Ethical Nature Research Articles

Social functions of rural farmers (on the example of the Altai Region)

The article focuses on the social functions of rural farmers. The significance of this perspective is determined by the possibilities of revaluating social processes in the contemporary Russian countryside. Features of rural life predetermine various options for rural farmers to support villagers. The article aims at identifying those social groups and communities that can take an active part in everyday rural life, thus, changing the value system of the village and affecting the consequences of alienation and disunity. The theoretical analysis allowed the author to define rural farmers are a social-professional group with specific value priorities which lead to its active participation in the life of rural society. Such an involvement in solving the problems of rural settlements is of both social-economic and moral nature (help, support, responsibility). The article considers the heuristic potential of the concept ‘social function’ in assessing the role of farmers in the daily life of Russian villages. The author conducted semi-structured interviews with farmers in the Altai Region - to identify the key social functions associated with the activities of the representatives of this social-professional group. The author interviewed 66 male farmers of different age to assess their actions for consolidating the villagers, supporting people in difficult life situations, and expanding cooperation with the local government to solve the most important tasks of rural settlements. Based on the empirical data, the author identifies a number of social functions of farmers, which explain the features and directions of their activities in the development of Russian villages.

PRIORITIES OF THE STATE POLICY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE CONDITIONS OF RESOURCE LIMITATIONS

Ukraine’s economic growth is characterized by significant instability and excessive dependence on external factors, and the state’s economic policy is not based on an appropriate resource-based model of economic development. At the same time, the quality of Ukraine’s resource potential (labor, material and technical, natural, etc.) is deteriorating. All this significantly hinders further economic growth of the country and increases the urgency of substantiating goals and developing conceptual foundations of economic development based on a critical assessment and use of available limited resources. Factors that prevent sustainable economic growth of Ukraine include: constant and systematic politicization of the state’s actions in the field of economic policy, lack of heredity and alternative strategic planning of the state’s economic development; low level of economic security of entrepreneurship and lack of state guarantees of ownership rights; high level of monopolization of socio-economic life in the state; excessive administrative and financial centralization of power and rigid administrative hierarchy; inefficient use of state budget funds; lack of stable «rules of the game»; low culture and distorted nature of socio-economic morality; strengthening of structural deformations in the national economy. The existing inconsistency, non-systematic state economic policy and lack of modeling of economic growth of Ukraine are already a threat to the economic security of the state. State authorities are invited to implement measures aimed at ensuring a mandatory alternative to the strategic planning of the country’s economic development; formation in society of the ideology of «transition» to another quality of economic growth; creation of a system of incentives for social legitimization of shadow income and property, ensuring investments in innovative, scientific and technical development, education and the social sphere; recognition by all socio-political groups of common system-forming principles and priorities of economic growth; ensuring the liberalization of the state’s economic policy.

Spiritual Guidance With Dhikr Therapy for People with Mental Disorders (Analysis of the Implementation of Spiritual Guidance With Dhikr Therapy at the Jalma Sehat Kudus Foundation)

<p>This study aims to reveal the implementation of spiritual guidance with dhikr therapy for people with mental disorders at the Jalma Sehat Kudus Foundation. The research on the implementation of spiritual guidance with dhikr therapy in people with mental disorders was carried out using a qualitative approach with the type of field research with data collection techniques using Interview, Observation and Documentation. The results showed that first, the method of Islamic spiritual guidance with dhikr therapy in dealing with people with mental disorders at the Jalma Sehat Kudus Foundation is the group therapy method and the direct therapy method. Second, there are two stages in the implementation of Islamic spiritual guidance with dhikr therapy in dealing with mental disorders patients at the Jalma Sehat Kudus Foundation, namely: (1) The preparation stage, is the stage where the supervisor assisted by nurses identifies problems, designs action plans, and solves problems. patient problems. (2) The implementation stage, namely by reading dhikr sentences such as tasbih, istigfhar, and sholawat sentences. Third, the material in Islamic spiritual guidance with dhikr therapy is an explanation of the nature of God, human duties, commendable and despicable morals, and gratitude. The implication of this research is to provide knowledge about the implementation of dhikr therapy, because dhikr based on various studies can help overcome mental disorders.</p>

Remembering Murray Bookchin (1921-2006): Dialectical Naturalism

This essay examines Murray Bookchin's dialectical or evolutionary naturalism, the metaphysic that underpins his social ecology, his libertarian socialism, and his ethical naturalism. Using Joel Kovel's suggestion that there were two Bookchins – a dialectical naturalist and promoter of Enlightenment humanism and a polemicist consumed with venom and rage – I outline Bookchin's metaphysics of nature and then turn, in the second part, to Bookchin's critique of several ontologies advocated by deep ecologists, in the closing decades of the twentieth century. The essay explains why Bookchin felt that these were either shallow or inadequate as metaphysics and led to reformist, or even reactionary, forms of politics.

