Nature Reserve Fund Research Articles

Use of structural and functional characteristics of phytoplankton to assess the water quality of the objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine (on the example of Didove Lake)

Use of structural and functional characteristics of phytoplankton to assess the water quality of the objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine (on the example of Didove Lake)

THE WAR CONSEQUENCES ON NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE: ANALYSES AND METHODOLOGIES

THE WAR CONSEQUENCES ON NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE: ANALYSES AND METHODOLOGIES

Main aspects of protection, reproduction and recreational use of natural complexes on the territory of Gomilshan National Natural Park

According to the Law of Ukraine “On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine”, national nature parks are territories of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, nature protection, recreational, cultural, educational, research institutions of national importance created to preserve, reproduce and effectively use natural complexes and objects that have a special environmental, health, historical and cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic value. The drawback of the internal structure, the lack of rational architectural and planning organization as well as measures for the arrangement of NNP have led not only to the deterioration of their condition, but in some cases to the loss of unique natural landscapes. One of the most important principles of effective use of nature reserves is functional zoning. The main task to be solved in the functional zoning of the territory is to study the features of spatial distribution of natural complexes and anthropogenic load. In the course of the research, the authors of the article proposed a promising scheme of functional zoning of NPP “Gomilshan Forests”. The priority and determining value in the functional zoning is the protected area. The most effective method of functional zoning is to develop a layout of zones with concentric circles, where the central circle is a protected area. When planning the functional zoning of the NNP territory and establishing the boundaries of functional zones, the priority criterion was preservation of phytocoenotic diversity of vegetation and especially the presence and distribution of typical and rare plant groups, listed in the Green Book of Ukraine. Analysis of the syntaxonomic composition of the vegetation in the NNP has showed that there are rare phytocenoses in the vegetation of this area included in the Green Book of Ukraine. Functional zoning of NPP “Gomilshan Forests” is an important prerequisite for its further development, conservation of biodiversity and rational use of nature. Given the current state of forests and the nature and level of recreational use of NNP ecosystems, the zoning of its territory should be aimed at management optimization, and in the future, the leading direction will gradually become recreational. The advantage of the proposed scheme is the significant differences in the area ratio of the functional zones in accordance with international requirements, and their boundaries are consistent with the boundaries of the PTC, which makes it possible to protect them holistically and use them rationally.

Геологічні пам’ятки Середнього Подніпров’я та оцінка їх екологічного стану

The territory of the Middle Dnipro, one of the most developed regions of Ukraine, is characterized by a high geological diversity. There is a significant number of nature reserves of different subordination in this area. The paper describes geological natural monuments, which are identified within Middle Dnipro Ragion. The construction of the Kaniv and Kremenchug reservoirs led to the intensification of gravitational, erosion, abrasion processes along their banks, which has worsened the state of geological natural monuments. An inventory of geological objects of the Middle Dnipro and an analysis of their ecological status are necessary for further selection and study of special areas, and scientific monitoring will provide new knowledge about geological formations, their structure and history of origin. The paper presents geological and geomorphological features of the Middle Dnipro coastal strip. The complicated geological structure and dismemberment of the territory protects natural landscapes from human intervention. It is noted that, in recent years, exogenous processes associated with regional climate change have intensified. A total of nine natural objects of different rank have been identified, which are located in the coastal zone of the Dnipro and reservoirs. The natural and anthropogenic factors that affect the state of these geological natural monuments have been identified. The monitoring revealed vulnerable locations and suggested possible means of preservation for geological monuments within the Middle Dnipro. Natural hazards that cause gravitational movements and can destroy natural objects have been revealed to be the most dangerous processes. It is emphasized that it is impossible to avoid such threats, except for preventive measures of engineering and technical nature. Among the anthropogenic hazards are the extraction of construction minerals, construction and business activities within the objects of the nature reserve fund. Conservation measures for natural geological monuments include strengthening the protection of natural objects; the arrangement of monuments with state signs and demarcation of the boundaries of protected areas; display of information boards.

