Nature Of Self-regulation Research Articles

A panchromatic spatially resolved analysis of nearby galaxies – II. The main sequence – gas relation at sub-kpc scale in grand-design spirals

ABSTRACT In this work, we analyse the connection between gas availability and the position of a region with respect to the spatially resolved main-sequence (MS) relation. Following the procedure presented in Enia et al. (2020), for a sample of five face-on, grand design spiral galaxies located on the MS we obtain estimates of stellar mass and star formation rate surface densities (Σ⋆ and ΣSFR) within cells of 500 pc size. Thanks to H i 21cm and 12CO(2–1) maps of comparable resolution, within the same cells we estimate the surface densities of the atomic (ΣH i) and molecular ($\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$) gas and explore the correlations among all these quantities. Σ⋆, ΣSFR, and $\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$ define a 3D relation whose projections are the spatially resolved MS, the Kennicutt–Schmidt law and the molecular gas MS. We find that $\Sigma _{\rm {H_2}}$ steadily increases along the MS relation and is almost constant perpendicular to it. ΣH i is nearly constant along the MS and increases in its upper envelope. As a result, ΣSFR can be expressed as a function of Σ⋆ and ΣH i, following the relation log ΣSFR = 0.97log Σ⋆ + 1.99log ΣH i − 11.11. We show that the total gas fraction significantly increases towards the starburst regions, accompanied by a weak increase in star formation efficiency. Finally, we find that H2/H i varies strongly with the distance from the MS, dropping dramatically in regions of intense star formation, where the UV radiation from newly formed stars dissociates the H2 molecule, illustrating the self-regulating nature of the star formation process.

One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Struggle for Child Protection in Canadian Sport

Millions of children and adolescents around the world participate in organized sport for holistic health and developmental benefits. However, for some, sport participation is characterized by experiences of maltreatment, including forms of abuse and neglect. In Canada, efforts to address and prevent maltreatment in sport have been characterized by recurring cycles of crisis, public attention, policy response, sluggish implementation, and active resistance, with very little observable change. These cycles continue to this day. Achieving progress in child protection in Canadian sport has been hindered by the self-regulating nature of sport, funding models that prioritize performance outcomes, structures that deter athletes from reporting experiences of maltreatment, and inadequate attention to athletes’ recommendations and preventative initiatives. The culture of control that characterizes organized sport underpins these challenges to advancing child protection in sport. We propose that the establishment of a national independent body to provide safeguards against maltreatment in Canadian sport and to address this culture of control.

Design of NDI-SMC based robust hybrid nonlinear controller for load following operation in pressurized water reactor

The pressurized water reactor (PWR) is a natural choice for the load following operation due to its inherent self-regulating nature. The nonlinear mathematical model of PWR is derived considering the large parametric uncertainties due to power variation, Xenon oscillations and external disturbances in the reactor core. This paper proposes a robust and tracking hybrid nonlinear state feedback tracking controller which combines nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) and the sliding mode control (SMC) algorithm to achieve a smooth load following operation for such complex system. The proposed nonlinear controller is able to ensure satisfactory performances e.g. smooth tracking of reference power and nullify the xenon oscillations in PWR core. This designed controller is also capable to satisfy the limits of the variables like (a) zonal coolant temperature, (b) average fuel temperature and (c) external control rod reactivity for such system in PWR core during the operation. The performance of the proposed nonlinear controller is further compared with the single NDI based controller to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology against the varying parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. This paper demonstrates the simulation results using Matlab/Simulink platform.

Developing student competence through peer assessment: the role of feedback, self-regulation and evaluative judgement

How can students’ competence be developed through peer assessment? This paper focuses on how relevant variables such as participation, evaluative judgement and the quality of the assessment interact and influence peer assessment. From an analysis of 4 years of data from undergraduate classes in project management, it develops a model of causal relationships validated using the PLS-SEM method. It demonstrates relationships between these variables and considerers the influence of students’ competence and the mediating nature of feedback and self-regulation on the process. It points to how peer assessment practices can be improved whilst highlighting how evaluative judgement and feedback are two key elements that can be addressed to deliver the effective development of students’ competence.

The Structure of Self-Regulation and Its Psychological and Physical Health Correlates in Older Adults.

