Nature Of Restrictions Research Articles

Regulatory Innovations for Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests--Towards Flexibility

The aim of the article is to identify and analyse innovative statutory regulation to address the challenges of biodiversity conservation, especially in relation to private forests. Four countries (Finland, Sweden, France and Australia) are scanned for innovative approaches and the identified instruments are classified into five categories according to the level and intensity of government interference. Advantages and drawbacks of the different instrument types related to their effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, fairness and acceptability are examined from a theoretical point of view. Compared to traditional measures of nature conservation, the examined innovative instruments provide for more flexibility relating to the nature of restrictions, scope, implementation or adjustability. This is aimed at improving acceptability among regulatees while upholding various degrees of government interference. On the basis of our analysis, innovations to address specific biodiversity challenges may be identified and new solutions developed.

Mariner -Based Transposon Mutagenesis of Rickettsia prowazekii

Rickettsia prowazekii, the causative agent of epidemic typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that grows directly within the cytoplasm of its host cell, unbounded by a vacuolar membrane. The obligate intracytoplasmic nature of rickettsial growth places severe restrictions on the genetic analysis of this distinctive human pathogen. In order to expand the repertoire of genetic tools available for the study of this pathogen, we have employed the versatile mariner-based, Himar1 transposon system to generate insertional mutants of R. prowazekii. A transposon containing the R. prowazekii arr-2 rifampin resistance gene and a gene coding for a green fluorescent protein (GFP(UV)) was constructed and placed on a plasmid expressing the Himar1 transposase. Electroporation of this plasmid into R. prowazekii resulted in numerous transpositions into the rickettsial genome. Transposon insertion sites were identified by rescue cloning, followed by DNA sequencing. Random transpositions integrating at TA sites in both gene coding and intergenic regions were identified. Individual rickettsial clones were isolated by the limiting-dilution technique. Using both fixed and live-cell techniques, R. prowazekii transformants expressing GFP(UV) were easily visible by fluorescence microscopy. Thus, a mariner-based system provides an additional mechanism for generating rickettsial mutants that can be screened using GFP(UV) fluorescence.

The cobweb, borrowing and financial crises

Studies of non-linear cobweb models have failed to address a fundamental issue: whether the complex dynamical behavior displayed by such models is consistent with the survival of producers. This paper shows that where borrowing is unconstrained, as is implicitly assumed in standard cobweb models, borrowing results in financial crises. Incorporating constraints on borrowing is needed to salvage cobweb models. Industry performance (in terms both of profitability and of the incidence of bankruptcies) is highly sensitive to the nature of such credit restrictions.

Dissecting the Rickettsia prowazekii Genome: Genetic and Proteomic Approaches

The obligate nature of Rickettsia prowazekii intracellular growth places severe restrictions on the analysis of rickettsial gene function and gene expression. Fortunately, this situation is improving as methods for the genetic manipulation and proteomic analysis of this fascinating human pathogen become available. In this paper, we review the current status of rickettsial genetics and the isolation of rickettsial mutants using a genetic approach. In addition, the examination of rickettsial gene expression through characterization of the rickettsial proteome will be described. This will include a description of a high-throughput, accurate mass approach that has identified 596 rickettsial proteins in a complex rickettsial protein sample.

The EU Offer of Service Trade Liberalization in the Doha Round: Evidence of a Not-Yet-Perfect Customs Union*

While the EU is a customs union in merchandise trade (goods), it has not yet reached this stage of integration in service trade. Trade policies between individual Member States and non-Member States vary in services. Given the remaining national sovereignties in regulating service trade against other EU Member States also, the EU is not yet even a free trade area. How far the EU is from a customs union in service trade is very difficult to assess because of the non-quantitative nature of trade restrictions in this sector. This article gives a first hint of the distance from a customs union by calculating frequency indices of trade measures by refining the 1995 Hoekman index. The database is the EU's first offer in service trade in the WTO Doha round in February 2003. It emerges that the deviation from a customs union is not substantial, but still exists because of differences in national policies against non-Member States which are particularly relevant in the mode of supply via labour flows. Inter alia, policy measures comprise economic needs tests, residence and nationality criteria. The article concludes that there is reason to assume that, in the course of the Doha round negotiations, some if not most of the national measures will be given up. Therefore, multilateral trade negotiations will be instrumental in bringing the EU to a complete customs union as happened in goods trade between 1958 and 1968 when the Dillon and Kennedy rounds helped to complete the customs union in industrial goods.

