Nature Of Difficulties Research Articles

Visual disorders in patients with dyslexia (literature review)

Background.The ability to read is the key to successful education of schoolchildren and students. At the same time, according to various authors, from 5–10 to 20–30% of the population experience difficulties, characterized as “reading below the level of language proficiency”, “reading difficulties” and “dyslexia”. This work is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian and foreign literature in the field of aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and functional correction of visual disorders in dyslexia.Aim:to study the literature data on visual impairment in patients with dyslexia.Materials and methods.The literature analysis of publications available on PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka and Crossref Metadata Search was carried out.Results.The conducted analysis demonstrates the importance of effective detection of visual disorders in patients with dyslexia, which is necessary for a correct comprehensive assessment of this condition, as well as understanding the causes and nature of difficulties experienced by a child with dyslexia in the process of learning to read. The results of the analysis of studies reveal the possibilities of positive dynamics in the development of reading skills in patients with dyslexia in the process of functional treatment aimed at developing binocular visual functions, improving the functioning of the oculomotor system and the accommodation.Conclusion.The authors conclude that an in-depth ophthalmic examination and treatment of the identified ophthalmic pathology is of great importance in the overall complex of diagnostic and corrective measures in patients with dyslexia.

PERSONAL ASPECT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS’ TRAINING BASED ON UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES OF THE PROFESSION

The article investigates the issues of psychological difficulties prevention in the medical profession in the training of medical students. The paper substantiates the arguments for strengthening the personal aspect of medical students’ training based on understanding the ideas about difficulties in the work of a doctor. The authors reveal the interrelation between personal characteristics of students (conscientiousness, understanding of emotions, benevolence, etc.) and their ideas about the nature of difficulties in the chosen specialty at the stage of training. The study presents the main directions of students’ understanding of such difficulties. The article describes strategies for supporting students based on the correlations of personal characteristics and the above-mentioned ideas, aimed at mastering a confident behavior by students. The proposed strategies can be of interest to teachers of courses related to ethical issues of the profession, as well as in individual work with medical students.

Representation of Literary Texts in English for Ethiopian Textbooks and Their Practice in the Classroom: Grade 9 and 10 in Focus

This study aimed to assess the representation of literary texts and their actual practice at Grades 9 and 10 in general secondary schools in Ethiopia. The study employed descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. Participants were selected purposively. Textbook analysis, classroom observation and focus group discussion were data sources. The textbook and classroom observation data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Whereas, the focus group discussion data were analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. Findings showed that poems took the lion’s share in the literary texts. However, short stories, novel extracts, moral stories, fables and true stories were scarcely found in the textbooks. Besides, the findings revealed that language skills and language areas incorporated in the literary texts focused more on developing reading and speaking skills. Moreover, the findings obtained from focus group discussion and classroom observation showed that teachers were not regularly practising literary texts due to teachers’ lack of pedagogical skills, students’ lack of interest to learn literary texts and the difficulty nature of the literary texts.

Adaptation of Tef {Eragrostistef(Zucc) Trotter} Varieties for Early Maturing Types in Tigray

Tef is the most important and wider adaptable cereal crop in Ethiopia. The most limiting tef productions are low yielding cultivars, biotic such as pest and diseases and abiotic such as drought, fertility depletion and inappropriate agronomic practice and difficulty nature of tef for mechanization. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adaptability of early maturing tef varieties. Tef varieties were evaluated for their earliness and adaptability at three locations and over two years. The trial included 8 varieties and one local check with the design of RCBD in three replications. The analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference (P<-0.001) between genotypes and locations for the days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, grain yield and (P<-0.05) for biomass yield. However, it does not provide evidence for interaction between the varieties and locations on all traits except for days to maturity. Simada was early maturing and well performing, following Boset. Therefore, cultivation of both varieties enhances the production of tef in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies. Allocation of varieties to their niche might increase the productivity of tef. In general, evaluation tef varieties in the right place and development of target variety for earliness and yield performance increase production in the region as well as the nation. Further work needed breeding to develop drought tolerant and higher yielding.