Assessment of the Consequences of Forest Fires in 2020 on the Territory of the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve

The article presents the consequences of fires that occurred on the territory Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve in April 2020. Research shows that the results of these events characterized as catastrophic. The condition of forests after fires was assessed using satellite data and field trips to review the condition of forests affected by wildfires. The total area affected by the fire in 4 foci was 51,806.5 hectares. The total area of fires in the exclusion zone is 66,222.5 hectares. About 25% of the territories affected by the fires have changed. To preserve the landscape diversity and mosaic of areas covered and not covered with forest vegetation, it is impractical to conduct afforestation (afforestation of fallows) on the territory of the reserve. Among the forests affected by fires, the majority has a high ecological and forestry potential and, accordingly, a high potential for natural recovery (81.6%). In dead forests, the share with a high potential for natural reforestation is slightly lower and amounts to 66.8%. The share of forests with low natural recovery potential is low and amounts to 1.9% and 4.8% in forests affected by fires and dead, respectively. Significantly damaged, and sometimes destroyed, were a number of rare settlements, which are not only important for nature conservation, but also classified by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention (Resolution 4) as particularly valuable settlements, as well as the “Green Book of Ukraine” (2009). 2 groups were marked as excessively damaged on the territory of the reserve. It should be noted that there is a slight general violation of the protected core of this object of the nature reserve fund, which will allow it to preserve its environmental potential and the functions of protecting and reproducing biodiversity. Most of the areas of the reserve affected by fires have a high forestry potential and are able to recover independently, so they do not require intervention in natural processes for reforestation. The degree of transformation of the ground cover in pine and oak-pine forests of the reserve under the influence of pyrogenic factor is determined by the intensity of the fire. Reforestation in areas with low forest potential should be carried out with clear planning

Some alien species of aquatic invertebrates in the water bodies of the nature reserve fund of the Kyiv metropolis

The invasion of alien species of freshwater invertebrates and the associated changes in the faunistic composi- tion of local ecosystems are a serious threat to the conservation of biodiversity. In this work, we supplement the existing list of alien species with information about three more species of non-native freshwater invertebrates, which have formed stable populations in water bodies of Ukraine. These are two representatives of flatworms: Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) and Stenostomum saliens Kepner & Carter, 1931, as well as a representative of copepods, Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997.

GEOECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE RIVER OKONKA BASIN AND ITS OPTIMIZATION

The impact of economic activity on the environment can best be traced in the scale of small river basins. One of such rivers is the Okonka River, which flows through the territory of the former Manevychi (Kamin-Kashyrskyi according to the new administrative-territorial structure) district. Among the environmental problems of the basin, the most acute are: surface water pollution due to runoff from agricultural fields, livestock farms, unauthorized landfills, etc. Improving the geo-ecological condition of the Okonka River basin on the basis of ecologically safe sustainable development is an urgent problem of the territory's development. The Okonka River Basin is one of the least explored regions of the Volyn Region. Materials from the Regional Office of Water Resources in Volyn Oblast, the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Volyn Oblast State Administration, own expeditionary research, cartographic materials, electronic maps (Google Map, OpenStreetMap) and satellite images were used to prepare the publication. Also, more than 20 literature sources and electronic resources, laws and regulations of Ukraine in the field of rational use and protection of water resources were developed. The following methods were used during the research: collection and processing of archival, literary, graphic, cartographic and tabular material, regime quantitative and qualitative observations of river characteristics; field research of channel processes; mathematical and engineering calculations, mathematical modeling, analysis of anthropogenic impact on water resources of the studied region, constructive-geographical method and method of expert assessments. The natural conditions of the basin contribute to the settlement and development of the economy. Particularly favorable are the terrain, climate, inland waters. Within the basin there are 7 objects and territories of the nature reserve fund. The impact of anthropogenic activity on the river basin is quite significant. This is due to intensive agricultural and residential use, the development of drainage reclamation. The level of radiation pollution is assessed as "satisfactory", the use of land resources - "close to normal. The water quality of the Okonka River in the upper line (leak) is assessed by the second class of the third category (water is quite good in quality, quite clean in purity). The environmental index is 2.92. Environmental protection measures are proposed to improve the geoecological condition of the river basin. The complex of environmental protection measures should include: development of a local eco-network; creation of new and expansion of the network of existing nature reserves; improvement of the situation with waste management, elimination of spontaneous dumps; monitoring of soils to protect them from degradation and pollution; monitoring of surface waters in order to protect them from depletion and pollution; an inventory of drainage systems in order to establish the feasibility of further use in agricultural separate areas, the allocation of parts of the drainage systems that can be renaturalized in the future; prevention of peat and forest fires.
 Key words: river, river basin, geological condition of the river basin, geographical features of the basin, ecological assessment of river water quality, measures to improve the geoecological condition of the basin.

POPULATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST POTENTIAL

The article defines the directions that it is recommended to assess the role of the population in the formation of recreation and tourism activities (RTA). It is proved the need to investigate the role of the population in the RTA in two main directions: 1) as a subject of recreational and tourist systems in its relation to their media (objects); 2) combined - as a subject and component of the object of recreational and tourist systems. The population forms the flows of recreation and tourists, developing relevant structures and mechanisms for their recreational and tourist service, organizes directions and fields of economic and non-economic activities that ensure the recreational needs of the population, creates a specialized recreation infrastructure, develops and implements a variety of functional and territorial organization of recreation and tourism, forms at the national and international level of territorial division of labor.
 In order to evaluate the recreational potential of a separate plot or object usually consider not the entire nomenclature of conditions and resources, but only a characteristic or typical combination. Each territory, each object of recreation and tourism has its own set (complex) of resource characteristics. And this circumstance greatly facilitates the procedure for a comprehensive assessment of recreational potential due to elimination (allocation) of a characteristic complex of terms and resources of RTA. A similar situation arises for a functional assessment of recreational potential. The valuation of conditions and resources are not developed for a general list of species and forms of RTA, but for those that are distributed in this area in this locality.
 It is determined that among the numerous characteristics and indicators of recreational potential, the concept of recreational and tourist attractiveness is one of the objective indicators of resource potential. Estimation of recreational potential for quantitative indicators of recreation and tourists and their numerical and spatial distributions creates an objective basis for all other characteristics and indicators of RTD.
 Another important characteristic of the recreational potential, which forms the population as a factor of RTA is a recreation capacity of territories and objects of RTA. The concept of "recreational capacity" is related to "recreational attractiveness". Attractiveness characterizes recreational territories and objects for their attraction, according to real flows of recreation and tourists. Recreational capacity is intended to set the upper limits of such attractiveness. Attractiveness represents the actual use of a recreational resource, and the capacity indicates its critical level of recreation, which does not lead to degradation of this resource. In recreational geography, tourism and planning of territories, this direction is well known and extremely designed. The indicators of recreational capacities for certain types and recreation forms and recreations - beach baths, short-term rest in green zones, anthropogenic load of resort zones and areas of the natural reserve fund, maximum population density in various functional zones of the big city, etc. At the same time, the zonal principles of assessing the recreational capacity of objects and areas of recreation and tourism have not yet been developed, and this actual problem is waiting for its researchers.
 The population forms a so-called anthropogenic load on the territory, and its economic activity is man-made load. Anthropogenic-technogenic load is considered as a factor of recreational and tourist activities, in turn, indicators of anthropogenic-technogenic load are the original characteristics of "anti-resource" of recreation potential. The article has proven that in the context of the study of the prerequisites for the development of recreation and tourist activities of the region also need to analyze both the quality of life of the population, in addition to the assessment of this indicator have a high contrast and diversity in the country.
 Key words: population, recreational and tourist potential, attractiveness of recreational territories, anthropogenic-technogenic load, quality of life of the population.

THE PROBLEM OF USAGE OF ELEMENTS OF NATURAL RESERVE AND MUSEUM HERITAGE IN TOURISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION)

