Nature Of Residents Research Articles

Household’s Characteristics and Learning Poverty: An Empirical Study

‘Learning poverty’ among school students is a cause of concern. Studies of family effects on students’ learning outcomes in the context of North-eastern region of India and Meghalaya are significantly lacking. The present study is about ‘learning poverty’ and its relationship with household characteristics such as household-income, parents’ educational level, parents’ occupation, nature of residence and number of siblings in the context of the Khasi–Jantia tribes of Meghalaya, which follows a matrilineal system. From the field experiment conducted on 407 students of classes 9 and 10 from 15 randomly selected schools from Shillong and Jowai towns, the findings indicate that ‘learning poverty’ is significantly higher in proportion for students belonging to the lower household-income groups. Besides low household-income, low level of parents’ education, not having and staying in one’s own house, higher number of siblings and parents’ occupation in low-end wage employment have emerged as critical factors responsible for the presence of ‘learning poverty’. The study recommends that policymakers and school management consider family effects seriously and work with parents from poor households to improve learning outcomes, mitigating the menace of ‘learning poverty’ on the society. However, the results of the study need to be examined with one caveat that it has not taken into consideration the school effects, which could too impact learning outcomes. JEL Codes: I240, I250, I210

Role of maternal non-transport pro-environmental behaviors in adolescents’ travel-to-school mode choices

This study investigates in UK context the relationship between adolescents’ choice of sustainable transport modes (e.g. active transport like walking or cycling and public transport like buses or subways) for their journey to school and maternal non-transport pro-environmental behaviors, such as energy conservation and environmentally friendly purchases, as well as its temporal changes. Data from waves 4 and 10 of the UK Understanding Society survey were separately analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to explore the relationship between frequency of mothers’ non-transport pro-environmental behaviors and adolescents’ sustainable transport to school. Additionally, to understand changes in the strength of this relationship over time, a regression analysis was conducted examining the interaction of mothers’ non-transport pro-environmental behaviors with the survey year. Findings indicate substantial correlations between an array of variables including adolescents’ age, ethnicity, mothers’ occupational and transport behaviors, the number of cars owned by the household, and the nature of residence (urban vs rural), with the adolescents’ active or public transport choice to school, consistently across both waves. As the primary focus of the study, a positive relationship between mothers’ non-transport pro-environmental behaviors and adolescents’ public transport to school is found, although the strength of this relationship declined over time. Importantly, more easily observable mothers’ non-transport pro-environmental behaviors holds a stronger strength of correlation with adolescents’ use of public transport to school, compared to maternal psychological factors like pro-environmental attitudes. Hence, encouraging a range of sustainable behaviors among mothers is crucial to promote adolescents’ public transport to school.

Consumers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Regarding Functional Food Products-A Survey from Selected Areas of Sri Lanka

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of demographical variables (gender, age, education level, study area, nature of residence, residential milieu, suffering from non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and monthly household income) on the consumption frequency of mostly available processed food products with health benefits (functional food products-FF) in Sri Lankan market. Consumers’ knowledge of the health-promoting ability of FF, attitude on FF choices, and behaviors on FF consumption were also analyzed. Research Method: A questionnaire was completed by 303 individuals (60.40% females, 39.60% males, and 83.17% of the total having a diploma/degree) from the Western, Central, Southern, Sabaragamuwa, and Uwa provinces. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient assessed the reliability of the questionnaire and Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to examine the independence among qualitative variables. The Likert scale numbers were transformed to means and articulated the weights of the study variables. The Correlation analysis was carried out to find the association between Consumers' knowledge and attitudes regarding FF. Findings: The age, education level, and NCDs of the respondents were significantly affected (p<0.05) in the FF consumption frequency of the selected sample. The population between the ages of 18-34 who have a diploma/degree and no NCDs was more likely to consume FFs. However, most of them have no clear idea and were not sure of the curing ability of FFs or their bioactive ingredients. They were not always thinking about healthiness while purchasing. Consumers' knowledge and attitudes regarding FF observed a positive correlation (P<0.01). The results showed that tea/herbal infusions were the most preferred FF type by the respondents. As per the responses, less awareness was a significant barrier to consuming FFs. Research Limitations: The respondents in this study were biased toward the young age group with a diploma/degree. Originality/Value: These findings provide valuable information concerning Sri Lankan consumers’ behavior and attitudes toward FF consumption. The knowledge can be utilized in future FF development processes.