Kantian Eudaimonism

AbstractMy aim in this essay is to reorient our understanding of the Kantian ethical project, especially in relation to its assumed rivals. I do this by considering Kant's relation to eudaimonism, especially in its Aristotelian form. I argue for two points. First, once we understand what Kant and Aristotle mean by happiness, we can see that not only is it the case that, by Kant's lights, Aristotle is not a eudaimonist. We can also see that, by Aristotle's lights, Kant is a eudaimonist. Second, we can see that this agreement on eudaimonism actually reflects a deeper, more fundamental agreement on the nature of ethics as a distinctively practical philosophy. This is an important result, not just for the history of moral philosophy but for moral philosophy as well. For it suggests that both Kantians and Aristotelians may well have more argumentative resources available to them than is commonly thought.

Human-Robot Interactions in the Workplace – Key Challenges and Concerns

Theoretical background: The use of robots/AI in the workplace has grown rapidly in the last years. There is observed enlargement not only of the numbers of robots but also the quality of their functions and applications. Therefore, many questions of practical, scientific and moral nature have arisen. The flowering use of robots has drawn scientists’ attention to interactions between humans and robots. As a result, a new multidisciplinary research area – Human-Robot Interactions (HRI) – is growing. Representatives of HRI try to answer the questions like: How anthropomorphic features of robots may affect interactions between robots and employees? How are robots supposed to look and behave to make interactions more pleasant for employees? Can human cooperation with humanoid robots lead to the formation of socio-mechanical bonds? Purpose of the article: The paper aims to identify determinants of human-robot interactions in the workplace and identify key research problems in this area. Research methods: The method of a systematic review of the literature fulfiled the above-mentioned purpose. The Web of Science was chosen as the basic database. The list of publications from the Web of Science was supplemented with some other publications which were related to the topic. Main findings: There are several factors that determine the perception and quality of HRI in the workplace. Especially trust, anthropomorphic features of the robot, and organizational assignment may decide about the human acceptance of the use of a non-human agent and HRI. The concept of social interaction with robots is at an initial stage yet. An adopted research paradigm also plays an important role. It seems that the classical assumptions of organizational sociology will not stand the test of time. Researchers and practitioners are facing new challenges. Especially there are some ontological questions that are not easy to be answered unanimously. Can we treat a robot as a mechanical device or rather as a member of a newly created community?

MORAL VIRTUES OF NANCY IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST

This study aimed at knowing what moral virtues are in Nancy’s character and the influence of moral virtues to the main character in Oliver Twist. This study also employed virtue ethics theory with qualitative descriptive design. Source of data were taken from the novel of Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist. The methods of collecting data were by reading, identifying, and writing dialogs relating to the problems of the study. This analysis reveals that Nancy is a good person because she has a moral nature. The criminal environment cannot affect one's disposition. Nancy can maintain her character with her moral virtues that are full of kindness, courage, honesty, and loyalty. With those virtues, Nancy can live righteously and can make decisions in deciding what is good for her and for Oliver's life. Oliver can be free from criminals and get his happiness.

Response‐dependence and normativity

AbstractA non‐normative, response‐dependent view about morality can avoid metaphysical extravagance and explain why the extension of some non‐normative concepts can non‐accidentally match the extension of moral concepts. These features make it a plausible reductive account of moral properties. However, some philosophers believe that a response‐dependent account of morality must contain an irreducibly normative component. I argue that it is impossible to defend such a position while retaining the response‐dependent nature of morality in the ordinary sense. However, I believe that philosophers' motivation for engaging in such a philosophical project should be taken seriously. The underlying concern is that the plausibility of a response‐dependent view makes people's strong commitment to irreducible normativity a puzzle that requires an explanation. I explain why people systematically fail to give up this commitment without claiming that they rationally cannot give it up, which means a non‐normative response‐dependent view is immune from such a challenge.