The specific nature of difficulties in visual perception resulting from childhood brain tumors

The analyses presented in the article aim to investigate the specific nature of visual problems in a young child whose visual disability results from a brain tumor. The article presents a case study on difficulties in using vision and visual perception development in an almost 4-year-old boy with a brain tumor. It refers to knowledge concerning visual problems in children with brain tumors that is available in source materials and presents a detailed description of difficulties in visual reception and perception in a boy whose visual problems result from cancer. This description was made based on the results of a functional vision assessment. Decreased visual acuity, reduced visual fields, abnormalities in the development of oculomotor functions, lack of spatial vision, and difficulties in visual perception were found in the boy. Both the analysis of medical literature presented in the paper and the results of the boy's functional vision assessment suggest possible development of visual functioning disorders secondary to a brain tumor, such as decreased visual acuity and reduced visual fields, which determine visual abilities and have an adverse impact on the development of visual perception in early life. Based on the analysis of an individual situation, the description of difficulties in visual functioning suggests there is a risk of similar impairments in children with brain tumors.

Challenges in translating interview protocols for alleged child victims of sexual abuse to different languages: A case study

Adequate interviewing of alleged victims of child sexual abuse is critical for the investigation and for preserving the welfare of the child. Investigative interview protocols for children (IIPCs) have been developed to meet this twofold purpose. This article focuses on one previously unexplored issue related to applicability of IIPCs: how well they translate into other languages. This case study provides an in-depth analysis of an example of the translation of an IIPC to a new language and its adaptation to a particular cultural setting. Using an interpretive description approach and a mixed-method, stages and outputs of the adaptation process are described, as well as the amount, type and nature of difficulties in translation that were identified and corrected across the process. The main threats to translation equivalence arose from differences among languages, but also from cultural and contextual differences. Prompts to children and interviewers within the protocol presented different translation challenges. Consultation with experts and the protocol’s advisors, along with team discussions, were beneficial in identifying and solving translation issues. Typical translation issues and practical recommendations on how to translate and culturally adapt IIPCs effectively are discussed.

Cultivation of Cultural Empathy Competence from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication

The focus of current foreign language teaching is to cultivate students' cultural awareness. The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to cultivate students' intercultural communicative competence, and cultural empathy competence is the most important factor in the intercultural communicative competence system, which will directly affect the quality, effect and process of intercultural communication. In the process of intercultural communication, people begin to realize that the cultural empathy competence is the most important part of the intercultural communication system, which will directly affect the quality, effect and process of intercultural communication. In English teaching, the education and training of cultural empathy competence is an indispensable part in cultivating students' comprehensive English competence. Reaching the ideal state of empathy is not an overnight process, but a long process of psychological adaptation and behavioral identification, which determines the nature of difficulty and long-term of cultural empathy. Therefore, in English teaching, teachers should not only teach language knowledge, but also impart cultural knowledge, guide students to realize the differences and similarities between Chinese and western cultures, cultivate students' intercultural communication awareness through multiple ways, and skillfully guide students to carry out cultural empathy, so as to improve the effect of English teaching.

Exploring the nature of calls to South African mental health helplines

IntroductionIn South Africa, 30.3% of the population experience mental illness during their lifetime. At least 1 in 10 non-natural deaths are because of suicide, and poverty, crime and HIV are common local psychosocial stressors. Despite this, it is estimated that only 5.0% of the national health expenditure is allocated to mental health, and nearly 75.0% of those with a mental health condition are untreated. Within this context exists an NPO offering free national mental health helplines, yet little is known about the population accessing these lines, the nature of difficulties reported and the kind of assistance provided. It is this knowledge gap this study addresses.MethodsDuring this exploratory mixed-method archival research, the NPO’s existing telephone counselling records from February and March 2017 were sampled (N = 300) to determine caller demographics, timing of calls, object of concern, nature of difficulty expressed and form of assistance. Descriptive, inferential and content analyses were applied to evaluate the data.ResultsResults show that helpline callers were mostly female (76.3%), aged 20 to 29 years (41.7%), of black race (61.3%) and from Gauteng (56.0%). The highest volume of calls was received on Thursdays (23.0%), and the busiest time was the 12:00 to 16:00 shift (47.3%). The majority of people called for self-related concerns (85.0%), most frequently mental illness (227 references) and interpersonal problems (105 references). The NPO predominantly assisted callers with referrals to other resources (86.0%), mainly support structures (144 references) and counselling services (127 references) run by other NPOs. The discovery of significant associations between age and race, gender and race, province and race, age and week day, province and shift, week day and shift suggests that the caller profile may vary depending on race and temporal factors.ConclusionCallers who most readily reached out to the helplines were women, and those aged between 20 and 40 years. Mental health support and counselling services appeared to be most needed, with a heavy reliance on NPOs – at least double that on government services, and nearly triple that on the private sector. This suggests that informal resources are central to South Africa’s mental health care system, substantiating greater investment in informal community care.