DOES DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR AFFECT TOURIST BEHAVIOUR? FINDINGS FROM THE RELIGIOUS SITE OF JAGANNATH DHAM, INDIA

According to a report by UNWTO 'Asia and the pacific region' is considered as the core of the world's religious tourism as half of the world's religious voyages take place in this region only. In this context the 'Great India temples' play a major role in attracting crores of pilgrims along with the tourists of varied interests. These tourists exhibit different types of behaviour during their travel. As the behaviour is largely dependent upon the tourists' nature (belief, trust, motivation), place of residence, state, age, education etc, hence analyzing the same will help the Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) for 'planning, development and marketing' of its products and services in a better way. The current research intends to find out the demographic profile of the tourists visiting Jagannath Dham, Puri (India) and analyse the 'socio-religious behaviour' of the tourists from their demographic characteristics to provide suggestive measures for the development of the destination. The responses from the tourists (404) were collected through a structured questionnaire via convenience sampling. Initially, the demographic profile was analysed through percentage analysis and later the behavioural analysis was carried out by testing the instrument's reliability through (α), and the sample's adequacy via KMO & Bartlett's test. Later the factors were reduced via PCA and analysed through Levene's test, ANOVA & Post-Hoc tests. From the analysis, it was observed that behavioural characteristics are significantly associated only with the 'state of the residence' and 'nature of residence' of the travelers. Whereas other demographic factors like age, education, gender, and marital status are not significantly affecting the tourist behaviour. The results revealed that people from 'all age groups' show a very little dependency on the temple staff but 'moderate to high interest' in local culture. While metropolitan tourists don't show much desire in partaking Mahaprashada (the religious food offering of the temple), the rural people are less 'adhering to rituals' in comparison to the metropolitan and semi-urban tourists. Apart from this, there were few other revelations based on which suggestions have been given which were if implemented will certainly result in attracting more number of tourist to the destination.

Latent Tuberculosis Infection Status of Pregnant Women in Uganda Determined Using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus.

Background The risk of progression of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active disease increases with pregnancy. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with LTBI among pregnant women in Uganda.MethodsWe enrolled 261 pregnant women, irrespective of gestational age. Participants who had known or suspected active tuberculosis (TB) on the basis of clinical evaluation or who had recently received treatment for TB were excluded. LTBI was defined as an interferon-γ concentration ≥0.35 IU/mL (calculated as either TB1 [eliciting CD4+ T-cell responses] or TB2 [eliciting CD8+ T-cell responses] antigen minus nil) using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus (QFT-plus) assay.ResultsLTBI prevalence was 37.9% (n = 99) (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.3–44.0). However, 24 (9.2%) subjects had indeterminate QFT-plus results. Among participants with LTBI, TB1 and TB2 alone were positive in 11 (11.1%) and 18 (18.2%) participants, respectively. In multivariable analysis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1–18.0]; P = .04) and age 30–39 years (aOR, 4.0 [95% CI, 1.2–12.7]; P = .02) were independently associated with LTBI. Meanwhile, smoking status, alcohol use, nature of residence, crowding index, and TB contact were not associated with LTBI.ConclusionsOur findings are in keeping with the evidence that HIV infection and advancing age are important risk factors for LTBI in pregnancy. In our setting, we recommend routine screening for LTBI and TB preventive therapy among eligible pregnant women.

Investigations on Human Rights Awareness among B. Ed Level Prospective Teachers based on the Demographic and Academic Characteristics

Human rights awareness through education is the ultimate solution against Human Rights abuses. Human Rights awareness of teacher–trainees will help to understand and to expand the rights of their future students. That’s why the particular study was preferred. The study was conducted to investigate the awareness of Human Rights among B. Ed level teacher trainees. 80 B. Ed level teacher- trainees were selected through purposive sampling method from the department of Education, S.S.J. University, Almora, Uttarakhand. To study the human rights awareness in groups of teacher trainees identified based on demographic and academic factors i.e. gender, nature of residence, academic stream, marital status, and educational status. For data collection, a self-made Human Rights Awareness Questionnaire (HRAQ) was used by the researcher based on 5 aspects of human rights and then percentage analysis of data was done. A finding of the study revealed that female, rural, Arts-stream, unmarried, and postgraduate level teacher-trainees were found more aware of human rights.

