Nature Of Crime Research Articles

Role of Media Representation in Shaping Public Perceptions of Crime in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the role of media representation in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Media representation plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania by influencing how crime is perceived and understood by the general population. Sensationalized reporting and frequent coverage of violent crimes create a heightened sense of fear and insecurity, often leading to a distorted view of the prevalence and nature of crime. This can result in public demand for stricter law enforcement and punitive measures, sometimes disproportionately affecting certain communities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Research on the role of media representation in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania highlights several key points. Media coverage often emphasizes sensational or high-profile crimes, which can inflate public fear and skew perceptions of crime rates. Sensationalism and biased reporting contribute to distorted views, reinforcing stereotypes and increasing public anxiety. This media influence also affects policy and law enforcement responses, as crime coverage can shift political priorities and lead to reactive measures. Social media exacerbates these effects by spreading unverified information rapidly, adding to public concern.

Exposing, Reversing, and Inheriting Crimes as Traumas from the Neurosciences to Epigenetics: Why Criminal Law Cannot Yet Afford A(nother) Biology-induced Overhaul

In criminal proceedings, offenders are sentenced based on doctrines of culpability and punishment that theorize why they are guilty and why they should be punished. Throughout human history, these doctrines have largely been grounded in legal-policy constructions around retribution, safety, deterrence, and closure, mostly derived from folk psychology, natural philosophy, sociocultural expectations, public-order narratives, and common sense. On these premises, justice systems have long been designed to account for crimes and their underlying intent, with experience and probabilistic assumptions shaping theoretical discourses on the nature of crimes and offenders’ punishability. As scientific discoveries, inventions, and methodologies progressively developed to refine such doctrines and displace long-held assumptions, criminal courtrooms have increasingly witnessed counsels and judges relying on scientific evidence to submit, dispute, or validate claims. For instance, over the last century, criminal courtrooms have selectively admitted neuroscientific models, exams, and insights claiming to revolutionize our understanding of who is culpable and deserving of punishment. Most recently, advancements in epigenetics have promised even more profound challenges to long-standing criminal law doctrines. This article examines the reasons reversibility and inheritability of epigenetic markers might warrant revising culpability and punishment and concludes that epigenetic findings are not yet robust enough to justify such revisions.

Nature of Crime and Challenges of Policing in Haor Areas of Bangladesh: A Study in Kishoreganj and Netrokona Districts

Green criminology is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to explain the relationship between crime and geography. Bangladeshi criminologists and crime preventionists are increasingly conscious of crime-location relationships. This study aims to explore with a new eye the lifestyle of the people of haor areas to find out the root causes of crimes and the challenges of policing in haors areas as well. This study is conducted based on the qualitative approach. The study employed an in-depth interview strategy and focus group discussions (FGDs) to gather information. The findings of the study reveal that the main causes for crime in hoar areas include economic insolvency, lack of education, detached communication system, lack of steady employment, lack of adequate land survey, and pedigree contention within families. The result also shows that the police of hoar areas face difficulties in performing their duties due to poor communication, lack of manpower, political influence, inadequate logistics, and modern weapons. It is essential to study this topic to identify the relationship between geography and crime, which will help to control the crime rate in hoar areas through an effective and modern policing system.

An ethnographic study of police culture in a rural Kansas police agency

PurposeThe study examined rural police culture in one Kansas police agency.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a qualitative ethnographic approach using in-depth interviews and non-participant observations to construct and interpret the culture of rural police through the lens of officers working in one rural police agency.FindingsFive themes were found that described the complexities rural police officers face at this research site, including the law being at the center of officers’ actions, the nature of crime, officers serving as jack of all trades, community relationships and enforcement of crimes by teenagers, and how outside pressures from the community and increased concern for citizens' safety affect officers' daily lived experiences.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of scholarly literature addressing rural and small-town policing. This study is the first known qualitative study to be conducted on rural Kansas police, allowing a snapshot of the workings of rural Kansas police.