Employment restrictions among persons with ICD-10 anxiety disorders: characteristics from a population survey

Disability, employment, and employment restrictions among persons with ICD-10 anxiety disorders were investigated at a population level in comparison to persons without disability or long-term health conditions. Data were provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) collected in a 1998 national survey. Multistage sampling obtained a probability sample of 37,580 individuals in the household component of the survey. Trained lay interviewers using ICD-10 computer-assisted interviews identified household residents with anxiety disorders. Details of employment restrictions are reported and discussed. The four most commonly reported restrictions were: restricted in the type of job (24.0%); need for a support person (23.3%); difficulty changing jobs (18.6%); and restricted in the number of hours (15.4%). The nature and extent of employment restrictions characterizing persons with anxiety disorders indicates a need for strengthened disability and health condition screening at application for Government income support and at gateways to public funded vocational assistance.

Audiological Rehabilitation in a Residential Aged Care Facility

The aims of the study reported in this article were to (i) investigate the levels of hearing impairment, activity limitations and participation restrictions in the residents of an aged care facility; (ii) assess the communication environment of the facility; and (iii) describe the implementation and outcomes of a holistic, communication- focused approach to the audiological rehabilitation of residents. Fifteen residents (aged 79 to 99 years) were recruited to this study. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using pure-tone audiometry as a measure of impairment, self-report measures of activity limitations and participation restrictions, and a modified version of the Communication Environment Assessment and Planning Guide to examine environmental factors. Interventions were administered both at the level of the individual as well as the wider communication environment. Results indicated that 14 of the 15 residents were hearing impaired, with four experiencing significant levels of activity limitations and participation restrictions. A moderate correlation was obtained between impairment and activity limitations/participation restrictions. Eight participants were assessed post-intervention; although activity limitations/participation restrictions scores did not show any significant differences, qualitative data indicated some of the benefits of the program. The study not only supported previous findings on the nature of hearing impairment, activity limitations and participation restrictions in residents of aged care facilities, but also importantly highlighted the difficulties faced by clinicians and researchers working in this environment.

Contractualism and Deontic Restrictions

Previous articleNext article No AccessContractualism and Deontic Restrictions*Jeffrey Brand‐BallardJeffrey Brand‐Ballard Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 114, Number 2January 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/379354 Views: 120Total views on this site Citations: 11Citations are reported from Crossref © 2004 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Victor Mardellat Contractualism and the paradox of deontology, Philosophical Studies 177, no.1212 (Jan 2020): 3749–3774.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-019-01406-wJussi Suikkanen Contractualism, 66 (Apr 2020).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108670814Krzysztof Saja , Diametros ( 2019): 1.https://doi.org/10.33392/diam.1296Michelle Kosch Agency and Self-Sufficiency in Fichte's Ethics, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 91, no.22 (Mar 2014): 348–380.https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12085Adam Hosein Contractualism, Politics, and Morality, Acta Analytica 28, no.44 (Jul 2013): 495–508.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12136-013-0198-0Paul Hurley Deontology, (Feb 2013).https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee681Barbara H. Fried Can Contractualism Save Us from Aggregation?, The Journal of Ethics 16, no.11 (Oct 2011): 39–66.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-011-9113-3Mark Kelman, Tamar Admati Kreps Playing with Trolleys (I): Intuitions About Aggregation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2138475Nicholas Southwood Moral Contractualism, Philosophy Compass 4, no.66 (Dec 2009): 926–937.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00256.xDAVID CUMMISKEY Dignity, Contractualism and Consequentialism, Utilitas 20, no.0404 (Nov 2008): 383.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820808003233David Alm Deontological Restrictions and the Self/Other Asymmetry, Noûs 42, no.44 (Nov 2008): 642–672.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2008.00695.x

More than words? The status and impact of smoking policies in Scottish schools.

The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of smoking policies in Scottish schools, and the relationship between policy status, enforcement of smoking restrictions and perceptions of smoking behaviour among pupils and teachers. A representative sample of 15-year-old school pupils from 77 Scottish secondary schools was surveyed in 1998 regarding their perceptions of smoking in several locations within and outside the school building. Two staff members from each school were also surveyed regarding school smoking policies for pupils and teachers, the nature of the school's smoking restrictions, and the extent to which the restrictions were enforced. The results showed that more schools had a written policy on teacher smoking than on pupil smoking. All schools in the sample banned smoking by pupils, but the majority allowed smoking by teachers in restricted areas. Irrespective of the type of policy or restrictions on smoking, pupils reported seeing smoking among both pupils and teachers on school premises in all of the sample schools. Whether or not a school had a written policy appeared to be unrelated to pupil smoking in the toilets or teacher smoking outdoors on school premises. However, pupils were less likely to be aware of pupils smoking outdoors and teachers smoking in the staff rooms in schools where there were written policies on pupil and teacher smoking, respectively. Consistent enforcement of a ban on pupil smoking was associated with lower levels of perceived smoking among pupils. Where a complete ban on teacher smoking existed, smoking among teachers was seen less often in the staff rooms, but more often in outside areas on school premises. The results have implications for the use of policy in promoting a healthy school environment.

