Nature Of Blood Research Articles

Mathematical study and simulation on stenosed carotid arteries with the help of a two‐phase blood flow model

AbstractThe present study is focused on a medical problem called stenosed carotid artery. The problem is formulated with the help of a two‐phase blood flow model. The non‐Newtonian nature of blood is considered that hold power law. Physical quantities were expressed in tensorial form. Analytical and numerical methods are used to solve equations under given boundary conditions. The effects of various parameters on blood flow like stenosis size, flow flux, resistance, haematocrit, pressure drop, etc. were studied and shown through various graphs. Parameter , which ensures that the fluid is Newtonian or non‐Newtonian; its impact on pressure drop; resistance to flow; and flow flux were obtained during the disease and presented through the graph. A relationship between pressure drop and haematocrit was obtained, which was helpful to predict fluctuation in blood flow during stenosis. We have also given a medical use for this model with the help of pathological data. We also analyzed steady and laminar flow in a carotid artery for different heights of stenosis. The study of various physiological parameters has been performed on the basis of blockage percentage and concentration of haematocrit. The nature of the red blood corpuscle (RBC) phase is considered liquid packets in a semi‐permeable membrane, which makes this model close to reality.

Debates on the Nature of Blood and the Forging of Social Models in Early Modern Spain (1630s)

Abstract During the early modern period, blood was not only the red fluid that circulates within the body, but also an important cultural and social element. It was a symbol that synthesized and represented the most relevant social principles: individuals, families, and groups were defined according to the alleged nature of their blood, and, thus, it was an important matrix through which society was built and imagined. However, there were many ways to think about blood, each of which reflected a different social model. In this article, we study different concepts of blood and seek to understand their symbolic value. We aim to dissect and analyze their meanings in order to reconstruct the implicit models of society which they embodied. We focus on three Castilian treatises that deal with the issue of purity-of-blood, written by Fernando de Valdés, Gerónimo de la Cruz, and Bartolomé Jiménez de Patón in the 1630s – a decade of resurgent Anti-Judaism and racist attitudes in Castile. They represent different currents of opinion about purity-of-blood statutes – essentially, those wishing to abolish, reform, and preserve this system of social segregation – and they allow us to examine the characterization of blood traits, the construction of social principles, and the forging of ideal societies.

Steady-state solutions of one-dimensional equations of non-Newtonian hemodynamics

This paper is devoted to obtaining and analysis of steady-state solutions of one-dimensional equations for the simulation of blood flow when the non-Newtonian nature of blood is taken into account. The models, based on the rheological relations, widely used for the blood, are considered. The expressions for the nonlinear frictional term are presented. For the Power Law, Simplified Cross, and Quemada models, the exact integrals of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation, obtained from the averaged momentum equation, are obtained. It is demonstrated that several solutions exist for every rheological model, but the physically relevant solutions can be selected by the appropriate value of Mach number. The effects of the velocity profile and the value of hematocrit on the steady-state solutions are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the flattening of the velocity profile, which is typical for the blood, leads to the diminishing of the length of the interval, where the solution exists. The same effect is observed when the hematocrit value is increased.

Celebrating Cultural Hybridity Through Storytelling: Othello as a Borderlands Character in Caryl Phillips’ The Nature of Blood

This paper provides a new approach to Othello’s story in Caryl Phillips’ polyphonic novel The Nature of Blood (1997). The fictional Othello finds himself at the crossroads between different cultures and is struggling to define his identity. Making use of Gloria Anzaldúa’s borderlands theory as exposed in her work Borderlands/La Frontera (1987), this study explores Phillips’ Othello as a borderlands character. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that, as a borderlands character-narrator, Othello succeeds in bringing together the two hitherto conflicting cultures that he knows (Africa and Venice) through storytelling. Indeed, his narrative proves a transborder testimony that contributes to creating a debate forum where cultural hybridity is celebrated.um where cultural hybridity is celebrated.

Probing microstructural differences that manifest in human blood after taking aspirin using thixo-elasto-visco-plastic modeling and series of physical processes

Although prophylactic use of low dosage acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) to inhibit the effects of platelet aggregation is common, a few, if any, rheological studies validating the change in the physical and mechanical properties of human blood post-aspirin administration have been reported. Recent work modeling the rheological behavior of thixo-elasto-visco-plastic materials, such as human blood, indicates that they have all the hallmark features of a complex material, including shear-thinning, viscoelasticity, yield stress, and thixotropy. Using human blood rheological data collected on a Discovery Hybrid Rheometer, before and after a 14-day protocol of once daily 81 mg aspirin tablet, we compare the mechanical properties with the recently published enhanced thixotropic modified Horner–Armstrong–Wagner–Beris thixo-elasto-visco-plastic model and sequence of physical processes. We do so to highlight the subtle shift in mechanical properties in terms of the “liquid-like” and “solid-like” nature of blood. We will show both before and after parametric analysis, profile, and comparison, as well as the before and after aspirin elastic and viscous properties of the human blood.