Operasionalisasi Ego, Superego, Dan ID Tokoh Rodion Raskolnikov Dalam Novel Kejahatan Dan Hukuman Karya Fyodor Dostoevsky

The purpose of writing this journal is to analyze the psychological subject of Raskolnikov, the main character in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment from the perspective of psychoanalytic theory. This journal outlines an in-depth psychological analysis of the characters and context of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment". This novel tells the story of a poor student named Rodion Raskolnikov, who decides to plan the murder of an old woman, which he thinks is an event that can bring social benefits. Throughout the story, Raskolnikov experiences inner conflict and is overcome by feelings of guilt. This journal also outlines the ideas of psychological theory that can be applied to understanding Raskolnikov's character, including the concepts of desire, inner conflict, and moral conflict. The author also examines the impact of psychological concepts such as psychoanalytic thinking and wisdom on human behavior in the context of this journal. The results of the analysis show that this novel is a deep reflection on the complexity of human psychology, depicting the tension between desire, morality and common sense considerations. Overall, the novel invites readers to reflect on the nature of crime, punishment, and human wisdom through a deep psychological lens.

양형상 책임 반영과 예방 고려

This essay aims to review the rationale of sentencing in Korean criminal laws and procedures to understand how to secure rational sentencing with the rationales of sentencing, such as responsibility of offenders and general deterrence or specific deterrence. Shuldprinzip or principle of responsibility is the fundamental basis of criminal punishment, which also acknowledged as constitutional principle for criminal laws. However, Korean Penal Code has no definite provisions on the purpose(s) of punishment or sentencing. Considering such statutory definition of the rationale is necessary for rationalizing sentencing discretion, Article 51 of the Penal Code is the only relevant provision on some ‘general principles’ of sentencing : In determining punishment, the following shall be taken into consideration: 1. The age, character and conduct, intelligence and environment of the offender; 2. Offender's relation to the victim; 3. The motive for the commission of the crime, the means and the result; 4. Circumstances after the commission of the crime. Also, Korean sentencing guideline system under the Court Organization Act has set some principles of setting or changing the sentencing criteria: 1. The nature of crimes, the circumstances of crimes, and the extent of the responsibilities of defendants shall be reflected; 2. The general deterrence, the prevention of defendants from committing crimes again and their return to society shall be taken consideration; 3. As long as there is no difference between the same kind of crimes and the similar kind of crimes in the sentencing elements that have to be taken into account, they shall not be differently handled in the sentencing of them; 4. The sentencing shall not be discriminated against defendants on the grounds of their nationalities, religions, conscience, social statuses, etc. (Article 81-6(2)) Now the sentencing guideline system is taking the role of rationalizing sentencing discretion by both reflecting responsibilities of defendants and considering the general deterrence of crimes or the prevention of defendants from re-offending and their rehabilitation, and further realizing the purposed of just punishment. According to the law, when setting and changing the sentencing guidelines, the guidelines should reflect the degree of responsibility of the defendant, and consider the general prevention of crime and the prevention of recidivism and social rehabilitation of the defendant. So for the rationalization of sentencing, it should be possible to make sentencing-policy judgments on responsibility and prevention considerations through the principles of responsibility and prevention considerations rather than unclear normative adjustments of sentencing guidelines.

Cognitive and Apathetic Racism in Patterns of Gun Ownership and Gun Control Attitudes

Our objective is to expand upon the emerging literature that examines the role of multiple forms of racism in gun ownership and gun control attitudes among non‐Latino whites. While some of these studies, using standard measures of racial resentment, speculate about the color‐coded nature of crime and whether this partially motivates gun ownership, here we specifically consider whether cognitive and apathetic types of racism along with explicit racism are associated with gun ownership and attitudes. In doing so, we advance the literature by using novel measures of racism and focus on generalized racial attitudes, not just anti‐black views. We use data from the Guns in American Life Survey, an online survey using a national sample of adult respondents, and apply regression techniques to assess whether general racial attitudes, including fear of non‐whites, are associated with gun ownership and gun control attitudes net of control variables. The multivariate results suggest that racism, including fear of other races, is not associated with gun ownership. However, cognitive and apathetic indicators of racism influence gun control attitudes for at least some whites. The implications are that racism in various forms needs to be considered in all studies involving gun‐related issues.