Personality and Political Disengagement of University Students

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between political disengagement and personality traits of the students. Another goal of the study is to determine the significant differences between political disengagement and personality traits in terms of gender, nature of residence, faculty, study year and socio-economic status. To conduct this study, data were collected from 200 undergraduate and graduate students of the University of Chittagong. Two questionnaires were used to collect information from the participants.

Nobody ever questions-Polypharmacy in care homes: A mixed methods evaluation of a multidisciplinary medicines optimisation initiative.

Nurse-led monitoring of patients for signs and symptoms associated with documented 'undesirable effects' of medicines has potential to prevent avoidable harm, and optimise prescribing. The Adverse Drug Reaction Profile for polypharmacy (ADRe-p) identifies and documents putative adverse effects of medicines commonly prescribed in primary care. Nurses address some problems, before passing ADRe-p to pharmacists and prescribers for review, in conjunction with prescriptions. We investigated changes in: the number and nature of residents' problems as recorded on ADRe-p; prescription regimens; medicines optimisation: and healthcare costs. We explored aetiologies of problems identified and stakeholders' perspectives. In three UK care homes, 19 residents completed the study, December 2018 to May 2019. Two service users, three pharmacists, six nurses gave interviews. This mixed-method process evaluation integrated data from residents' ADRe-ps and medicines charts, at the study's start and 5-10 weeks later. We recruited three of 27 homes approached and 26 of 45 eligible residents; 19 completed ADRe-p at least twice. Clinical gains were identified for 17/19 residents (mean number of symptoms 3 SD 1.67, range 0-7). Examples included management of: pain (six residents), seizures (three), dyspnoea (one), diarrhoea (laxatives reduced, two), falls (two of five able to stand). One or more medicine was de-prescribed or dose reduced for 12/19 residents. ADRe administration and review cost ~£30 in staff time. ADRe-p helped carers and nurses bring residents' problems to the attention of prescribers. ADRe-p relieved unnecessary suffering. It supported carers and nurses by providing a tool to engage with pharmacists and prescribers, and was the only observable strategy for multidisciplinary team working around medicines optimisation. ADRe-p improved care by: a) regular systematic checks and problem documentation; b) information transfer from care home staff to prescribers and pharmacists; c) recording changes. NLM Identifier NCT03955133; ClinicalTrials.gov.

An econometric analysis of domestic fuel consumption in Ghana: Implications for poverty reduction

The study looks at the determinants of household energy consumption and how that relates to general poverty and energy poverty. It extends the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) by estimating the rural-urban differentials in MEPI. The study employed multinomial logistic regression on household adoption of energy for cooking and lighting. The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey—GDHS 2014 data were used for the regression and three waves (2003, 2008 and 2014) of the data were used to estimate the MEPI as well as the rural-urban contributions to the MEPI over time. The paper provides empirical insights that household energy consumption is affected by socioeconomic variables and rural households are more deprived than urban households in terms of access to and use of modern energy. The most popular energy for cooking is wood and main electricity is the most popular energy for lighting. The wealth status of household, nature of residence (rural or urban) and the size of the household are key socioeconomic variables that affect energy consumption. An estimation of the MEPI showed that it has been declining from a severely deprived energy poverty rate in 2003 to a moderately deprived energy poverty rate in 2014. Also, rural homes (57%) are more energy poor than urban (43%) households. The study includes implications for the provision of clean and better energy sources for household consumption policies. This study fulfills an identified need to look at general poverty in relation to energy poverty and to look at the rural-urban differentials in energy consumption.

The Prevalence of Asthma and Its Related Risk Factors among the Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was carried out. Pretested well-designed questionnaires were distributed during the period from May to October 2016. Results: Parents of 1700 children out of 4000 have completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.5%, 1082 (63.6%) of them were male. Asthma prevalence among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%), but this difference was insignificant. Asthma prevalence was significantly higher among Saudi participants (14.4%)compared to non- Saudi (5.9%). Nature of residency, the presence of a plant or presence of pets at home had no significant effect on asthma prevalence. A smoking of family member and a history of asthma in the family had an important association on asthma prevalence rate. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was among the younger children (<3 years). Symptoms of asthma enhanced during exercise. The positive association between asthma and both cough and breathlessness was noted. Asthma had no effect on schools absenteeism, visiting or admission to hospitals. Body mass index had no effect on the prevalence of asthma. Conclusion: The asthma prevalence rate among children was 13.1%, whereas, smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Further studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity.