“Shakespeare’s Pioneer Migrant Othello”: Desire, Migration, Pathology and the Politics of Citizenship in The Nature of Blood

Abstract In a historical period characterised by political and social occurrences of immigration crises, Shakespeare’s and early modern dramatic attention to aliens and foreigners invite us to re-read the anguish of Shakespeare’s alien and to investigate the ways in which, in the specific case of Othello, the Moor’s experience prefigures subsequent migrations and the contemporary immigrants’ struggle for integration. Caryl Phillips’ creative re-appropriation of Shakespeare’s Othello in The Nature of Blood (1998) gives voice to the psychological anguish of a migrant in the guise of an unnamed Othello-like black general newly arrived in Venice. In a never-ending dialogue between present and past, Phillips articulates a complex reflection on the immigrants’ desire to be granted recognition as a legitimised individual with a social identity, while problematising the idea of home and the sense of belonging, here understood as the subjective feeling of identification with a city/nation. With such a complex redefinition in mind, my reading conceptualises Othello (alias the migrant) as an ethnopsychiatric “symptom”, in a psychopathology of migration and exile which exposes the meanings and practices of belonging produced and supported by host societies.

Abstract 111: Vein-Chip Is A New Experimental Model To Predict Pathophysiology Of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Thrombosis

There is a serious limitation of experimental models that can improve our limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate endotheliopathy and venous thrombosis (VT) clinically observed frequently amongst the most severe COVID-19 patients. Also, while observation and study of VT in humans are difficult due to the deep-lying nature of the deep veins in which VT develops, lab animal models do not include the venous valves, which are the sites for thrombus development in humans. We develop a Vein-chip microfluidic platform that includes venous valve architecture, endothelial cells (ECs), and whole blood flow, which can include the three factors of Virchow’s triad - endothelial inflammation, stasis of blood flow, and coagulable nature of blood. Our in silico and in vitro observations with Vein-Chip reveal that incompetent valves and thrombosis changes the blood flow pattern in and around the venous valves. We show that healthy endothelium at the venous valve cusps adapt to the complex flow patterns and have an anti-thrombotic phenotype compared to the venous lumen. But exposure of the lumen to living and replicating SARS-CoV-2 virus and inflammatory cytokines found in COVID-19 patient samples inflames the lumen and the valve endothelium becomes pro-thrombotic. Interestingly, when we directed our investigation to analyze the ACE2 expression on these cells, as ACE2 is the functional receptor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we found that ACE2 expression was poor under a static culture, but increased dramatically when venous ECs were exposed to shear stress within the vein-chip. This data supports our hypothesis that ACE2 expression (and therefore, SARS-CoV-2 entry into the endothelium) is dependent on venous hemodynamics and the Vein-Chip model is a highly dissectible platform that will help us to unravel the molecular mechanisms that lead to VT and its treatment strategies for COVID-19 and beyond.

Targeting Biological Polyanions in Blood: Strategies toward the Design of Therapeutics.

In this Review, we highlight well-described and emerging polyanions, and the way these molecules can be targeted in the design of potential therapeutics (synthetic and biologics) with applications in thrombosis and hemostasis. It is important to strike a balance between bleeding and clotting. In thrombosis, unwanted blood clots are formed in the lumen of a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Over many years of research, several polyanionic biopolymers that can either impede (anticoagulant) or promote (procoagulant) blood clotting have been identified. Mediators impeding blood clotting, including polyanionic polysaccharides such as heparins and heparin mimics, are widely used as antithrombotics, although they impart adverse complications such as bleeding. Emerging synthetic polycations and well-described cationic proteins that are specifically designed to neutralize the biological activity of heparins to prevent bleeding complications are discussed. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that several polyanions bear a procoagulant nature in blood; polyphosphate (polyP), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), extracellular RNA, and cell-free DNA are shown to promote blood clotting. Recent research highlights the use of polycations and enzymes that either inhibit or cleave these procoagulant polyanions and demonstrates the proof-of-concept design of new antithrombotics without bleeding side effects. Additional studies have shown that some of these procoagulant polyanions can be used as a hemostat to prevent bleeding in an emergency. There are significant opportunities for chemists in the design of new inhibitors and agents with improved selectivity toward these biological polyanions, furthering the development of novel therapeutics.