221 The psychophysiology of workplace phobia

Disability, employment, and employment restrictions among persons with ICD-10 anxiety disorders were investigated at a population level in comparison to persons without disability or long-term health conditions. Data were provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) collected in a 1998 national survey. Multistage sampling obtained a probability sample of 37,580 individuals in the household component of the survey. Trained lay interviewers using ICD-10 computer-assisted interviews identified household residents with anxiety disorders. Details of employment restrictions are reported and discussed. The four most commonly reported restrictions were: restricted in the type of job (24.0%); need for a support person (23.3%); difficulty changing jobs (18.6%); and restricted in the number of hours (15.4%). The nature and extent of employment restrictions characterizing persons with anxiety disorders indicates a need for strengthened disability and health condition screening at application for Government income support and at gateways to public funded vocational assistance.

Structural VAR, MARMA and Open Economy Models

The objective of this paper is to examine the recent literature on the standard open economy macro paradigm. Since there are many aspects to this literature, we concentrate on issues regarding the nature of restrictions imposed in order to gain identification, the general problem of identification in the context of the standard structural VAR (SVAR) or structural MARMA (SMARMA) model employed for that purpose, the question of whether forward looking (rational) expectations (FLE) are more in accord with empirical evidence than the standard backward looking (rational) expectational (BLE) schemes and, finally, whether the results one obtains are invariant to the choice of model specification as SVAR or SMARMA.

Managing international migration in developing countries.

IOM’s research project on emigration dynamics in developing countries, launched in 1993, brought together teams of researchers in four regions of the developing world: Sub‐Saharan Africa; South Asia; the Arab region; and Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The article reports the findings of team members as reported to, and discussed by, 180 participants, including those from 57 governments, at IOM’s twelfth Migration Seminar held in Geneva during April 1997.The research had been carried out under a common conceptual framework which addressed emigration dynamics through changing economic, demographic, political and ecological circumstances in each country or subregion; the role of networks already established between persons in sending and receiving countries; and the nature of entry restrictions imposed by receiving countries.A central objective of the research was to try and measure interaction between the variables in specific country and subregional situations and, as far as possible, provide results that could assist policy makers in both developing and developed countries. This objective had been facilitated by workshops held in each region during 1995–96 comprising researchers, officials and policy makers.Although economic, demographic, political and ecological circumstances varied considerably between countries in the four regions, conference delegates agreed that the approach adopted by the researchers, including contact with officials and policy makers, had provided new insights into the emigration dynamics process.Recommendations made during conference discussions included the need to establish an effective system of migration information exchange between and across regions; that on the basis of results achieved so far research on emigration dynamics should be continued and broadened; and that there should be sustained dialogue between policy makers, officials, researchers and NGOs.

Efficient Estimation of Linear Asset-Pricing Models With Moving Average Errors

This paper explores in depth the nature of the conditional moment restrictions implied by log-linear intertemporal capital asset pricing models (ICAPMs) and shows that the generalized instrumental variables (GMM) estimators of these models (as typically implemented in practice) are inefficient. The moment conditions in the presence of temporally aggregated consumption are derived for two log-linear ICAPMs. The first is a continuous time model in which agents maximize expected utility. In the context of this model, we show that there are important asymmetries between the implied moment conditions for infinitely and finitely-lived securities. The second model assumes that agents maximize non-expected utility, and leads to a very similar econometric relation for the return on the wealth portfolio. Then we describe the efficiency bound (greatest lower bound for the asymptotic variances) of the CNN estimators of the preference parameters in these models. In addition, we calculate the efficient CNN estimators that attain this bound. Finally, we assess the gains in precision from using this optimal CNN estimator relative to the commonly used inefficient CMN estimators.

Efficient Estimation of Linear Asset-Pricing Models with Moving Average Errors

This paper explores in depth the nature of the conditional moment restrictions implied by log-linear intertemporal capital asset pricing models (ICAPMs) and shows that the generalized instrumental variables (GMM) estimators of these models (as typically implemented in practice) are inefficient. The moment conditions in the presence of temporally aggregated consumption are derived for two log-linear ICAPMs. The first is a continuous time model in which agents maximize expected utility. In the context of this model, we show that there are important asymmetries between the implied moment conditions for infinitely and finitely-lived securities. The second model assumes that agents maximize non-expected utility, and leads to a very similar econometric relation for the return on the wealth portfolio. Then we describe the efficiency bound (greatest lower bound for the asymptotic variances) of the CNN estimators of the preference parameters in these models. In addition, we calculate the efficient CNN estimators that attain this bound. Finally, we assess the gains in precision from using this optimal CNN estimator relative to the commonly used inefficient CMN estimators.