In terms of pandemics, tourism gained a huge loss. However, the background for a qualitatively new restoration of the branch has appeared. One of the actual scientific and practical problems is an estimation of the condition of usage of elements of natural and historical-cultural heritage in tourism in terms of probable growth of domestic tourism during quarantine.
 In the article was analyzed the potential of natural heritage and museums as elements of the historical-cultural heritage of the Ivano-Frankivsk region in the context of their usage in tourism and dynamics of tourism visits of these objects which testify about the existence of the number of barriers of growth. As of 26.01.2020 region`s natural reserve fund counts of 482 territories and objects of the total area of 218,9 thousand hectares which is 15.7% of the total region`s area. It can be stated that the Ivano-Frankivsk region is a popular tourist destination due to the tourist visits of the territories of the national parks. On the background of national parks visit increase, the problem of the statistic visits data collection and low park`s service commercialization because of an absence of fee collection mechanism on the whole park`s territory. Was observed uneven distribution of tourist flow in national parks. Various institutional affiliations of the natural reserve establishments and the absence of tourism branch specialists in establishments, and the fact that tourism is only one of the different branches of these establishments complicates the organization of tourism activities. The level of national park`s promotion as tourism destinations stays low.
 None of the nature reserves of the region has a marketing strategy to promote them in the tourism market, so the level of advertising activity of the parks is reduced to printing booklets. Park sites focus the attention of park visitors, mainly on the results of their activities, and little attention is paid to tourist information. Most sites do not have a comprehensive section for tourists with the full range of tourist services and the possibilities of the park to provide them.
 Excursion activities are one of the main activities of museums as elements of cultural heritage. Every year the museums of Ivano-Frankivsk region are visited by more than 400 thousand people, however, there is a negative dynamics of attendance, the vast majority of visitors (in 2017 – 277, 5 thousand people) are local students, ie not tourists. The decrease in attendance may be due to an increase in the number of non-state and other public museums, which are mainly collections of private collections (more than 210 in the region), as well as the emergence of other tourist attractions of this type. The problems of tourist use of museums as tourist objects of cultural heritage are the low promotional activity of museums, the lack of additional services for tourists and outdated, of little interest to the average tourist exhibitions, the lack of additional hospitality infrastructure. Improving museum expositions, updating existing ones and creating modern expositions – providing material and technical equipment (premises, music, multimedia centers, purchase of modern office equipment) will increase the attractiveness of museums as tourist attractions. Lack of marketing strategies, experience of cooperation with all stakeholders of the tourist process also significantly slow down the development of tourism based on the use of elements of natural and historical and cultural heritage of the studied region. Promotion of museum services in the market of tourist services – creation of an informative catalog about museums, which is periodically updated, distribution of information publications, booklets, holding various events that will promote museums, such as exhibitions, celebrations, coverage of museums in the media, organization of a series films for television, creation of museum websites and targeted advertising, involvement of educational institutions, tourism specialists in the promotion of museums.
 The measures proposed by the authors for more effective use of elements of natural and historical and cultural heritage in tourism can be successfully applied in other tourist destinations of environmental nature and museum institutions of the country.
 Keywords: nature reserves, elements of museum heritage, tourism, tourist destinations.

Historical and geospatial aspects of formation of the eco-network of the Transcarpathian region

Formulation of the problem. For the time being the formation of an ecological network in Ukraine is the most effective way to preserve biological and landscape diversity. This process is characterized by the use of two approaches. The first is based on national legislation, methods of spatial planning in accordance with the geobotanical and landscape features of the region. The second approach is based on the European legislation, in particular, the Bern Convention. Transcarpathian region is no exception. The project of the regional scheme of the ecological network was approved for the region and Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCIs – sites of the Emerald network), were determined and adopted by Standing Committee. Purpose and methods of research. Today there is a need for a comprehensive spatial analysis of the currently existing planning models of the regional ecological network of Transcarpathia and the establishment of the most important areas for biodiversity and landscape diversity protection. The purpose of our study was to characterize the main stages of formation of the ecological network of Transcarpathian region and to establish a list of structural elements of the ecological network, for which it is important to develop measures to protect biodiversity within them. We analyzed international and national legal documents, cartographic and planning documents to determine and characterize the main stages of development of the ecological network of the region. we compiled maps showing the spatial relationship of nature reserves, elements of the regional eco-network and areas of special conservation interest, using software QGIS 3.16.0, schemes: planning of the eco-network of the Ukrainian Carpathians, eco-network of Transcarpathian region, Transcarpathian territory planning areas; data on the Structural Elements of the Emerald Network, the network of objects of the nature reserve fund and their large-scale plans; detailed plans of forest plantations. Based on the obtained data, we conducted a spatial analysis of the elements in order to identify areas that require additional measures to preserve biotic and landscape diversity. Results of the research. Based on the obtained data, we have identified and characterized the main stages of formation of the ecological network of the Transcarpathian region. Based on a detailed cartographic analysis, we have identified areas that require natural research on the need for additional measures to preserve biotic and landscape diversity. Scientific novelty and practical significance. In our article for the first time a comprehensive and detailed spatial analysis of the currently existing planning models of the regional ecological network of Transcarpathia was conducted. For the first time, areas have been identified that do not currently belong to the nature reserve fund and areas of special conservation interest, but need to be studied in terms of their value to preserve biotic and landscape diversity.