若松論文「教員養成学部の進路未決定者が有する困難さの特質-類型化と教職志望による差異の分析を通して-」へのコメント(意見)

若松論文「教員養成学部の進路未決定者が有する困難さの特質-類型化と教職志望による差異の分析を通して-」へのコメント(意見)

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ОБРАЗНОСТИ РЕЧИ СТАРШИХ ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИХ ЗАГАДОК

The issue of formation of speech culture of senior preschoolers is one of the most important tasks of modern education. The paper shows the role of communicative competence as the tool for the socialization of a preschooler personality, mental formation and development of thinking of senior preschoolers. The author says about the comprehensiveness of the notion of “imagery” in modern science, notes that the emotional-expressive tone becomes the unique characteristic of imagery speech. The paper pays particular attention to the senior preschool age as the most sensitive period of formation of imagery speech and understanding of imagery means by the senior preschoolers using the material of metaphorical riddles. The process of development of speech imagery of senior preschool children on the material of metaphorical riddles is the subject of the study. The paper analyzes the data of ascertaining experiment, which was aimed at the study of special aspects of understanding and application of metaphors and other imagery means by senior preschool children. The author gives the results of the experiment showing the nature of difficulties during the interpretation of metaphors by children and self-selection of metaphors for the description of an object. In particular, the author notes the difficulties in understanding the figurative meanings of the words, recognition of metaphor in the text, understanding its figurative meaning and difficulties in creation own metaphorical riddles. These data allow making the conclusion that children under test have the insufficient level of development of speech imagery. At the same time, the individual cases of proper metaphor interpretation allow assuming that the formation of imagery speech of preschool children is possible using metaphorical riddles. The development of linguo-motivational space through the use of modern interactive methods and pedagogical techniques is the precondition for such formation.

Problem Solving - Purpose and Means of Learning Mathematics in School

Of all school subjects, mathematics introduces and develops the “problem-solving” concept, as fundamental component of school learning with a strong formative effect on students. In mathematics, solving problems represents the most effective concept to contextualization and re-contextualization of concepts, to operational and basic mathematical knowledge transfer to ensure a sustainable and meaningful learning. The resolvent conduct of the student also involves, in addition to the cognitive factors, factors aiming the affectivity and the experience of the student. In this context, the study conducted on a significant group of students at the end of the secondary school aimed at knowing the importance given by students to solving problems, the preferred type of problems and the performance level achieved by the students in solving math problems. Taking into account the complex intellectual activity, the nature of difficulties which the student faces in solving problems is varied, ranging from perceptual difficulties to those concerning his cognitive self-regulation.

ФУНКЦИИ И ДИСФУНКЦИИ ЗАТРУДНЕННОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ НА РАННИХ ЭТАПАХ ОНТОГЕНЕЗА

The subject of this research is the difficulty in communicating child. The purpose of the study is identification of the functional nature of difficulties of communication. This paper presents the author’s definition of difficulty communicating, reveals its subjective and objective criteria, and reflects the role of communication difficulties in the personal development of child. The material is based on the experimental study of hindered communication preschool, elementary school, adolescence; as well as a retrospective self-report of young people, who have analyzed the role of difficulty of communication in personal development. Functional analysis allowed to identify the function of difficulty of communication: psychological defense, self-actualization, self-assertion, self-understanding, social hardening, expressive, a function of the dynamics of interpersonal relationships; and dysfunction – maladjustment, disinformation, destabilization, demobilization, deindividualization, diffusion identity of the subject of communication, distancing, disruption of interpersonal relationships, formalizing communication. The results show the functional contradiction and dynamic situation of child hindered communication.

Disability among elderly rural villagers: report of a survey from Gonoshasthaya Kendra, Bangladesh

BackgroundThe study was set up to identify the extent and nature of difficulty with activities of daily living (disabilities) among elderly village residents of Bangladesh, to describe help currently given and to identify possible interventions. It was carried out at Gonoshasthaya Kendra (GK), a community development organization responsible for the health care of 600 villages with a population of some 1.5 million.MethodsA survey card was designed and piloted using 12 questions on disability, elaborated from the Washington Group Disability questions, together with a checklist of health problems. A survey was carried out in 2010 in 535 villages under the care of GK since 2005, with village paramedics interviewing residents believed to be age 60 years or older. Respondents were matched where possible to data from the 2005 GK household census, giving data on education, occupation, socioeconomic group and smoking habit.ResultsSurvey cards were completed for 43417 residents of which 17346 were matched to residents recorded in the GK census as born ≤ 1945. The proportion reporting ‘much difficulty’ on one or more functional capacities increased steadily with age, reaching 55% (1796/3620) among those ≥ 85 years. Difficulties most frequently reported were lifting and carrying, vision and going outside the home. At all ages women were more likely to report ‘much difficulty’ than men (OR = 1.43 (1.35 to 1.48)), with widows and the illiterate at greater risk. Health problems, particularly hemiplegia, resting tremor, urinary incontinence and depression were strongly related to the 12 disabilities assessed. Help came almost entirely from family members; of 11211 villagers with ‘much difficult’ on at least one functional capacity, only 15 reported getting help outside the family.ConclusionsDisabled elderly residents were dependent on the family for help but, with family cohesiveness under threat from migration to the city, there is a pressing need for the development and critical evaluation of community-based interventions designed specifically for the elderly in poor rural societies. New approaches to training and practice will be needed to integrate such disability management into primary care.