Self-regulation refers to effortful control over one's thoughts, emotions, choices, impulses, and behaviors, and has implications for older adults' health. Executive function, physiological, and subjective indices have all been proposed to reflect self-regulation. Pairwise associations among these indices have been previously examined; however, a self-regulation constellation encompassing all of these indices has never been tested in older adults. The present study described the relationships among indices of self-regulation and tested their between- and within-person associations with upstream personality factors (conscientiousness) and downstream psychological and physical health in 149 older adults aged 60-93 years, assessed semi-annually for five years (up to 10 waves). Indices of self-regulation were only modestly correlated with each other but were each associated with health. Better executive function was associated with better psychological and physical health between and within people, whereas higher heart rate variability was associated with psychological health within people. Better subjective self-regulation had the most between- and within-person associations with better psychological and physical health. Conscientiousness was associated with subjective self-regulation and better psychological and physical health. These findings support the non-unitary nature of self-regulation in older adults and the health relevance of each of its indices between and within older adults. The aging process may change how the indices relate to each other, and older adults may draw more on certain self-regulatory components over others, given limited resources. Subjective self-regulation may be an important final common pathway to psychological and physical health in older adults.

A self-regulating multi-torus magneto-fluidic device for kilowatt level cooling

Efficiently removing waste heat by novel cooling devices can reduce material failure and enhance service life. Magneto-fluidic cooling, which is based on the thermomagnetic convection of a ferrofluid, offers a passive, self-regulating approach for the removal of waste heat. The performance of a novel multi-torus magnetic cooling device for kilowatt level cooling was investigated. The performance was determined for a range of heat load power. Heat load cooling increased from 148 °C to 214 °C when heat load power was increased from 0.5 kW to 1 kW, respectively, demonstrating the self-regulating nature of the device. The heat load cooling performance was assessed for various magnet positions. The temperature profile of the ferrofluid along the axial and radial directions of the flow channel revealed an asymmetric temperature distribution. The transient effect of periodic magnetic field switching on the heat load temperature was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics and found to be in good agreement with the experimental findings. Simulated surface velocity vector plots revealed ferrofluid vortices near the heat load, these vortices resulted in enhanced mixing of hot and cold ferrofluid, leading to increased cooling. The thermal resistance of our multi-torus magnetic cooling device was determined analytically. The present device offers lower thermal resistance per unit length and lower ferrofluid thermal resistance per unit volume of ferrofluid compared to conventional heat pipes. A self pumping, self regulating passive heat pump, capable of kilowatt level cooling, has been fabricated and its cooling performance assessed.

Examining the interplay of affect and self regulation in the context of clinical reasoning

There is an active strand of research on how affect and self-regulatory activities influence performance and learning outcomes, but the mechanisms through which they interact during learning remain poorly understood. Additionally, these constructs have been under-researched in medical education. Using multimodal data in the context of a clinical reasoning task for medical students learning case diagnosis, we explored the temporal nature of cognition, affect, motivation, and self-regulation. With a sample of n = 10 medical students, we collected data on self-regulated learning (SRL) processes through think-aloud analyses; emotion data through facial expressions; and achievement goal orientations and habitual emotion regulation strategies through self-report questionnaires. Results from our sequential data mining techniques and quantitative analyses suggested that high-performing medical students (who arrived at an accurate diagnosis) differed from low-performing students (who did not arrive at correct diagnosis): Low performers reported higher performance goal orientation, and expressed more emotions overall, than high performers. High performers exhibited marginally more monitoring SRL behaviours, while low performers tended to orient and reorient throughout the task. High and low performers also differed on the co-occurrences of, and sequential transitions between, emotions and SRL behaviours. The implications of these findings with respect to research and medical education are discussed.

Modeling temporal self-regulatory processing in a higher education biology course

The scientific literacy and conceptual understanding demands of the 21st century have necessitated fundamental changes in science education, including changes from traditional lecture to more active learning pedagogies. The affordances of such pedagogies can benefit students, but only when they are able to enact effective and efficient self-regulated learning processing. More research is needed to understand how and when students should self-regulate during science learning, as well as how to help those students who struggle to do so. In this study, we leveraged multimodal online interaction trace data from 408 college students enrolled in an introductory biology class to investigate the temporal nature of self-regulation during science education. Using latent profile analyses, we found differences in self-regulatory processing predicted course performance, with implications for the development of systems for identifying and supporting students who are likely to struggle in active learning science education environments.