Social naturalism as methodological basis for scientific research on the identity of the perpetrator

The article deals with problematic issues of criminological study of the perpetrator’s identity. The main attention is paid to the methodological aspects of this phenomenon. By the way, the author did not ignore the issues related to the definition of the concept of the “identity of the perpetrator”. Despite the updating of the concept of a “crime” to “criminal offense” in the legislation, the concept of the “identity of the perpetrator” has not lost and will not lose its importance and relevance for science as a whole, including criminology. For the latter, it is a defining category that constitutes its subject. Some theoretical developments of the social sciences regarding the understanding of the phenomenon of an individual are highlighted. The author emphasizes that the problem of effective research of the identity of the perpetrator is key in criminology. Therefore, its solution is a necessary condition for the success to oppose to criminality. It was established that the lack of effective countermeasures against criminality contributed to the application of the theory of social naturalism in criminology. This theory is a kind of resource that can be used to successfully solve the current problems of the present days. Therefore, criminological science adopted the doctrine of social naturalism, which became the basis of social-naturalistic criminology. It is argued that the study of the will and consciousness of a person who has committed a criminal offense shall be the basis for studying the mechanism of illegal behavior, as well as for developing ways to counteract it. This can be done on the basis of the methodology of social naturalism, knowing the regularities of the of will and consciousness, which manifests itself in the form of criminal behavior. It is concluded that if modern criminology in the study of crime is guided by the principle of social naturalism, it makes possible to obtain new knowledge on the identity of the perpetrator, and therefore on the causes and conditions of criminal offenses, and about what must be done to remove them. And this is of decisive importance in the development and implementation of measures aimed at increasingthe success in opposing criminality. It is substantiated that the study of the identity of the perpetrator using the method of social naturalism significantly increases the scientific value and practical implementation of crime prevention measures. Today, on the basis of the methodology of social naturalism, it is possible to know the regularities of the formation of will and consciousness, which manifests itself in the form of criminal behavior. Thus, social-naturalistic criminology determines how social and biological aspects are combined in the nature of crime. Stating that the generation of crime only by social and biological factors cannot occur without the participation of the will and consciousness of the person who becomes a criminal. After all, any action in the social sphere takes place through the will and consciousness of a person. In this regard,opportunities for a more in-depth study of the will and consciousness of a person who committed a crime are opened up. This, in turn, provides an opportunity for a more thorough criminological study of the causes and conditions that give rise to crime, because they also act through the will and consciousness of a person. The application of the methodology of social naturalism in the study of the identity of the perpetrator is the future basis of successful criminological research, which will help to overcome the problems of the theory and practice to oppose to criminality. Key words: criminality, the identity of the perpetrator, opposition to criminality,criminal behavior mechanism, social-naturalistic criminology, arbitrariness and illusions complex, person's will and consciousness, criminal offence, causes and conditions of criminal offences, social naturalism.

Changing Scenario of Crime with Special Reference to Cyber Crime

Abstract: Crime may be defined as those actions committed by human beings that cause harm to others and violate societal norms. But with the advancement in science and technology that has reshaped every aspect of human life the scenario of crime has also changed from that of traditional to technological because in ancient times the concept of crime was prevalent in the society but the nature of crime was not so sophisticated as we see in the technological era. The invention of computers and smart phones has facilitated different types of cyber crimes in the society. Almost everyone is possessing a smart phone and the usage of it depends upon the people who will use it in a positive way. The concept of digital education has emerged as an important tool in the hands of learners and educators to propagate the education. Learners of lower age group are also using these technological equipments so parents should keep a strict vigil and supervision over their children in order to avoid such types of activities that cause moral harm to the norms and values of society. The main aim of this paper is to analyse how the nature of crime has changed and the different types of crime particularly in consideration with Cyber crime