Molecular Study to Detect Genotyping of Giardia lamblia from Human and Cattle Feces in Al-Qadisiya Governorate, Iraq

The present study is designed to diagnose the giardiasis from cattle and patients with diarrhea arrivals to Maternity and Childhood Teaching Hospital and General Education Hospital in Al-Qadisiya Governorate by using direct wet smear method as well as knowledge of the rate of prevalence of giardiasis in Al- Diwaniyah province, and study the effect of age, sex and nature of residence in the proportions of infection and investigate the genotypes of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces ,100 samples were collected (50 stool samples of human and 50 feces samples of cattle). In human, the result showed that the infection rate was 54% (27). The age group of 2-4 years showed the highest rate of infection (40.7%), while children aged 8-10 years showed the lowest rate of infection (3.7%). The results showed that 16 (59.2%) out of 27 and 11 (47.8%) out of 23 of males and females were positive respectively, so the rate of females cases were higher than males , with non-significant differences at p &gt; 0.05 . It was found that the majority of cases (66.6%) were from rural areas. DNA was extracted from positive samples (25 samples of human and 25 samples of cattle ) then after amplified using primers for triosephosphateisomerase (tpi) gene that specific for genotyping A and B, the result showed that 17(68%) were genotype B and 3(12%) were genotype A, while 5(20%) were both genotype A and B. However in cattle, the result showed that the infection rate was 70% (35). The age group of &lt;6 month showed the highest rate of infection was (45.7%), while calves aged 6month-1year showed the lowest rate of infection was (22.8%). The results showed the number of positive cases according to the sex were 14 (40%) and 21(60%) in male and female respectively that showed higher positively of females when compared with males with significant difference at p&lt;0.05. The result of distribution of genotypes of Giardia lamblia in cattle showed that 16(64%) were genotype B and 5(20%) were genotype A while 4(16%) were both genotype A and B.

Understanding physical activity in the group home setting: a qualitative inquiry

Purpose: Persons with intellectual disabilities have low physical activity levels and high rates of chronic disease. One predictor limitedly explored is the home environment, which could influence the type and amount of physical activity in this population. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore physical activity in the group home setting and determine what key stakeholders want from a physical activity programme. Method: This study adopted a qualitative descriptive design, using semistructured focus groups. Twenty stakeholders (i.e., residents with intellectual disability, support staff and programme coordinators) participated in one of three focus groups, separated by stakeholder status. Results: A number of factors emerged that would assist rehabilitation professionals in understanding physical activity within the group home setting. The following six meta-themes were identified: nature of residents’ physical activity, facilitators to physical activity, barriers to physical activity, personal factors, organizational factors and solutions to increase physical activity. Conclusions: Findings suggest that residents with intellectual disabilities have low physical activity and opportunities for participation. Key attributes of the group home setting were identified between barriers and facilitators to activity. Consideration for the development of physical activity programmes should focus on the unique needs of the group home setting as expressed by stakeholders.Implications for rehabilitationPhysical activity can improve physical fitness, function, and community participation yet physical activity remains low among adults with intellectual disabilities.Understanding physical activity within the group home setting is essential to develop targeted interventions to increase activity within that environment.Key barriers for physical activity within the group home setting include; operational priorities, limited staff, staff turnover, busy schedules, and staff attitudes towards physical activity.

The prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among the children in Taif area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out. Pretested well-designed questionnaires were distributed during the period from May to October 2014. Results: Parents of 1700 children out of 4000 have completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.5%, 1082 (63.6%) of them were male. Asthma prevalence among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%), but this was insignificant. Asthma prevalence was significantly higher among Saudi participants (14.4%) than non-Saudi (5.9%). Nature of residency, the presence of a plant or presence of pets at home had no significant effect on asthma prevalence. A smoking of family member and a history of asthma in the family had an important association on asthma prevalence rate. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was among the younger children ( Conclusion: The asthma prevalence rate among children was 13.1%, whereas smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Future studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity.