Тело человека в традиционных представлениях тюрко-монгольских народов: кровь и система кровообращения

The study of the human body in the system of traditional somatic ideas of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia is urgent in the studies of humans as a social and biological beings. The problem of perception and comprehension of the composition of the main features constituting the human body, particularly such biological fluid as blood, is of particular interest in the study of mythological human anatomy. The interest in this element of the human body is due to the increased attention of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples to blood. The views on the nature of blood, the source of its formation, many prohibitions and signs associated with blood are known. Many concepts associated with human anatomy, including blood, formed the basis for the organization of the social structure of nomadic societies. Understanding the significant role of this biological fluid in the functioning of the body formed a certain system of ideas about the dependence of health, hereditary diseases and even a person's character on the appearance and volume of blood as the characteristics of this biological fluid available for visual perception. Blood unlike bone is mobile and changeable in the context of social interpretations. If the bone of the progenitor was not being changed passing to all his descendants, then the blood of representatives of the social community, who took women from different clans as wives, was mixed in marriage unions. The views of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia on the composition of blood are characterized by uncertainty. The idea of a vital substance, a soul was widely developed in the worldview of the Turko-Mongols. Blood is one of the containers of the vital substance. A number of prohibitions and restrictions associated with blood allow us to talk about the significant role of the sun as a source of life, giving its vital energy to the blood. Obviously, evidence of this “relationship” is the color (red) and the warmth inherent to blood. However, ideas on the nature of blood formed in the traditional worldview of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples and recorded in the 18–19 centuries significantly differ from the early views of the ancestors of the nomads. Reconstruction of the Pra-Altai language made it possible to restore one of the key meanings of the term čiunu (blood) – “soul”, “wind”. We believe that early views on the nature of blood were greatly influenced by the phenomenon of respiration, which is characteristic of all beings.

Lives Fractured: Re/Naming and Identity in the Writing of Caryl Phillips

Abstract The novels of Caryl Phillips often deal with the experiences and identities of those displaced and marginalized by society. Caryl Phillips is well known for employing different textual strategies such as spatiotemporal fragmentation, intertextuality, naming, and point of view shifts in order to portray the struggles and suffering of his characters. The aim of this article is to examine how Phillips uses naming of his characters to depict the effects exile, slavery and other forms of oppression may have on their lives and identities. In order to accomplish this, different characters from Phillips’s novels Cambridge (1991), The Nature of Blood (1997), Crossing the River (1993) and Higher Ground (1989) will be discussed. The analysis of the characters will draw upon three concepts of naming first proposed by Bénédicte Ledent (2002): anonymity, (re)naming and name alteration.

EXPANDING THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN RED BLOOD CELLS DEFORMATIONS: DEMONSTRATION OF PARAMAGNETIC AND DIAMAGNETIC FIELDS

Background: The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a biophysics based mechanism of the role of magnetism in temporary cell deformation. Biomagnetism: Biomagnetism has been slowly introduced in the medical literature as follows: The diamagnetic nature of blood reported in1936, the recording of organ emissions from the human body also published in the second half of the last century. It could stated that the same way molecular cross talk influence cells signaling, biomagnetic cross talk could also influence cells functions. Introduction: This manuscript introduces the effect of externally applied magnetic fields (diamagnetic or paramagnetic) causing temporary Red Blood Cells (RBCs) deformations. Results from experiments using diamagnetic material such as human blood with the property of repelling an opposing magnetic field; and paramagnetic material such as carbon based graphite or iron particles are reported. Methods: The work herein presented entailed the trapping (between two similar glass slides) of fresh human blood smear with fine exogenous metal, such as iron filings or graphite powder. The technique requires a standard video microscope and an image recording equipment. Provocative placement of ferromagnetic or diamagnetic material in in vitro blood smears preparations were found to exhibit temporary in vivo characteristics quoted Temporary In Vivo Blood Smears (TBIS). Established protocol calls for fresh blood smears to be set-aside 5 minutes prior to staining. During the first 2 minutes of the set-aside period, in a typical monolayer smear, one can observe an initial brief time period of approximately 1’ ± 30” of a drying cycle. Usually, a moisture sheen boundary is seen gradually moving from the slide’s edges towards the center. Results: The main findings include a demonstration that both diamagnetic and pararmagnetic material deform RBCs in a variety of shapes. The paramagnetism (attraction) and diamagnetism of graphite powder induced temporary RBCs deformation in the form of teardrops. For the first time, an ongoing cellular deformation process was captured in video recordings. Conclusions: When in vivo cells in blood smears, such as RBCs, are fronted by exogenous magnetic fields, temporary cell deformation occurs.