Sosialisasi Perkembangan Peserta Didik tentang Perkembangan Emosional dan Moral di RT 49 Sepinggan

The purpose of this service is to find out how students develop emotionally and how students develop morally. This service is located in Bukit Anugerah Indah Housing Estate, RT 49, Sepinggan Village, Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan Province. The population of this service is the residents of Bukit Anugerah Indah Housing by taking research subjects from parents who have elementary school children. Data collection methods in the form of interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique in this service uses source triangulation, namely interviews with 3 mothers. It was found that the development of children varies depending on the age of the child, emotional development also affects what they think, emotions also describe what a person thinks. The more mature a person, the emotional level will rarely occur unlike in children which often happens. While moral development is very influential on a person's character, if someone wants to be respected, he must have good moral qualities, in school it is very good to be taught moral traits, to educate children to be better. In everyday life, it is also very necessary to teach children moral character, so that empathy, honesty, truth, and chastity will grow. Moral nature makes a person able to socialize with people.

The Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) scale: its psychometric properties and associations with help-seeking during COVID-19.

The Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) scale was designed to measure the extent to which an individual identifies oneself with all human beings. The current research aimed to conduct the validation of IWAH in a Chinese population and its convergent validity, as well as test the implications of IWAH in associations with help-seeking behaviour during COVID-19. A serial of three studies was conducted from September 1st 2020 to the end of October 2020. The series of studies included Study 1- Exploring the dimensions of the IWAH scale with a sample of 2,881 participants, Study 2- Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the Chinese IWAH dimensions with a separate sample of 6,667 participants, and Study 3- Role of the IWAH in the COVID-19 pandemic with a sample of 9,046 participants. Study 1 found the Chinese version of the IWAH scale to be a two-dimensional construct, with factor 1 - Bond with Humanity and factor 2 - Human Kinship. Study 2 confirmed the two-factor construct as found in Study 1. It also showed positive relations between IWAH and moral judgement, collectivism, nature connectedness, and negative relations with callousness, and having anxiety and depressive symptoms. Study 3 found that IWAH was negatively related to fear of COVID-19 and positively related to the likeliness of help-seeking. This is the first research to test the factorial structure of the IWAH scale in a Chinese population, with the adaptation showing good psychometric properties. The implication of IWAH on fear of COVID-19 and help-seeking provided further understanding of the possible practical value of IWAH during times of global stressful life events. Furthermore, study 3 is the first to explore how IWAH relates to anxiety, depression, and callousness.

Процесс обращения в контексте православной религиозности

The purpose of this article is a meaningful correlation of different methodological approaches to the analysis of the process of religious conversion from the point of view of Orthodox confessional interpretative specifics. The semantic field of the analysis includes important elements of the structure of conversion to Orthodoxy: the participants (subjects, agents) of conversion, motives of conversion, conversion practices, effects (results) of conversion, sub-effects of conversion, criteria (signs) of conversion. The convert, the social environment of the convert and the Orthodox preacher are considered as participants (subjects) of the appeal. The motives of the appeal are described: overcoming a difficult life situation, salvation from social disasters, getting out of a crisis psychological state. The emotional component of the conversion process is considered. The problem of multidirection, diversity and intensity of social influence on the treatment process is discussed. The subjects of conversion to Orthodoxy are described: participation in the church sacrament of baptism, repentance, free self-determination of a person to religious faith, participation in the church sacrament of confession, acquisition of religious faith. Special attention is paid to the analysis of conceptual provisions on the social factors of conversion to Orthodoxy. Among the main social factors of conversion to Orthodoxy, the following are considered: the religious and moral nature of the social environment, the degree of emotional and volitional influence of the social environment on the convert, the degree of consolidation of the social environment in the process of moral and religious influence on the convert. The parameters of conversion to Orthodoxy as a process are analyzed: awareness of conversion, speed of conversion, multiplicity, reversibility, depth of conversion. It is emphasized that the identified and substantiated parameters of conversion to Orthodoxy are of scientific interest from the point of view of their verification in sociological empirical studies.

The Nature of Islamic Ethics and Its Implications for Education

This study seeks to elaborate on the nature of Islamic ethics and its relevance to education. This study is expected to obtain in-depth academic data or information about the nature of Islamic ethics and how it relates to the spirits and values of education. For that purpose, I used the literature review method, which started with identifying, collecting, and grouping relevant articles, to be analyzed and concluded. The results of the study show that the Islamic ethics is relevant to several spirits and values of Islamic education, including sincerity, justice, honesty, feeling the presence of God, obedience to obligations, patience, obedience to the law, forgiveness, commitment to the truth of science, esotericism, and pleasure in giving.