Rural Green Tourism as a Factor in the Development of Rural Areas

Abstract. Introduction. Today, the tourism industry in Ukraine is only the fifth most important component of budget filling, but its share should increase significantly given such objective prerequisites as favorable geopolitical location of Ukraine in central Europe, the presence of significant tourist and recreational potential, favorable climate, rich flora and fauna, numerous world-class cultural and historical monuments. The general state and potential of rural green tourism in Ukraine are investigated in the work, the problems and prospects of its development are determined. Rural green tourism for Ukraine is a new concept, although it is developing quite actively. Research has shown that rural green tourism in combination with other industries will be able to solve a number of economic, social and environmental problems inherent in rural areas of Ukraine. It is determined that rural green tourism is one of the promising areas of national internal tourism in Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the current state of rural green tourism in Mykolaiv region and to develop theoretical provisions and practical recommendations for its further development. Results. The essence and varieties of rural green tourism, processes of formation and factors of its development are investigated in the work. The views of scientists on the interpretation of the concept of “rural green tourism” are systematized. It is established that a common feature of rural tourism is the concept of the created atmosphere, which mainly determines the quality of the tourist product from the standpoint of the consumer. The study carried out a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic conditions of the industry, characterized the natural resource potential of Mykolaiv region, which is quite attractive for tourists. The main recreational zones of Mykolaiv region, which will promote the formation and development of the location of rural green tourism, are analyzed. It is substantiated that for the formation of the tourist product of the region it is necessary to involve not only a powerful nature reserve fund, historical and architectural heritage, but also the agricultural sector, which produces organic products. The study identified factors that delay the development of rural green tourism. They include the lack of government policy and information support, proper rural infrastructure, limited choice of leisure, high share of agricultural production and manual labor in farms, absence of coordination center between rural communities, authorities and consumers about tourism development. It is determined that the successful development of rural green tourism requires a strategy that takes into account the specialization of each area and emphasizes the uniqueness of the tourist product. Conclusions. Prospects for the development of green tourism in rural areas are described. The internal potential and possibilities of its involvement for the development of green tourism are determined. It is established that green tourism can be an additional factor in filling the revenue side of the budget of rural settlements. The creation of a new tourist location is proposed and its economic efficiency is substantiated. The implementation of the proposed recommendations will promote mutually beneficial cooperation between the rural green tourism market of the region and local governments, environmental protection, as well as sustainable rural development.

Spatial analysis of natural reserve fund of the Zakarpatska Oblast


 
 
 The article brings light to the study of the nature reserve fund (NRF) of Zakarpatska oblast as a component of the national heritage of the country. Representativeness is considered to be one of the main principles of spatial formation of the NRF object network. Therefore, to determine the current state and ensure further effective development of the region’s nature reserve fund, it is necessary to analyze its territorial and internal structural indicators. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current status of the region’s nature reserve fund with the reference to the possibility of introduction of the further new management practices. The article is based on information and statistical materials, the provisions of regional programs for the formation of the ecological network and environmental legislation of Ukraine. To solve the assigned tasks, there has been done a comprehensive analysis of statistical reporting data and materials of the NRF Register in Zakarpatska oblast of the Department of Ecology of Natural Resources of Zakarpattia Regional State Administration within the period of 2019, and reporting documents of environmental institutions for the same period. The considered indicator is the territorial distribution of nature reserve areas and region areas by administrative districts (before the formation and implementation of changes to the administrative-territorial structure of the Zakarpatska oblast), which is presented in the form of the division into four groups. The spatial distribution of the territory and the NFR objects do not sufficiently meet the criteria of local representativeness, so their spatial structure needs significant improvement, be specific – the creation of nature reserves, especially in the lowlands of the region. The average density of nature protection objects in the region (36 units / 1000 km2) is almost three times higher than the corresponding indicator in the neighboring Lviv region. The average value of the reserve factor in the region makes 14.17 %. It has been found that the reserve ratio demonstrates geographically the largest disproportion in Zakarpatska oblast. It is the highest indicator in turns of administrative entities in the districts of Mizhhiria, Velyky Bereznyi and Rakhiv. The lowest one is in Svaliava and Berehove districts, respectively. In addition, the reserve ratio compared to the national average indicator and in other European countries has been carried out. The quality of the nature reserve network is determined by the insularity coefficient, which indicates the size of the NRF objects and their stability. Further expansion of the network of nature protection objects in Zakarpatska oblast is possible due to the creation of Latorytsa, Shaian and Uzhok landscape parks. A big assumption can be made that by 2020 it will be possible to create new and expand existing areas of NRF in the region up to 100–120 thousand hectares, which will increase the protected area up to 20–22 %. The key issues of nature reserves to be developed in Zakarpatska oblast are primarily related to the imperfection of the management system. To handle this problem, there is an urgent need to develop a strategy, which will envisage the perception of the NRF as a holistic anthropogenic and natural unit in order to put into practice the environmental, scientific, educational and recreational functions.
 