Actual issues of combating crimes in the financial sphere

The article analyzes the issue of combating crimes in the financial sphere, establishes the essence of financial responsibility as an institution of financial law. The establishment of Ukraine as a state governed by the rule of law provides for the limitation of various forms of illegal behavior of subjects in the financial sphere and their administrative responsibility. This type of crime poses a significant threat to social relations, as it involves systematic encroachment on financial resources, which mostly ensure the stable, managed, orderly existence of people's lives in society.
 The concept of responsibility as a category of administrative law was considered and it was established that this concept is a much broader phenomenon, because, in addition to measures of legal responsibility, financial responsibility also includes measures of prevention, termination and recovery.
 The article also highlights the ideas that position the consideration of combating crimes in the financial sphere as a type of administrative responsibility. The issue of combating crimes in the financial sphere, as an important phenomenon for Ukrainian society, is highlighted.
 The financial component in the economic system of the state plays a significant role. Finance has turned from a mechanism into a driving force of the economy. At the same time, there are trends towards an increase in the number of illegal encroachments in the financial sphere. Today, financial crimes are characterized by a high level of latency. This indicates the development of financial crime, as a result of which the country's economy is damaged, which prevents the state from effectively implementing its functions and creating conditions for the development of society and the existence and reproduction of the economy.
 The nature of crime in the financial sphere makes it difficult to detect and prevent crimes. And if detection and disclosure of crimes in the financial sphere is relatively active, then less attention is paid to prevention issues. Although it is easier to prevent a crime than to detect, disclose, investigate and compensate for the damages caused by this crime. At the same time, crime prevention in the financial sphere is a priority area in the work of law enforcement agencies.
 However, despite the wide range of measures taken by the authorities to prevent offenses in this area, it is too early to say that the state has succeeded in everything. All this conditions the study of a wide range of issues of combating offenses in the financial sphere.

BE SAFE OR BE SORRY: A SCOPING REVIEW ON CHILDREN’S SAFETY AND SECURITY AWARENESS

The rapid growth of urbanisation has brought significant benefits to the world economy and cultural and societal development and increased social problems worldwide. The nature of crime is not uniform but varies from geographical region to another. In some areas, property crime is more common, while crime against a person (violent) is prevalent in others. In recent years, children’s safety and security have become more prevalent. Thus, this review emphasises the awareness of children’s safety and security worldwide. Hence, the primary goal of this scoping review is to uncover previous research on steps and strategies applied by many in creating awareness among young children about safety and security knowledge. This scoping review was reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Five databases, namely Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Semantic Scholar, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), were used for data scoping. A total of 20 studies were identified to be eligible for selection.

Analyzing Crime Against Women in India: A Comprehensive Study

Crime against women is a global human rights issue and has emerged as a major stumbling block to the ideals of equality and freedom. This paper delves into the types and nature of crime against women in India based on the Crime in India, 2019 report, supplemented by other sources. It explores the link between law, crime and women theoretically and provides an analysis of the crimes committed against women, their varieties, and consequences. The findings aim to form the design of effective mechanisms to counter the problem of crime against women.

Digital Criminal Evidence in Traditional Crime

Evidence is that the crime was committed and attributed to the perpetrator and this is done through evidence that is examined and verified by the Public Prosecutor's Office in preparation for submission to the courts. Originally, different kinds of crimes may be proved by all means of evidence, except by special provision. The law confers on the criminal judge extensive power to choose the methods leading to the disclosure of the truth and to assess the evidence in order to investigate whether or not the crimes are established. Evidentiary methods have been affected by the evolution resulting from the information and technology revolution the compatibility between the evidence nature and the crime nature from which the development of a new type of evidence in line with the nature of information technology offences was generated, This is known as digital evidence, because traditional physical evidence has fallen short of the requirements for detecting crimes created. This has driven the search for a new type of evidence that is compatible with cyberspace. And this has led many evidence to legislate electronic evidence. The latter joined the list of evidence materials to support it and supplement it as a criminal means of evidence. The Digital evidence is often adopted either to establish an informational crime, or for an offence for which information means have been adopted This study examines the position of Lebanese legislators on digital evidence, particularly through Law No. 81/2018 on electronic transactions and personal data, and compares it with the experience of Egyptian legislators in the light of Law No. 175 of 2018 on combating IT crimes, addressing the latest judicial decisions issued by the Court of Cassation in Egypt.