Colloid, Blood, and Kidney: Chemistry Topics to Support Meaningful Learning for Biology Students

Biology students desperately need chemistry because chemistry explains in detail why a biological process occurs. However, there are still many biology students who consider chemistry a difficult subject to study. This topic supports meaningful learning for biology students. Biology topics that are closely related to colloid topics are the nature of blood as colloids, the ability of the kidneys to cleanse the blood, and the working principle of a dialysator that can replace the kidneys in cleansing the blood.

Where is Palestine in Caryl Phillips’s The Nature of Blood?

This article examines the theoretical/critical and literary silence on Palestine as represented by Caryl Phillips’s novel, The Nature of Blood. It is argued that the silence on Palestine is simultaneously political, historical, geographical and imaginative. In his novel, Phillips provides a framework of Jewish suffering and persecution in an anti-Semitic Europe which culminates in the Holocaust in order to justify the establishment of a Jewish homeland. The criticism Phillips directs at Israel has to do with Israel’s racism against black Jews. Phillips, who is ironically identified as a postcolonial writer, ignores the fact that Israel is also a colonial entity, which was established based on the belief that Israel would be an ethnically pure homeland for the Jewish people. Phillips’s inability or unwillingness to understand this basic given leads to his intentional erasure of a whole people, the Palestinians and their cause, a criticism that can also be leveled against trauma and postcolonial studies. .

Challenge and opportunity research in blood supply chain management: a literature review

An interconnected series of the blood management is called blood supply chain management (BSCM). The stages of BSCM consisted of blood collecting, production, inventory, and distribution. The main challenges in BSCM are related to shortage, outdate, and supply chain cost which needed to minimize. Naturally, problems in BSCM are complex, it is not an easy task to find the solution. This complexity brought by several factors as follows: its inflicted risk, the uncertainty of supply and demand, blood nature as perishable commodity, demand uniqueness, and cost occurred. This research purposes was to review of various research related to BSCM and highlight opportunities to develop further research in blood supply chain (BSC). The result of this research is a suggestion on various possible future research to be explored in BSC, for example, developing an adaptive inventory model to support blood supply chain management that could be responsive toward demand fluctuation and developing collecting strategy to minimize shortage, outdate and incurred cost in supply chain level.

Biomathematical study of time-dependent flow of a Carreau nanofluid through inclined catheterized arteries with overlapping stenosis

This work is concerned with the analysis of blood flow through inclined catheterized arteries having a balloon (angioplasty) with time-variant overlapping stenosis. The nature of blood in small arteries is analyzed mathematically by considering it as a Carreau nanofluid. The highly nonlinear momentum equations of nanofluid model are simplified by considering the mild stenosis case. The formulated problem is solved by a homotopy perturbation expansion in terms of a variant of the Weissenberg number to obtain explicit forms for the axial velocity, the stream function, the pressure gradient, the resistance impedance and the wall shear stress distribution. These solutions depend on the Brownian motion number, thermophoresis number, local temperature Grashof number G r and local nanoparticle Grashof number B r . The results were also studied for various values of the physical parameters, such as the Weissenberg number W i , the power law index n, the taper angle Φ, the maximum height of stenosis δ*, the angle of inclination α, the maximum height of balloon σ*, the axial displacement of the balloon zd*, the flow rate F and the Froud number Fr. The obtained results show that the transmission of axial velocity curves through a Newtonian fluid (W i =0, n=1, G r =0, B r =0, N t =0, N b ≠0) is substantially lower than that through a Carreau nanofluid near the wall of balloon while the inverse occurs in the region between the balloon and stenosis. The streamlines have a clearly distinguished shifting toward the stenotic region and this shifting appears near the wall of the balloon, while it has almost disappeared near the stenotic wall and the trapping bolus in the case of horizontal arteries and Newtonian fluid (W i =0, n=1, G r =0, B r =0, N t =0, N b ≠0) does not appear but for the case of Carreau nanofluid bolus appears.

“The River That Does Not Know Its Own Source Will Dry Up”: Caryl Phillips’s Musicalized Fiction

The article seeks to give an overview of Phillips’s musical prose and to gauge its emotional impact on the readers. It concentrates on three novels by Phillips: The Lost Child (2015) where music is thematically present, The Nature of Blood (1997) which stylistically approximates music, and Dancing in the Dark (2005) which relies on both forms of relations between music and literature.