 

Органічний вуглець у рослинній біомасі лісів Київщини

Carbon sequestrative capacity of forest plant communities is one of the main criteria for the potential for low-carbon development of the country and the fulfillment of international obligations in the context of the Paris climate agreement. The information basis of the research is formed by information from the database of IA "Ukrderzhlisproekt", which contains the detailed biometric characteristics of forest stands located in the research region. Another component is represented by a system of mathematical models for quantitative assessment of live biomass and forest dead organic matter. As a result, in this research we have determined the quantitative values of organic carbon content in live biomass and dead organic matter of forests of Kyiv region. In total, the amount of carbon accumulated in vegetal biomass of the region's forests equals 61.8 million tons, of which 60 % is accounted for by pine stands. The share of carbon accumulated in dead organic matter is 10.5 %. The highest density of sequestered carbon per unit area is typical for ash and oak stands with indicators of 10.08 and 9.921 kg∙(m2)-1, respectively. More than 40 % of organic carbon is accumulated in vegetal biomass of stands of I site index class, which mainly grow in relatively poor forest conditions. Recreational, health-improving and protective forests of the region are characterized by the highest indicators of organic carbon density per unit area – 10.53 and 10.49 kg∙(m2)-1, respectively. Among the objects of the nature reserve fund, the dominant positions in the volume of the studied indicator belong to nature reserves – 82.7 %, national nature parks account for another 8 %. In the total structure of carbon capacity of dead organic matter (6.5 million tons) more than 60% belongs to forest litter. At the same time, carbon content in dead organic matter of coniferous stands equals 4.1 million tons, or 62.9 %. The results of the research will serve as an information basis for the formation of a strategy for regional low-carbon development.

Breeding of black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus in muddy sites of a wastewater treatment plant

A stable group of birds has been formed at water treatment facilities. Sewage treatment sites are a well-known nesting place for long-legged waders. Black-winged stilts are included in the Bonn (Appendix II) and Berne (Appendix II) conventions, the AEWA agreement. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (1994, 2009) (status – vulnerable). In Ukraine, it is under protection on the territory of the natural reserve fund. The arrival of black-winged stilts waders at the nesting sites was recorded in the second-third decade of April (April 23, 2020; April 17, 2021). Immediately after returning to the nesting areas, the birds begin to build nests and lay eggs. The first eggs in this population were seen on 01.05.2020, 07.05.2021. The process of laying eggs lasted until the end of the first decade of July (08.07.2020). The average clutch size in the nests of Himantopus himantopus decreased from 3.8 ± 0.1 (2020) to 3.5 ± 0.1 (2021). The average egg sizes and their limits have been determined for long-legged waders. The chicks hatched from late May (30.05.2020), throughout June to the first decade of July (02.07.2020). The chicks were able to fly in a month – 29.06.2020. The muddy site of the wastewater treatment ponds of Kharkiv supported Black-winged Stilts until early August. Later, the birds started post-breeding movements. The last adults with juvenile birds were observed on 13.08.2020. Stilts in some years may stay until early October. The reproductive success of the black-winged stilt increased from 35.6% (2020) to 38.8% (2021). On average, 1.3 ± 0.2 (2020) and 1.4 ± 0.3 (2021) chicks fledged from the nests. In 2021, the number of nesting stilts increased, which is apparently due to rainy weather at the beginning of the reproductive period. For the purpose of more effective protection, the nesting settlements of the stilt should be protected and the appearance of people in the nesting places should be prohibited.