“Stop Resisting or You’re Gonna Get It Again”: Police Use of Force in a Canadian Crime Reality Television Show

Extant research suggests that crime reality television advances biased narratives about offenders, police officers, and the nature of crime. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the prevalence, severity, and proportionality of police use of force in Under Arrest, a Canadian crime reality television show. Using a content analysis of all 65 Under Arrest episodes, research reveals that police use of physical force is portrayed in nearly half of vignettes, and over half of force used is excessive force. Logistic regression indicates that the racial composition of the suspect pool does not predict use of force when controlling for other relevant variables. However, suspect race is the strongest predictor of excessive force even when controlling for initial crime seriousness, gender, suspect intoxication, and weapon possession. Results indicate that Under Arrest contributes to law and order ideology by portraying police use of force as a necessary and justified tool for controlling crime committed by racialized suspects.

Potential international crimes in Ukraine: should atrocities in Bucha be classified as genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity?

The dilemma between the root of the word Genocide and its legal meaning is affecting the international criminal justice system. The proof is that Presidents Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine and Joe Biden of the USA called the atrocity crimes observed in Ukraine “Genocide”. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the atrocities that recently occurred in Bucha could be qualified as a crime of genocide. This article substantially analyzed the meaning of the terms composing the word genocide in the context of the nature of those atrocity crimes. In this regard, it was found that there is etymologically a gap between the legal meaning of genocide and the nature of the crime in question which shields its alleged perpetrators from impunity. Thus, this paper attempted to demonstrate that the alleged atrocity crimes observed in Bucha could not be classified as genocide and then, exposed the potential international crimes committed in Ukraine.

Different places, different problems: profiles of crime and disorder at residential parcels

Certain places generate inordinate amounts of crime and disorder. We examine how places differ in their nature of crime and disorder, with three objectives: (1) identifying a typology of profiles of crime and disorder; (2) assessing whether different forms of crime and disorder co-locate at parcels; and (3) determining whether problematic parcels explain crime and disorder across neighborhoods. The study uses 911 and 311 records to quantify physical and social disorder and violent crime at residential parcels in Boston, MA (n = 81,673). K-means cluster analyses identified the typology of problematic parcels and how those types were distributed across census block groups. Cluster analysis identified five types of problematic parcels, four specializing in one form of crime or disorder and one that combined all issues. The second cluster analysis found that the distribution of problematic parcels described the spectrum from low- to high-crime neighborhoods, plus commercial districts with many parcels with public physical disorder. Problematic parcels modestly explained levels of crime across neighborhoods. The results suggest a need for diverse intervention strategies to support different types of problematic parcels; and that neighborhood dynamics pertaining to crime are greater than problematic properties alone.

“The darkest time in our history”: An analysis of news media constructions of liquor theft in Canada’s settler colonial context

In September 2018, there was a surge of news stories about liquor store theft in Winnipeg, Canada that resulted in public and political calls for action, and ultimately led to the introduction of a range of new security and surveillance measures at government owned liquor stores. This brief news cycle provided opportunities for various social actors, politicians, and authorities to make claims about the nature of crime and society more broadly. This article analyzes recent news media coverage of liquor store theft in Winnipeg, Canada and the social construction of an ostensibly new crime trend in the city: “brazen” liquor store thefts. We employ a qualitative content analysis of news articles about liquor store theft published in local Winnipeg news media between 2018 and 2020 (n = 147). Drawing on the social constructionist paradigm, and Fishman’s conceptualization of “crime waves,” we argue that the framing of liquor theft via news media reflects longstanding cultural tropes and myths about crime, as well as hinting at but never fully confronting, deeply engrained colonial and racialized stereotypes. This paper contributes to our understanding of the ways putative social problems are made intelligible in the media. We demonstrate how “crime waves” are shaped by and shape dominant tropes about crime, safety, and citizenship. We argue that something as mundane as liquor theft reveals much about the historical, colonial and social roots of crime in local and national contexts.