Study the infection with intestinal parasites (Entamoeba histolytica) and its effect on the blood nature in children from Thi-Qar province

The present study has included collection of 1001 fecal samples of children aged seven years and less than that age . 333 blood samples have been collected for the children that proved their infection by intestinal parasites from samples of study and 100 blood sample from non - infected who visited different hospitals in Thi – Qar Provence during the period from the first of October 2010 to the end of July 2011 to study the rate of intestinal parasites infection and their impact on certain criteria bloody . The fecal samples have been examined by two methods are: direct smear using Normal Saline and Lugol,s Iodine and indirect with flotation by using Zinc Sulfate water ZnSO4. 7H2O . The results have showed that percentage of infected children with parasites was % 33.3 . Entamoeba histolytica formed high percentage % 30 . Significant differences by using (T-test) in level P< 0.05 become clear when studying effect type of infection and type of parasite on some criteria bloody such as Packed Cell Volume PCV , Hemoglobin Hb, White Blood Cell WBC and Number of eosinophile. E. histolytica formed high percentage therefore we decided to highlight on the impact of that parasite in red blood cells and the concentration of antibodies formed against it , but the statistical analysis did not find any significant differences in the criteria for red blood cells between infected and not infected with this parasite, as well as the concentration of IgG while we found IgM concentration difference in patients compared to non-infected.

The nature of empathy: An interview with Caryl Phillips

Caryl Phillips is widely regarded as a leading contemporary writer, particularly in the field of postcolonial, transnational, and diasporic literature. Born in St Kitts in 1958, he was four months old when he migrated with his parents to England, where he grew up in Leeds. He is now the author of ten novels, including Cambridge, The Nature of Blood, and A Distant Shore. In this interview he discusses his most recent novel, The Lost Child, which combines a number of different narratives, including a fictionalised account of Emily Brontë and the origins of Wuthering Heights. Other topics include Phillips's writing methods; the experience of being an outsider; the role of women in his novels; the relations between fiction, biography and autobiography; the nature and limits of empathy; and the example set by Chinua Achebe.

Permeability and stress-jump effects on magnetic drug targeting in a permeable microvessel using Darcy model

In the present paper, we investigated the influence of permeability of the carrier particle and stress jump condition on the porous spherical surface in magnetic drug targeting through a permeable microvessel. The nature of blood is defined by non-Newtonian Casson fluid in the core region of the microvessel and Newtonian fluid in the peripheral region which is located near the surface of the wall of the microvessel. The magnetic particles are considered as spherical and in nanosize, embedded in the carrier particle along with drug particles. A magnet is placed near the tumor position to generate a magnetic field. The relative motion of the carrier particle is the resultant of the fluidic force, magnetic force and Saffman drag force which are calculated for the spherical carrier particle. Trajectories of the carrier particle along the radial and axial direction are calculated. Effect of different parameters such as stress-jump constant, permeability of the carrier particle, pressure gradient, yield stress, Saffman force, volume fraction of the embedded magnetic nanoparticles, permeability of the microvessel wall, and the radius of the carrier particle on the trajectory of the carrier particle are discussed and displayed graphically.

For the "Dark Star": Reading Womanism and Black Womanhood in the Novels of Caryl Phillips

Representations of black women in literature by black men received much critical attention in the latter part of the twentieth century. Frances Smith Foster argues that "black men shared the nineteenth century predilection for defining women … and for limiting the female protagonist." Trudier Harris' book Black Women in the Fiction of James Baldwin examined the literature of the twentieth century's most impactful African American male writer and his persistent portrayal of black women as morally constrained. More recently, Curdella Forbes' From Nation to Diaspora: Sam Selvon, George Lamming and the Cultural Performance of Gender explored several depictions of women in Afro-Caribbean literature. Yet this area of study has not been exhausted, and it seems necessary to pursue it with regard to Caryl Phillips, one of the most prolific writers in the African diaspora today. Phillips' work has already garnered attention for its ability to authentically represent women's voices. His novels Cambridge and The Nature of Blood in particular have been highly praised for their female narrators, and Phillips has discussed the ease with which he engages women's voices. This essay aims to advance the study of Phillips' unique and varied portrayal of women by analyzing his depiction of black women in Dancing in the Dark, The Nature of Blood, and The Final Passage. The article explores how women in the world of Phillips' texts navigate the physical and emotional spaces of intimacy in which their voices and experiences initially seem to be occluded by men's stories. I argue that Phillips offers nuanced depictions of black women which bend, break, and at times reify so as to critique well-established and often controversial literary archetypes of blackness, revealing that his fiction works in what Gary L. Lemons describes as a pro-woman(ist) mode.