Методика картографування національних парків і заповідних зон України з використанням ГІС-технологій

Aim. The aim of the work is to create a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies. The objectives of the work are to propose a technological scheme of mapping of National parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies and to describe the methodology of this mapping. Method. The first step was to search for input data and analyze them. Since the data was obtained from free online services, their geometric correction did not make sense, as they were already bound in the coordinate system WGS_1984. The following 11 layers were then vectorized: nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature parks, regional landscape parks, reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks, parks-monuments of landscape art. An attribute database with the following structure is created for each vector layer: Name – name of the protected area, Oblast – location (region of Ukraine), Area – area of the territory (ha), Type – type of protected area according to the classification. Different symbols of protected objects are designed for each vector layer. In the future, it is planned to compile an atlas of National Parks and Protected Areas of Ukraine based on the created GIS. Results. As a result of this goal, we obtained a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine, which consists of 11 vector layers according to the classification of nature reserves of Ukraine and contains 1204 objects for which the corresponding attribute tables have been created. Practical significance. The practical significance of this work is quite high, because orderly, systematized spatial and attributive information will: help in resolving issues of land management and recreation; improving management efficiency; to promote the provision and development of scientific activity; to improve the information and educational functioning of the objects of the nature reserve fund, etc.

ECO- ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS' INSURANCE AS SUPPORT AND INVESTMENT TOOL FOR ECO-ENTREPRENEURS IN NATURE RESERVE FUND

Topicality. Market changes in all fields of economy of Ukraine demand the creation of new cooperation's institutions and mechanisms between branches, including the sphere of environmental reserve affair requires transformations, which will be directed into the development not only environmentally protected, but also its ecological and economic components. Nowadays, the eco-ecological's development is insufficient and requires the introduction of investment approach to the economic relations between Nature Reserve's administrations, private sector and local communities. Insurance of eco- environmental risks will stabilize market relations in of Nature Reserve's field, reduce the business risks. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is representedeco- environmental insurance, as partnership, which can attribute economic privileges to the results of innovation activities. Our research focuses on the use of insuring eco-environmental risks'instruments, analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, both for nature reserves and for the private sector. Research results. The eco- environmental insurance, as financial and regalation institutions, can become tool for formation investment flows in the nature reserve fund industry. The instruments of eco-environmental risk's insurance will combine not only guarantees of business initiatives in theNature Reserve Fund, but also many financial and organizational benefits not only for businesses, but also for local communities, as well as for authorities and environmental institutions. Conclusion. Currently, the cooperation'smechanisms between the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, private sector, authorities and local communities should be comprehensive, combining compliance with environmental objectives and the environmentally friendly economic activities. The eco-environmental risk's insurance tools can also become a form environmentally oriented business activities, a development vector of cooperation of naturally reserved fund institutions and representatives of the private sector, who want to carry out their activities taking into account environmental imperatives and produce truly ecologically pure products, but first of all corresponding contractual mechanism must be formalized into a legal structure and an independent object of normative-legal regulation.

Biotopes mapping in the aspect of local econetworks formation on the example of the “Kreidova Flora” Nature Reserve

The article presents the results of mapping the biotopes of the “Kreidova Flora” Nature Reserve, which is one of the key areas of the eco-network of the local level of the newly created Kramatorsk district. This district includes almost entirely “Sviati Hory” National Nature Park, an object of the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine (NRF) with the highest amount of estimated points for a comprehensive assessment of sozological value, which belongs to a group of the first class. Two NRF objects (including the “Kreidova Flora” Nature Reserve) were from the group of the second class: one from the group of the third: nine from the group of the fifth class: and one from a group of the sixth class. The total number of points of the studied NRF objects of the newly created district is 465, which is a significant indicator. The key areas of the local level eco-network are the NRF with adjacent natural areas, which together form clusters. The ecological corridors of the local level are the river network of the district and the network of forest belts. As buffer zones for river-type eco-corridors, it is proposed to consider a minimum 200-meter water protection zone in accordance with Art. 87 of the Water Code of Ukraine. Restoration areas of the local econetwork of Kramatorsk district should be all areas with disturbed natural landscape (abandoned quarries, heaps), as well as abandoned agricultural lands, where it is proposed to introduce revalidation measures. The obtained maps and databases of distribution of different types of biotopes on the territory of the reserve will be the basis for its management plan, and this technique can be used within other structural elements of ecological networks. According to the same principle, it is considered necessary to conduct research in the entire study area, as well as other areas of Donetsk region.