Implementation of Student Management at Islamic Senior High Schools and 21-Century Learning

This study aims to describe the implementation of student management in Islamic Senior High Schools (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri). This research was conducted at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Serang as one of the State Madrasah Aliyah in Banten Province. A descriptive qualitative approach was used as the method in this study. The data were collected through three techniques from Miles and Huberman: observation, interview, and documentation. Direct interviews were conducted with the principal, vice-principal for curriculum, vice-principal for student affairs, and teachers as informants. Study data were analyzed using three stages: reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The study findings describe that the implementation of student management in the school is exemplary. This study concludes that student management that has been implemented is optimal in supporting 21st-century learning. The research findings recommend that student management be implemented based on moral nature.

Towards Ethical AI: Empirically Investigating Dimensions of AI Ethics, Trust Repair, and Performance in Human-AI Teaming.

Determining the efficacy of two trust repair strategies (apology and denial) for trust violations of an ethical nature by an autonomous teammate. While ethics in human-AI interaction is extensively studied, little research has investigated how decisions with ethical implications impact trust and performance within human-AI teams and their subsequent repair. Forty teams of two participants and one autonomous teammate completed three team missions within a synthetic task environment. The autonomous teammate made an ethical or unethical action during each mission, followed by an apology or denial. Measures of individual team trust, autonomous teammate trust, human teammate trust, perceived autonomous teammate ethicality, and team performance were taken. Teams with unethical autonomous teammates had significantly lower trust in the team and trust in the autonomous teammate. Unethical autonomous teammates were also perceived as substantially more unethical. Neither trust repair strategy effectively restored trust after an ethical violation, and autonomous teammate ethicality was not related to the team score, but unethical autonomous teammates did have shorter times. Ethical violations significantly harm trust in the overall team and autonomous teammate but do not negatively impact team score. However, current trust repair strategies like apologies and denials appear ineffective in restoring trust after this type of violation. This research highlights the need to develop trust repair strategies specific to human-AI teams and trust violations of an ethical nature.

Huang Zongxi’s Confucian political moralism

Huang Zongxi (1610–1695) is one of the most important Chinese political philosophers of the seventeenth century. Since the early twentieth century, many prominent interpretations have focused on reading him as a liberal or republican thinker. In this paper, I argue that the similarities that he shares with liberalism and republicanism are superficial at best and ill-construed at worst. Instead, his political philosophy is best read as a distinctive Confucian political moralism. The Confucian moral virtues not only define the conditions under which power is justified but also formulate the common good that the political seeks to express. Moreover, the moral nature of government is congruent with the moral-metaphysical structure of the world. My arguments are based on a close reading of his seminal work on politics and take into account his metaphysics and philosophy of history more broadly.

Guest Editor Introduction to Special Issue “(Ir)Religion in Clinical Ethics Consultation Methodology and Competencies”

AbstractThe push by some bioethicists to excise religion from the clinical ethics consultative process has received institutional support from the American Society for Bioethics and the Humanities (ASBH). Their certification program, Healthcare Ethics Consultant-Certified (HEC-C), is intended to identify and assess “a national standard for the professional practice of clinical healthcare ethics consulting” devoid of religious content. As Christian ethicists who wish to preserve the morally evaluative nature of healthcare ethics, we must pause and theologically reflect on the meaning of such a program. The five articles in this issue offer rich theological responses to the religion-free standardized methodology endorsed by the ASBH and reified in the HEC-C certification program. They offer a depth of theological reflection we see previously lacking in the literature, attending to the real possibilities of a “terraformed bioethics” effecting metaphysical harm, severing of clinical ethics from its sources, eliminating possibilities for conversion, and confusing the meaning of moral expertise.

The Involvement of Firms in Chinese Foreign Aid Projects: A Data Overview and Research Agenda

Governments increasingly give for-profit companies key roles in the implementation of foreign aid projects, thereby forming public-private partnerships with the aim of promoting development. These projects bring together various stakeholders, often with their own distinct set of objectives. Case evidence suggests that such conflicting aims seem to be particularly reflected in the foreign aid projects carried out by stakeholders from certain emerging economies, such as China. Yet, on a larger scale, relatively little is known about the characteristics of Chinese public-private partnerships in foreign aid. Using project-level data available for 1308 Chinese aid projects in 50 countries across Africa, I characterize the projects undertaken by firms and government agencies in a public-private partnership, and contrast them to those executed by government agencies without firm involvement. My exploratory data overview suggests that important differences apply, as Chinese public-private partnerships tend to target different Sustainable Development Goals, work on the basis of distinct aid conditions, and implement projects that tend to be larger than those that are solely run by governments. Such observations raise important questions of an ethical, theoretical and international nature, and warrant further research, so that I develop a research agenda that takes aim at issues particularly important for business ethics scholars, organization theorists, and international business scholarship.