Pipe-work optimization of water flow window

Water flow window has been demonstrated an energy-efficient product that benefits both air conditioning and hot water systems. Its thermal performance was found affected much by the design geometry and system configuration. For those based on buoyant-driven flow, liquid water is at very slow movement; the magnitude depends on the overall flow-path friction loss and hence the connecting-pipe arrangement. In this study, the impacts of such recirculating pipe-work have been examined extensively. Firstly, experiment tests were executed to evaluate the system performances with and without distribution headers. Then their thermal and flow characteristics were compared using CFD analysis. Further on, the impacts of connecting-pipe dimensions were examined through the use of a validated FORTRAN program. The optimal pipe size was determined accordingly. It was found that without headers, more uniform temperature distribution close to the glazing surfaces could be achieved. The system thermal efficiency could be improved by around 5%. On the other hand, the variation in room heat gain was found around 1%, as a result of the self-regulating nature of the buoyant-driven flow. For the given window system, an optimal pipe size of 20–25 mm is recommended.

The effects of students’ self-regulation on translation quality

Abstract The article is an attempt to enter into the area of metacognitive translation studies – or metacognitive translator studies – that has so far received scant coverage, and devote closer attention to the translator’s self-regulatory activity. Self-regulation seems crucial in the development of translation expertise, “especially outside of optimally structured work environments, training academies, and other places with defined translation workflows and opportunities for feedback” (Shreve 2006: 32). The article focuses on the role and nature of self-regulation in translator training. Having identified the issues that emerge from educational theories for translator training, the author analyses the approaches to metacognition in the area of translation education. In an attempt to contribute to the discussion of the multifaceted nature of translator competence, the author investigates the correlation between translation trainees’ self-regulatory activity and the quality of their translation as reflected in their translation grades.

VO2-based thermally active low emissivity coatings

Vanadium dioxide is one of the likeliest candidates for future smart window applications due to its self-regulating nature and potentially simple implementation. However, the material is plagued with multiple drawbacks which need to be addressed before its commercialization. Amongst these, its low luminous transmittance has been the subject of many studies. In the present work, we propose to integrate a VO2 film into a traditional silver-containing low emissivity coating architecture. We first model and discuss the theoretical performance of such a coating in comparison with more standard configurations and demonstrate that the addition of silver offers many advantages for thin VO2 coatings; mainly an increase of luminous transmittance due to the presence of antireflective coatings while maintaining a high solar transmittance variation vs. temperature. The latter is shown to be the result of a displacement of the maximum transmission variation to lower wavelengths where the solar intensity is higher. We then fabricate prototype samples which confirm the predicted performance. Indeed, a silver-containing sample based on the following architecture Si3N4 [57 nm] | VO2 [27 nm] | Ag [11 nm] | Si3N4 [66 nm] is shown to possess the unique combination of a high luminous transmittance of 58.2% in its low temperature state, a solar transmittance variation of 7.1% with the added benefit of a low emissivity of 10%.

Self-regulation and the development of literacy and language achievement from preschool through second grade

Previous research has established that higher levels of behavioral self-regulation are associated with higher levels of language and literacy. In this study, we take a more developmental perspective by considering how trajectories of self-regulation development (early, intermediate, late) predict the way literacy and language skills develop from preschool through second grade. Children (n = 351) were assessed twice per year for up to four years on indicators of decoding, reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and vocabulary. Using non-linear growth curve models, we found that children who demonstrated self-regulation earlier had higher language and literacy skills throughout preschool to second grade. More specifically, earlier self-regulation trajectories were associated with both higher levels and earlier development of both decoding and reading comprehension, but not faster development. Children with early self-regulation trajectories developed phonological awareness earlier than those with late self-regulation trajectories. Finally, children with early self-regulation trajectories had higher levels of vocabulary than children with intermediate trajectories, but did not differ on the rate or timing of vocabulary development. Findings point to the enduring and interconnected nature of self-regulation and children’s language and literacy development.