Economic valuation of ecosystem services in protected areas: A case study from Nepal

The research examines the value of ecosystem services in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest of Nepal determining willingness of local users and tourists for sustainable management and conservation of natural resources as well as recreational and aesthetic services, during September of 2010. The contingent valuation survey was administered to 95 users and 100 tourists. For users, the distance to forest, family size, nature of residence, gender and size of land holding seem to be the prominent factors that affected upon their willingness to pay. The projected average willingness to pay by all users for recreational and aesthetic services was NRs. 33,347 (about US$ 460) per year. The tourists were divided into domestic and international to elicit willingness to pay for ecosystem services. The responses were found varied according to the nature of tourists. For domestic tourists, income was only factor that affected their willingness to pay, but for international tourists along with income, gender, travel group and education were major determinants of willingness to pay. The average projected willingness to pay by all tourists was US$ 3,806,468 per year.The research highlights that the conservation area systems in Nepal has a high potential to generate additional resources against ecosystem services provided additional services to the tourists and a mechanism to tap such contribution. Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1, Page 42-50 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9466

A qualitative study of pediatric residents' developmental oral case presentations

Objectives: To explore how pediatric residents apply their knowledge of relevance in their oral case presentations to the unfamiliar context of a chronic care setting, that of developmental pediatrics. Methods: Pediatric resident oral case presentations were observed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents and staff developmental pediatricians. A total of 13 residents and 5 developmental pediatricians were observed and 13/18 participants were interviewed and audiorecorded. Qualitative transcript data were analyzed for emergent themes using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results: Pediatric residents identified challenges with determining relevance in their oral case presentations in this context. They had difficulty generating succinct case presentations and integrating patient information into an overall clinical impression. Residents conflated the strict organization of information with relevance, and demonstrated presentation formats akin to those used by more novice medical trainees. Staff members viewed the oral case presentation as a flexible vehicle to integrate patient information; however, this perspective was not always explicitly shared during teaching exchanges. Conclusions: Results of this study draw attention to the possible contextual nature of residents’ understanding and use of relevance principles in their oral case presentations. Clinicians responsible for teaching in outpatient chronic care settings need to be aware of the possible challenges residents may have with their case presentation, so that teaching strategies can be implemented to ensure residents’ acquisition and appropriate adaptation of this essential communication skill.

Adolescent Medicine Training in Pediatric Residency Programs

The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of pediatric residency training in adolescent medicine. We conducted 2 national surveys: 1 of pediatric residency program directors and the other of faculty who are responsible for the adolescent medicine block rotation for pediatric residents to elicit descriptive and qualitative information concerning the nature of residents' ambulatory care training experience in adolescent medicine and the workforce issues that affect the experience. Required adolescent medicine topics that are well covered pertain to normal development, interviewing, and sexual issues. Those least well covered concern the effects of violence, motor vehicle safety, sports medicine, and chronic illness. Shortages of adolescent medicine specialists, addictions counselors, psychiatrists, and other health professionals who are knowledgeable about adolescents frequently limit pediatric residency training in adolescent medicine. Considerable variation exists in the timing of the mandatory adolescent medicine block rotation, the clinic sites used for ambulatory care training, and the range of services offered at the predominant training sites. In addition, residents' continuity clinic experience often does not include adolescent patients; thus, pediatric residents do not have opportunities to establish ongoing therapeutic relationships with adolescents over time. Both program and rotation directors had similar opinions about adolescent medicine training. Significant variation and gaps exist in adolescent medicine ambulatory care training in pediatric residency programs throughout the United States. For addressing the shortcomings in many programs, the quality of the block rotation should be improved and efforts should be made to teach adolescent medicine in continuity, general pediatric, and specialty clinics. In addition, renewed attention should be given to articulating the core competencies needed to care for adolescents.