A Cluster Analysis of Tourist Sites in the Regions of Kazakhstan

Natural and cultural sites is a basic elements of tourism development in all over the world. Kazakhstan has a significant number of objects of nature reserve fund and the historical and cultural heritage, which, along with the development of health-improving, ecological, ski tourism, also contribute to the development of ethnographic, gastronomic, cultural and educational and other types of tourism. The purpose of the study is to identify traits of the most attractive tourist destinations, as well as to study the degree of importance of natural, cultural and dual (natural and cultural) sites for target consumers. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the level of tourism development in 14 regions of Kazakhstan was carried out, using a two-step cluster analysis, the degree of significance of three types of sites for target consumers was determined. The findings of the analysis suggest that the Akmola, Almaty, East Kazakhstan and Karaganda regions are in the greatest demand among tourists. Along with this, natural sites are the most important determinants of tourism, cultural sites are the least important. Thus, tourists in Kazakhstan are more attracted by regions with a rich natural reserve fund than by historical and cultural heritage. In this regard, it is proposed to pay more attention to promoting the cultural sites of Kazakhstan. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that analyses 14 regions of Kazakhstan according to their basic tourism characteristics, identifies attractions that are underutilized, and proposes strategies to identify opportunities for the tourism industry in Kazakhstan. In this regard, its results can be very useful in justifying the feasibility of implementing the relevant regional initiatives and making a decision to reorient the efforts of interested government agencies to develop alternative types of tourism.

Формування відпаду дерев у насадженнях парку-пам’ятки садово-паркового мистецтва загальнодержавного значення «Феофанія»

Tree stand mortality in urban ecosystems indicates the influence level of biotic and abiotic factors primarily on their life state. The significance of these processes lies in the knowledge of the forest stands patterns development and their use for forecasting and assessing ecosystem services. The territories of the nature reserve fund have been taken as research sites, as significant indicators of anthropogenically altered territories. The structure of biomass and forest stands species composition was found to be associated with the growth and development of living trees and the formation of dead trees. Biotic and abiotic factors, intraspecific competition and peculiarities of local formation condition and stands growth are determined to affect the life state of the main forest-forming species directly and indirectly. It was revealed that in the medieval oak plantation, the loss of trees during the research period (2016-2020) prevailed over the increase in the stand ground phytomass. It was found that the carbon deposited amount in the forest stands aboveground phytomass reflects the unusual dynamics for the overwhelming number of territory indicators. The litter formation caused the changes in the deposited carbon structure of the research stands phytomass by tree species. It also led to an increase in the deadwood carbon pool and the onset of carbon emissions from the detritus decomposition.

Economic and ecological space “Kuyalnitskiy”: organizational and investment support for development

Introduction. Kuyalnyk estuary has a remarkable medical and health potential of national importance, its unique properties are of international value, which predetermines recognition of respective areas as protected areas. In addition, proximity of Kuyalnyk estuary to the city of Odesa causes expansion of not only cooperation vectors with representatives of business groups in Odesa region, as well as creating demand in service market at this area. However, presently, economiс-ecological potential of Kuyalnyk estuary area is not used properly, which significantly affects social and infrastructural level of this area, and decreases investment attraction of this resort.
 Aim and tasks. In this paper it is proposed to consider theoretical and methodological principles of developing ecologically oriented business activity at the stage of planning protected object: Natural National Park (NNP) “Kuyalnitskiy”; to analyze tools for cooperation with economic private sector representatives, which will ensure protected areas development as a multifunctional space.
 Results. This paper substantiates ways to develop regional program of targeted economiс-ecological support for entrepreneurial activity development in the areas of Ukrainian nature reserve fund; it is suggested implementing public-private policy that allows developing future Natural National Park “Kuyalnitskiy” as innovative area – “space” aimed at streamlining processes of nature management, creating new formats of business activity, improving ecological-economic situation in the region, creating conditions for sustainable development.
 Conclusions. Taking into account dual economic and regulatory status of Kuyalnyk estuary, it is necessary to plan such vectors of business activity that can simultaneously meet the needs of sanatoriums and have environmentally friendly format that will consider reasonable level of anthropogenic load at this area. The proximity to the city of Odesa will ensure development and market demand for various types of economic-ecological business activities, as well as appropriate level of “neighbourhood urban planning”.