Nonequilibrium transition and pattern formation in a linear reaction-diffusion system with self-regulated kinetics.

We consider a reaction-diffusion system with linear, stochastic activator-inhibitor kinetics where the time evolution of concentration of a species at any spatial location depends on the relative average concentration of its neighbors. This self-regulating nature of kinetics brings in spatial correlation between the activator and the inhibitor. An interplay of this correlation in kinetics and disparity of diffusivities of the two species leads to symmetry breaking non-equilibrium transition resulting in stationary pattern formation. The role of initial noise strength and the linear reaction terms has been analyzed for pattern selection.

Non linear Dynamic Inversion based controller design for load following operations in Pressurized Water Reactors with bounded Xenon oscillations

Nuclear Power Plants mostly act as base-load stations mainly because of constraints on rate of reactivity addition. In order that such plants operate as commercially viable entities, it is necessary that they are capable of operating as load following stations. The inherently self-regulating nature of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) makes it a natural choice for load followers. However, this entails an associated problem of periodic variation in spatial concentrations of the burnable neutron poison Xenon which alters the spatial flux profile substantially within the reactor core, and this phenomenon is known as Xenon oscillation. This paper proposes a nonlinear controller design methodology based on Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) which is coupled with constrained optimization to develop a tracking controller that achieves load following operation of a PWR over a wide range of reactor power with no Xenon oscillations and satisfies the operational constraints of the reactor imposed by reactivity worth of the control devices and allowable fuel and coolant temperatures.

An Interval Approach to Nonlinear Controller Design for Load-Following Operation of a Small Modular Pressurized Water Reactor

A pressurized water reactor (PWR) is most suitable for load-following operation because of its self-regulating nature. However, rapid power maneuvering at an enhanced rate is heavily constrained by the overall power coefficient of reactivity which depends on both the reactor neutronics and thermal hydraulics. In this paper, a 100 MWe PWR module with an integrated steam generator, is modeled using the nonlinear equations representing both the neutronics and thermal hydraulics. Such a PWR is typically an integrated structure with a steam generator included in the same casing and can either be connected to the grid or connected with other such modules using a multimodular approach to constitute a Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) driving a common turbine and an alternator. In this paper, Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) technique is used to design a controller capable of controlling such a reactor for load-following with frequent changes in demand, in both the modes of operation, namely, reactor-follow-turbine and turbine-follow-reactor. With the assumption that the parameters of the reactor vary within intervals as the power varies, an interval approach coupled with NDI ensures that the controller satisfies the operating constraints. The methodology is established for both the modes with credible real-time Hardware-in-Loop (HiL) simulations.

Children's Self-Regulation in Cultural Contexts: The Role of Parental Socialization Theories, Goals, and Practices.

Self-regulation is a complex multidimensional construct which has been approached mainly in Western cultural contexts. The present contribution examines the importance of considering the culture-sensitive nature of self-regulation by reviewing theory and research on the development of children’s self-regulation in different cultural contexts. This review of theory and research allows to suggest that widely shared values in a cultural group influence parental socialization theories, goals, and practices, which in turn have an impact on how children learn to self-regulate, the forms of self-regulation they develop, and the goals associated with self-regulation. Thus, this article concludes that more specific research is required to relate both the developmental and the cultural aspects of children’s self-regulation.

An Evaluation of the Self-Regulation of Promotional Competitions in South Africa

Promotional competitions are competitions in which prizes are awarded by lot or chance in order to promote goods or services. In order to protect participants and consumers against abuse, these competitions are usually regulated by gambling or consumer protection legislation. However, the relevant legislation is often complemented by self-regulation, which is the focus of this contribution.
 Self-regulation entails the regulation or governing of an industry by the role players in that industry. This article commences by explaining the relevant terminology and exploring self-regulation in general, including the various forms of self-regulation and the binding force thereof. The nature of self-regulation is discussed together with the advantages and challenges associated with this form of regulation. This is followed by some examples of self-regulation on a global level in order to provide a comparative perspective on the topic. The provisions of the International Chamber of Commerce’s Consolidated Code of Advertising and Marketing Communications Practice are summarised and the European Advertising Standards Alliance’s role in self-regulation is considered. Attention is also given to the relevant industry codes in the United Kingdom in view of the comprehensive way in which promotional competitions are covered by the self-regulation in that country.
 The main part of the article centres on the self-regulatory position in South Africa. The brief overview of the role and function of the Advertising Standards Authority of South Africa (ASASA) is provided. The provisions of the ASASA’s Code of Advertising Practice are then examined and some ASASA rulings are discussed in order to illustrate the relevant principles. Thereafter, the focus shifts to the Code of Conduct of the Wireless Application Service Providers’ Association, which contains detailed provisions relating to promotional competitions. Some relevant rulings are also considered. In conclusion, comments are made regarding the current state of the self-regulation of promotional competitions in South Africa.