Introduction: The Difficult-to-Reach Patient and the Difficult-to-Find Dyad

In this brief introductory paper, Cooper introduces a panel by four analysts who consider their work with particularly challenging patients. This introduction emphasizes the dyadic nature of difficulty in initiating therapeutic work with the patients described here. The author refers to the genre employed in these papers as a less heroic genre than is sometimes used in psychoanalytic papers—a welcome development, as these authors courageously describe the fraught and sometimes failed attempt to engage their patients.

The nature of difficulties which bother undecided students of faculty of education : Subtypes and differences about aspiration of teaching profession

The nature of difficulties which bother undecided students of faculty of education : Subtypes and differences about aspiration of teaching profession

Some Hypotheses on the Nature of Difficulty and Ease in Second Language Reading: An Application of Schema Theory

Abstract: This article reviews the empirical and pedagogical literature on the concept of “difficulty” (or “ease”) in second language (L2) reading at the university or adult level and discusses it within the framework of schema theory. A traditional view of difficulty/ease is explained as consisting of two factors: (1) Language (grammar and vocabulary) and (2) Text Length. A modern view of difficulty/ease is then proposed via four hypotheses: (1) The first Primary Ease Factor in L2 reading is background knowledge; (2) Signalling becomes the Primary Ease Factor in L2 reading when background knowledge is not useful for accessing content schemata; (3) Other factors being equal, the degree of signalling determines the degree of accessibility of a text for the L2 reader; and (4) Other factors being equal, Language, Discourse, and Length are of secondary importance — after Background Knowledge and Signalling — for accessing a text by L2 readers.

Reflections on foreign language study for students with language learning problems: research, issues and challenges.

The study of foreign language (FL) learning for individuals who have found learning to read and write in their first language extremely problematic has been an under-researched area throughout the world. Since the 1980s, Leonore Ganschow and Richard Sparks have conducted pioneering research into the nature of difficulties, why they are encountered and how they can be minimized. In this paper the authors trace the development of their research on foreign language difficulties for students with language learning problems. They provide a summary of their findings and suggest new questions and directions for the field.

Whole time domain solution of inverse heat conduction problem in multi-layer media

The unknown surface conditions in composite media is estimated by minimizing the nonlinear least squares error between the computed and measured temperatures over the whole time domain. This approach shown to be stable, efficient and accurate. The unknown surface conditions are assumed to have an abrupt change at unknown time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to learn more insight into the nature of difficulties that can be encountered in the estimation of the parameters associated with the inverse problem. The stability and accuracy of the method is demonstrated by several numerical examples which provide very strict test conditions.

About Girls’ “Difficulties” in Science: A Social, Not a Personal, Matter

The perception that girls historically have had a difficult time in science and math is commonly accepted by educators and laypeople alike. Yet the historical nature of these difficulties is questionable. Current debates on sex-segregated science and math classes, receiving considerable attention in the popular press and academic-education circles in recent months, seem to be founded on a misunderstanding of what girls’ “historical difficulties” actually were. The historical, social, and political con -text of women's experience in science serves to challenge the stereotype that girls “historically” have had a difficult time in math and science. Further alluding to the nature of women's difficulties as historical and personal, without a critical analysis of the sociopolitical parameters of women's experience, serves to perpetuate stereo -types about women rather than militate against obstacles created by them.

Written Language Difficulty and Access to Electronic Aids

Summary This paper provides a brief general introduction to the range and nature of difficulties that may be observed in respect of handwriting. There follows reference to the ways in which access to word processing or to other electronic aids may be beneficial, firstly to pupils and students generally, and secondly to pupils or students who have learning disabilities. Information and opinions were gained partly from published material and partly from contacts with a range of advisers, teachers, and academics working in the field of learning difficulty.