Nullity Restrictions and Comparative Static Analysis

While homogeneity restrictions of optimal choice functions are well known in the context of neoclassical economic theory, the existence and implications of homogeneity-like restrictions in more general optimization models have not received much attention in the literature. The authors call such restrictions restrictions since they involve the null space of the matrix of slopes of choice functions. The existence, nature, and implications of nullity restrictions are investigated in the context of a general optimization problem. This contributes to closing a major gap in the analysis of the implications of optimization for economic behavior. Copyright 1992 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.

Urban Children's Access to their Neighborhood

One New York City neighborhood was investigated to determine changes in its children's use of local public space between 1915 and 1976. Twenty-nine adults were interviewed on their experiences there as children. In addition, such archival sources as U.S. census reports were consulted for demographic changes. The interviews were content analyzed to detect changes over time in various aspects of children's activities. Substantial changes were detected in (a) the age at which children were first allowed outdoors without supervision, (b) the number and quality of settings visited, (c) the number and nature of environmental obstacles, (d) the number and nature of parent-imposed restrictions, and (e) the number of professionally supervised activities undertaken. It was found that both the degree to which the neighborhood environment was supportive of children's play and children's access to their neighborhood have declined substantially since the 1940s.

The Multinational Enterprise and Restrictive Conditions in International Technology Transfer: Some New Australian Evidence

The paper reports the results of a survey of 393 Australian firms regarding their access to overseas-sourced technology and the extent and nature of restrictions attached to technology transfer. The results suggest that Australian firms are not generally subject to widespread binding restrictions attached to technology sourced from overseas. Furthermore, with the exception of restrictions on technology re-licensing, there is no significant difference between foreign- and domestically-owned firms in the incidence of restrictions. THIS NOTE reports the results of a survey of 393 Australian firms, both domestic and foreign-owned enterprises in the manufacturing, mining and construction sectors, regarding their access to overseas technology and the extent and nature of restrictions attached to technology transfer. Information was obtained on the access to overseas technology by a sample of innovating companies in Australian industry. The information covers the extent of general access to overseas-sourced know-how and the importance of restrictions attached to overseas-sourced know-how. The sample includes subsidiaries of foreign firms (based on a specified definition of an overseas controlling interest) as well as domestically-owned firms. Details of the sample are set out in the Appendix.

Polytypism in CdI2: A Consequence of Restrictions in Close‐packed Arrangements

AbstractBased on theoretical and experimental observations, it has been established that the polytypes 2H and 4H act as basic structural units as regard to the formation of CdI2 polytypes. As a result of this, some general rules have been formulated which help understand (i) the nature of restrictions in the close‐packed arrangements and to deduce the genuine CdI2 polytypes, and (ii) the classification of CdI2 polytypes into various possible groups. This further helps to conclude that (i) the CdI2 polytypes are simply a consequence of restrictions in the close‐packed arrangements, (ii) the concept of stacking fault is superfluous as far as the formation of ordered polytypes are concerned, and (iii) the identification of CdI2 polytypes on the basis of intensity data has limited implications unless some practical use of polytypes are found.

Chapter 14 Phenotypic Diversification in Neural Crestderived Cells: The Time and Stability of Commitment During Early Development

Publisher Summary One of the most important issues in developmental biology is the way phenotypic differences arise and become stabilized in the cell lineages of multicellular embryos. To address this problem, the developmental abilities of individual cells must be studied and, at the same time, the extent of stable, propagable restrictions in developmental ability should be determined with certainity. In addition, it is important to establish when and under what conditions such restrictions are imposed on a cell or its progeny. To determine whether cellular metaplasia (“transdifferentiation”) accounts for the observed changes in tissue phenotype and to examine the possibility that the program of the use of genetic determinants in individual cells has actually been altered, one or more of the following criteria must first be satisfied: the adventitious phenotype must be expressed either (1) in postmitotic cells, (2) in cells clonally derived from a progenitor cell expressing another phenotype, or (3) in cells that simultaneously express traits characteristic of a different cell type (as revealed by suitable dual-marking procedures). In general, the phenomenon of metaplasia has led to two important generalizations. First, metaplasia appears under conditions that involve the destabilization of tissues accompanying cell proliferation and migration—that is, the conditions that exist in embryonic, regenerating, and neoplastic tissues. Second, the diversity of cellular phenotypes arising by metaplasia often appears to be limited to the characteristic of the “parental” tissue lineage. Therefore, a systematic analysis of metaplasia, using experimental material in which the three criteria listed above can be satisfied, might ultimately provide useful insights into the nature and extent of genomic restrictions that normally lead progressively from pluripotent embryonic cell populations to intermediate cells in a developmental lineage and finally to apparently terminally differentiated cells.

The nature of restrictions in the binding site of rhodopsin. A model study

The nature of restrictions in the binding site of rhodopsin. A model study