Place Attachment and Environmental Change in Coastal Louisiana

This article examines how residents of communities frame environmental change. Specifically, how do respondents from Louisiana's coastal communities understand coastal wetland loss? For this article, the authors rely on 47 in-depth interviews from communities in two coastal parishes (counties). Respondents convey the meanings they give to land loss through constructing a narrative of place. The authors use a phenomenological approach that focuses on how stories are told and the subjective interpretations of societal members. Residents' narratives of place reveal a strong degree of place attachment where ideas of fragility and uniqueness are employed to frame the place in which they live. The authors suggest that the slow onset disaster of coastal land loss forces a constant and heightened awareness of place attachment. The data for this study are collected during 2002 and 2003, and although restoration processes are well underway, for the most part, residents felt shut out. Their alienation increases their sense of fragility about place, and they warn of disasters like those of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. As major restoration plans are considered, the nature of residents' place attachment can shed light on the role the communities themselves can play in policy and restoration projects. In this regard, the meanings in residents' attachments are important for how and what decisions are made.

White coats should not have union labels.

Medicine has been subjected to more changes in the past several years than in any other period in the history of our profession. Now comes the decision by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to change its long-standing view about the nature of residents in training. No longer primarily students, says the NLRB, residents are henceforth to be considered primarily employees under the provisions of the National Labor Relations Act.1 Is this change for the better or for the worse?Change, whether for better or worse, is always difficult. Resistance to change seems hard-wired into our nature as human beings. . . .

Taxation of Gambling in Australia

Abstracts This paper examines taxation of gambling in Australia am) shows the proportions of taxation that each State receives. An interstate comparison of the components of gambling taxes is undertaken and some reasons for the differences between States arc given such as the contributions to hospitals and the staid nature of residents of some other States. Taxation of gambling in NSW is examined in some depth and lottery revenue is used as an illustration of the growth, decline and resurgence of this taxation source. This paper shows the declining tax rate from lotteries since the middle 1940s to the early 1980s and the dramatic re-emergcnce of lottery revenue as a taxation source since the introduction of Instant Lotteries in NSW.

Multidisciplinary studies of illness in aged persons: III. Prognostic Indices in Fracture of the Hip

In continuing studies at The Benjamin Rose Hospital, data were accumulated concerning the course of chronic illnesses. This report deals with patients who were admitted with fracture of the hip. Certain nursing, physical, and psychologic characteristics were prognostically related to mortality and to deterioration in activities of daily living, in walking, and in nature of residence. The significance of the relationships is discussed. Deterioration in activities of daily living and in walking increased in frequency with increasing age, and a relatively large proportion of the youngest study patients showed deterioration in activities of daily living. Thirty per cent of surviving study patients 50 to 79 years old were at deteriorated levels in activities of daily living 1 year after the occurrence of the fracture, and 68 per cent of those 80 years or older were at deteriorated levels. Among surviving patients at 1 year after fracture, all but 1 (97 per cent) in the 60 to 79 years of age group were walking independently, while more than 40 per cent of those older than 79 were not. The mortality rate was 14 to 18 per cent at 1 year in patients aged 80 or more. Patients who required relatively more nursing aid during the ninth and tenth weeks after fracture had a higher mortality rate and more frequent deteriorations in activities of daily living and in walking. Mortality was 27 per cent at 1 year in the more dependent group. At both 6 months and 1 year after fracture, the proportions of deteriorations were greater in patients with congestive heart failure or with recent or remote myocardial infarction than in patients without any of these abnormalities; however, the differences were not statistically significant. At 1 year, the proportions of deterioration in the cardiac group were 67 per cent in activities of daily living, 40 per cent in walking, and 20 per cent in residence. The mortality rate reached a maximum of 21 per cent at 1 year in the cardiac group. There was a trend toward more frequent deterioration in activities of daily living in patients with lower intelligence quotients as determined by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Of interest were the high mortality rate and frequent deteriorations among the few patients in whom testing was incomplete because they were psychotic or aggressively hostile in refusing testing. The frequency of deterioration in activities of daily living was greater in patients who had been disabled prior to fracture than in those who had not, and such prior disability was more common in the youngest and oldest patients. The presence of prior disability in the youngest group was, furthermore, closely related to the presence of rheumatoid arthritis or prior stroke. Continuing efforts are being made to define other primary disabilities associated with fracture of the hip as a preliminary step toward defining groups of aged persons with increased susceptibility to this fracture. In such groups, it might be possible to initiate mechanical or educational measures that would decrease the number of fractures and hence the number of instances of chronic mobility limitation in the United States.