IoT Forensic Frameworks (DFIF, IoTDOTS, FSAIoT): A Comprehensive Study

Abstract In the Internet of Things, millions of electronic items, including automobiles, smoke alarms, watches, eyeglasses, webcams, and other devices, are now connected to the Internet (IoT). Aside from the luxury and comfort that the individual obtains in the field of IoT, as well as its ability to communicate and obtain information easily and quickly, the other concerning aspect is the achievement of privacy and security in this connection, especially given the rapid increase in the number of existing and new IoT devices. Concerns, threats, and assaults related to IoT security have been regarded as a potential and problematic area of research. This necessitates the quick development or creation of suitable technologies with the nature of crimes in the IoT environment. On the other hand, criminal investigation specialists encounter difficulties and hurdles due to various locations, data types, instruments used, and device recognition. This paper provides an in-depth explanation of the criminal content of the Internet of Things. It compares its stages to the detailed stages of traditional digital forensics in terms of similarities and differences, the frameworks used in dealing with electronic crimes, and the techniques used in both types. This paper presents previous discussions of researchers in the field of digital forensics. For the IoT, which brings us to the most important parts of this paper, which is a comprehensive study of the IoT criminal frameworks that are used to protect communication in the field of IoT, such as Digital Forensic Investigation Framework (DFIF), Digital Forensic Framework for Smart Environments (IoTDOTS), Forensic State Acquisition from the Internet of Things (FSAIoT), and discusses the challenges in their general frameworks and provides solutions and strategies. Keywords: digital forensic, FSAIoT, IoT, IoT Challenges, IoT Forensic, IoT Framework, IOTDOTS.

Comparing measurements of violent crime in local communities: a case study in Islington, London

ABSTRACT Police-recorded crime data are prone to measurement error, affecting our understanding of the nature of crime. Research has responded to this problem using data from surveys and emergency services. These data sources are not error-free, and data from different sources are not always easily comparable. This study compares violent crime data recorded by police, ambulance services, two surveys and computer simulations in Islington, London. Different data sources show remarkably different results. However, crime estimates become more similar, but still show different distributions, when crime rates are calculated using workday population as the denominator and log-transformed. Normalising crime rates by workday population controls for the fact that some data sources reflect offences’ location while others refer to victims’ residence, and log-transforming rates mitigates the biasing effect associated with some multiplicative forms of measurement error. Comparing multiple data sources allows for more accurate descriptions of the prevalence and distribution of crime.

Crime Pattern Analysis and Hot Spot Analysis in Bishnupur District of Manipur

Manipur a northeastern state of India reported increasing crime rate as per NCRB records. Crime mapping using GIS environment in India is in budding stage and it is almost nil in the state of Manipur. Mapping different categories of crime/ criminal activity for pattern analysis and hotspot analysis is being done in the Bishnupur District of Manipur. There are alto-gather seven police stations in this district. Present study is dealing with spatial analysis of criminal activities for five years (2016–2020) using Spatial Statistics tool and hotspot analysis (Getis-ord Gi*). Mapping of crime location(point mapping), density map and hotspot analysis map are carried out using ArcGIS. Statistical database of criminal activities were taken up, involving different nature of crime which are categorized as property crime, suicide, crime against women, terrorist act. Date, time and location are also considered for this study. The result of the study shows spatial concentration of criminal activities like property crime records the highest in Nambol, Manipur. Jurisdiction under Nambol Police Station recorded the highest number of crime as compare to other police stations of the district during this period. And that Keibul Lamjao Police Station recorded the lowest number of criminal activities. Crime pattern analysis is definitely going help in improving our understanding of the dynamics of unlawful activities and can enhance prediction policing. Policy makers of police department will be benefited from complex maps of criminal activities in Tactical crime analysis.