17세기 호남 문인 南圃金萬英의 삶과 濂洛風詩의 전개

This study aimed to examine the development aspect of Yeomrakpung poetry by Nampo Kim Man-Young, a literary person of Honam in the 17th century and the meaning and perspective of the poetry. Yeomrakpung is related to the poetical style of Confucian scholars in Song Dynasty. Kim Man-Young’s poetry was connected to Yeomrakpung because it was mentioned in the preface and epilogue of his collection of literary works and his records. Kim Man-Young is a local Confucian scholar who was born in Naju, Jeonnam in the 17th century and finished his life there. At that time, he was recommended for an official post by many people due to his learning and virtue, and good behaviors, but he was a local scholar from noble family who stayed out of the government service. He was also much respected by many local people as he lived a life as a Confucian scholar. Meanwhile, he was naturally engaged in writing poems while living a common life and approximately 530 poems with 460 themes were handed down. Of all the poems handed down, 85 poems with 73 themes were classified into Yeomrakpung poetry. It was suggested that the main themes of Yeomrakpung poetry by Kim Man-Young were moral mind, government property, nature and reading. Specifically, he expressed the will of moral mind training, acquired the exquisite principles through government property, admired nature, declared he would obey to nature, dealt with pleasure of reading and criticized Scriptures. Therefore, this study recognized that they were main themes of Yeomrakpung poetry and specifically examined the development aspect. In Chinese poetry history in Korea, Yeomrakpung poetry continued since Confucianism of Song Dynasty had been introduced. It is meaningful that Kim Man-Young’s Yeomrakpung poetry naturally reflected his academic world through poetry and revealed his peculiar characteristics. Kim Man Young witnessed difficulties of local people while living in local areas and expressed what he saw in his poetry. This study suggested that future studies should pay attention to it.

Socio-environmental vulnerability as a consequence of urban problems in Brazil: An overview

The expansion of human occupation over the limits of cities leads to the depletion of infrastructure, impacts on its dynamics and imposes mobility difficulties. This type of territorial occupation results in urbanization patterns that undermine equity, efficiency and the continuity of the city as a support for social life. Therefore, this article aims to reflect on the importance of socio-environmental vulnerability in territorial planning and its use to guarantee the social function of the city. In order to reach the objective, an integrative review was used using the following questions: What approaches have guided the approaches to socio-environmental vulnerability in undergraduate and graduate courses? What are the methodologies for applying socio-environmental vulnerability that can be identified in the publications? For the selection of articles, the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) database was used. It can be seen that research on socio-environmental vulnerability has contributed satisfactorily to the importance of this topic in Brazil, which allows progress through the use of new techniques and tools, which enabled a favorable diagnosis of socio-environmental vulnerability factors in the country. Brazilian context. However, it was found that in Brazil there is great potential to make a qualitative leap in several areas, including the issue of territorial planning, which should associate measures of an ethical, social, economic and environmental nature that carry out the maximum of Brazilian environmental legislation. With regard to land use and occupation, there is still a lack of awareness for an orderly, balanced and fair occupation.

The Foundation and Nature of Traditional African Morality: A Review of Selected Literature.

A plethora of questions are asked when discussing moral issues concerning traditional African societies. Common among them are, is African morality dependent on religion only or has its foundation solely on the society, and what is the nature of the traditional African morality? These questions when answered would solve the myriad of ethical issues inherent in the African Traditional Religion. This article looks at the foundation and the nature of traditional African morality. The article establishes theocentric, communalistic, anthropocentric, utilitarian and shame-oriented as the nature of the traditional African morality. It fills the gap that both God and humanity are the foundations of African morality. The authors reviewed selected literature from various scholars. The paper also affirms that God and human society are the foundation of traditional African morality. It recommends that the theocentric and anthropocentric elements of African ethics must be brought together to have a true nature and source of the traditional African morality. This article seeks to contribute to the debate on the nature and foundation of traditional African morality. Keywords: African Tradition, morality, religion