the under-explored Chinese senior high EFL students. The 60 participants were from 2 high schools in China. The study employed the “explanatory sequential mixed method design” (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018). First, the quantitative data were collected via the adapted Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) (Lu & Liu, M., 2015), and analyzed with SPSS. Then, based on participants’ scores on FLRAS (adapted), specific responses, and consent to further interviews, 4 subjects were selected as sources of qualitative data. The conclusions were drawn that (1) more than half the learners (78.33%) were generally exposed to little FLRA (M=2.57); (2) possible FLRA sources could be divided into 4 main categories, with overall 16 subsets: (a) individual factors (reading interest, self-expectation, reading strategy use, background knowledge); (b) textual factors (topic, task type, text length, tested vocabulary, grammar, text structure, rhetoric); (c) instructional factors (teaching method, evaluation); (d) situational factors (teacher-student dynamic, parental anticipation, peer pressure). Despite limitations such as limited sample size and scope, absence of further validation testing, and neglect of examination of background variables, the study purveyed valuable suggestions for language educators to enhance strategies addressing FLRA among Chinese EFL senior high learners. These suggestions included considering the impact of text structure and rhetorical devices on FLRA, prioritizing vocabulary instruction, and implementing anxiety-reducing interventions, e.g. the “flipped classroom model” (Gök et al. 2021). Furthermore, the study emphasized the need for further research on the more representative FLRA profile of Chinese young EFL learners, statistical examination of the relevance of various sources to FLRA, investigation of the relationship between background variables and FLRA among Chinese senior high EFL learners, and exploration of the universality and language-specific nature of different FLRA sources.

Linguistic and Extralinguistic Characteristics of the Processes of Terminologization and Determinologization

The article examines the linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of the processes of terminologization and determinologization, the peculiarities of the use of terms in professional language. The greatest influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors on the development and change of the language as a whole. While extralinguistic factors depend on a certain historical period, linguistic factors constantly act in the same way and continuously. The political and social phenomena that took place in the last century formed the basis of the changes that arose in the lexical system of the Kazakh language, which set the task of responding quickly and adequately to the new needs of society. Most of the terms came out of special use and began to be mastered in the general literary language, and some words of a general nature began to be used in terminological meaning. Thus, we see that due to the loss of terms of their terminality and their transition to the sphere of universal interests, a person is mobilized in a priority position in the sphere of professional and socio-political, economic interests and depends on the new modern processes in question. This circumstance has had the greatest impact on the linguistic space of mass media, fiction and speech discourse, which is the most active medium for the use of words of a universal nature. The beginning of use in a different environment has a significant impact on the terminological meaning of linguistic unity and, therefore, serves as the basis for the formation of new patterns of development of these units. The analysis and description of these separately determine the relevance of the issue received in the paper as an object. The relevance of the study of terminology, terminological processes, etc. is due to the special rate of increase in the flow of scientific and industrial information.

EXTRADITION: DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

The study of one of the basic institutions of criminal law and international criminal law is aimed at creating a system of approaches to the development of existing law that can lead to the development of a universal approach to providing legal assistance. The purpose of the study is to determine the directions of the development of the law for providing legal assistance under the extradition process. Materials and methods. The method of analyzing sources of law made it possible to identify weaknesses when carrying out the extradition; the comparison method revealed a divergence in norms relating to the basis for extradition, which gives a forecast for solving a number of problems for both parties of the mechanism under study. Research results. The practical application of extradition rules makes it possible to achieve the desired result, but the desired effect is achieved through large and unreasonable efforts of both parties with a large bureaucratic toolkit, which leads to the idea of optimizing a number of processes. Conclusions. The institution of extradition should be considered as a flexible tool of legal assistance that allows solving the problems of justice in the spirit of the current principles of humanity and legality. The creation of an international instrument of a universal nature can fill gaps in the law and lead to a uniform extradition mechanism at the bilateral level. Due to current political international processes, the formation of such a document seems appropriate.

Assessing and Forecasting Fatigue Strength of Metals and Alloys under Cyclic Loads.

Within the scope of this research, patterns of changes in the fatigue life and limit of metals under cyclic stress were identified and the most informative parameters were determined as the basis for developing a method for the universal transformation of experimental data on the fatigue of metals and alloys for their subsequent generalization. Experimental data on metal fatigue, obtained by a large number of authors for a wide range of grades of steels and alloys, under the influence of various combinations of factors, were systematized. A generalized dependence of the recalculated parameters of fatigue life and limit was obtained, its characteristics were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed, confirming the universal nature of the obtained dependence. A system of parameters has been proposed making it possible to consider and forecast high-cycle fatigue processes for a wide range of metals and alloys, under the conditions of various combinations of operating factors, from unified positions and a more general point of view.

Humanistic Buddhism and Holistic Health Management

Master Hsing Yun said that humanistic Buddhism has six characteristics: (1) human nature, (2) life nature, (3) altruism, (4) joy, (5) contemporary nature, and (6) universal relief nature. Among the six characteristics, life nature is closely related to the health of the whole person. When the World Health Organization (WHO) was founded in 1948, the definition of health was: "Health is a complete sense of physical, mental, and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition is the beginning of focusing on holistic health. Most people in the Western Christian world have a good understanding of the word spirituality, but it is difficult for believers in other religious faiths in the non-Christian world to grasp its meaning. This is also an important reason why most countries at the WHO meeting were unable to reach a consensus to include spirituality in the definition of health. Therefore, the concept of "spirituality" must be interpreted and integrated into the culture according to local characteristics in order to implement holistic health with local significance. Lu (2022) proposed a holistic health model that integrates three parts: (I) Dimensions: Physical, Mental, Spiritual, and Social, (II) Status: Health, Sub-health, Illness, and Recovering, and (III) Approach: Western medicine, Eastern medicine and Folklore Therapy, Religions and Beliefs, Sports and Martial Arts. This study explores religion in the third approach within the holistic health model, exploring its relationship within (I) Physical, Mental, Spiritual, and Social dimensions, and (II) states of Health, Sub-health, Illness, and Recovering from a perspective of Humanistic Buddhism.