NIHAO XII: galactic uniformity in a ΛCDM universe

We use a sample of 83 high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations and a semi-analytic model (SAM) to study the stochasticity of galaxy formation in haloes ranging from dwarf to Milky Way masses. Our simulated galaxies reproduce the observed inefficiency of galaxy formation as expressed through the stellar, gas and baryonic Tully–Fisher relations. For H i velocities in the range (70 ≲ V ≲ 220 km s−1), the scatter is just 0.08 to 0.14 dex, consistent with the observed intrinsic scatter at these scales. At low velocities (20 ≲ V ≲ 70 km s−1), the simulated scatter is 0.2–0.25 dex, which could be tested with future observations. The scatter in the stellar mass versus dark halo velocity relation is constant for 30 ≲ V ≲ 180 km s− 1, and smaller (≃0.17 dex) when using the maximum circular velocity of the dark-matter-only simulation, |$V_{\rm max}^{\rm DMO}$| , compared to the virial velocity (V200 or |$V_{200}^{\rm DMO}$|⁠). The scatter in stellar mass is correlated with halo concentration, and is minimized when using a circular velocity at a fixed fraction of the virial radius ≃0.4R200 or with |$V_{\alpha }=V_{200}^{\rm DMO} (V_{\rm max}^{\rm DMO}/V_{200}^{\rm DMO})^\alpha$| with α ≃ 0.7, consistent with constraints from halo clustering. Using the SAM we show the correlation between halo formation time and concentration is essential in order to reproduce this result. This uniformity in galaxy formation efficiency we see in our hydrodynamical simulations and an SAM proves the simplicity and self-regulating nature of galaxy formation in a Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) universe.

The nature of self-regulation in photosynthetic light-harvesting antenna.

The photosynthetic apparatus of green plants is well known for its extremely high efficiency that allows them to operate under dim light conditions. On the other hand, intense sunlight may result in overexcitation of the light-harvesting antenna and the formation of reactive compounds capable of 'burning out' the whole photosynthetic unit. Non-photochemical quenching is a self-regulatory mechanism utilized by green plants on a molecular level that allows them to safely dissipate the detrimental excess excitation energy as heat. Although it is believed to take place in the plant's major light-harvesting complexes (LHC) II, there is still no consensus regarding its molecular nature. To get more insight into its physical origin, we performed high-resolution time-resolved fluorescence measurements of LHCII trimers and their aggregates across a wide temperature range. Based on simulations of the excitation energy transfer in the LHCII aggregate, we associate the red-emitting state, having fluorescence maximum at ∼700 nm, with the partial mixing of excitonic and chlorophyll-chlorophyll charge transfer states. On the other hand, the quenched state has a totally different nature and is related to the incoherent excitation transfer to the short-lived carotenoid excited states. Our results also show that the required level of photoprotection in vivo can be achieved by a very subtle change in the number of LHCIIs switched to the quenched state.

Exploring Reidentification Risk: Is Anonymisation a Promise we can Keep?

The anonymisation of personal data has multiple purposes within research: as a marker of ethical practice, a means of reducing regulation and as a safeguard for protecting respondent privacy. However, the growing capabilities of technology to gather and analyse data have raised concerns over the potential reidentification of anonymised datasets. This has sparked a wide-ranging debate among both academic researchers and policy makers as to whether anonymisation can continue to be relied upon. This debate has the potential to create important implications for market research. This paper analyses the key arguments both for and against anonymisation as an effective tool given the changing technological environment. We consider the future position of anonymisation and question whether anonymisation can retain its key role given the potential impact on both respondent trust and the nature of self-regulation within market research.