Natural Agriculture Research Articles

Growth, NPK Uptake and Crude Protein Content in Diversified Cropping System under Natural Farming

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2020-21 to Kharif 2021 at Research Farm, Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) to study growth analysis, NPK uptake and crude protein content in diversified cropping system under natural farming. The experiment was consisted of 9 treatments (C1 -Maize - wheat, C2-Black gram - wheat + gram, C3-Soybean - wheat + lentil, C4-Cowpea - wheat + sarson, C5-Okra - wheat + pea, C6-Maize + black gram - gram, C7-Maize + soybean - lentil, C8-Maize + cowpea - sarson and C9-Maize + okra - pea), replicated three time in Randomized Block Design. The natural farming inputs includes beejamrit (used for seed treatment @ 1 litre/10 kg seed), jeevamrit (5 drenching application at 21 days interval; total used 450 litres), ghanjeevamrit (soil applied during sowing @ 500 kg ha-1) and mulching (applied after germination @ 10000 kg ha-1). Legume-based systems resulted in significantly higher CGR and RGR among the cropping systems. During Rabi 2020-21, the highest CGR was observed in the C3 (soybean - wheat + lentil) of 5.53 g m-2 day-1, followed by C1 (maize - wheat) at 5.29 g m-2 day-1. In Kharif 2021, C4 (cowpea - wheat + sarson) showed the highest CGR (10.22 g m-2 day-1). Higher RGR was found in C7 system (maize + soybean - lentil) at 8.89 mg g-1 day-1, in Rabi 2020-21. While, the system C2 (black gram - wheat + gram) resulted in higher RGR at 13.76 mg g-1 day-1 before harvest in Kharif 2021. Legumes enhances nutrient uptake by improving soil fertility and also resulted in improved the dry matter accumulation during mid-to-late crop stages under natural farming. A significant variation was observed higher nutrient uptake in both seed and by-products with legume-based systems under natural farming. Enhanced crude protein content was found in the legume-based systems, such as C8 (maize + cowpea - sarson) with 75.50 % in Rabi 2020-21.

Optimizing Productivity and Economics of Maize + Legumes Intercropping: A Study on the Impact of Natural and Organic Farming Practices

Background: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in a cropping system adversely affects the soil health and crop productivity. To ensure food security, nutritional balance and environmental sustainability, a shift towards eco-friendly organic farming based agricultural systems was imperative. But it also poses challenges for small farmers who owe a small number of animals and they need to purchase bulk organic manures. Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) emerges as an alternate and advocate for low-input, climate-resilient practices which include beejamrit, jeevamrit, achhadana and whapasa. With the aim of increasing the production of the crops per unit area in the present study, different intervals (14, 21 and 28 days) of jeevamrit under natural farming plots and matka khad (30 days interval) under organic farming plots were tested in different maize based intercropping systems. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 and 2021 at the Zero Budget Natural Farm (ZBNF), Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The experiment was comprised of thirteen treatments which were tested in randomized block design with three replications. Result: Among different treatments significantly higher values of yield attributes and yield of maize were recorded under maize + lobia and jeevamrit spray at 14 days interval during kharif 2020 and maize + soybean and jeevamrit spray at 14 days interval during kharif 2021. In case of economics, higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded under maize + soybean and jeevamrit spray at 14 days interval during kharif 2020, whereas during kharif 2021, maize + soybean and matka khad spray at 30 days interval resulted in the highest returns.

Jivamrit as a Sustainable Approach: A Review of Natural Farming and Future Agriculture.

Green Revolution aims to boost food production and feed millions of Indians, but it also has negative effects on agriculture and society's health. Natural manures like cow dung and cow urine can counteract the adverse effects of inorganic fertilizer on soil along with improving physicochemical qualities, maintaining the soil quality, and increasing crop output. Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) formulations like Jivamrit promote soil health and microbial activities and are an excellent source of macronutrients, other micronutrients needed for plant growth, plus adds beneficial microbes, nitrogen (N2), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and natural carbon (C). Further, conventional agricultural methods, like monocropping and heavy tillage, can damage soil bacteria which contributes to sustainable agriculture through nitrogen fixation, siderophore synthesis and nutrient absorption. A sustainable agricultural system is resource-efficient, socially and commercially competitive, ecologically sound, and supportive of society. Jivamrit, a natural organic manure, is gaining interest due to concerns about the sustainability of input-intensive agriculture systems. It promotes crop growth, quality, and yield, enhances soil pH, population, and activity of beneficial microorganisms, and helps with nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubili-zation, and easy decomposition. Long-term use of Jivamrit, may disrupt soil microbial balance, may leading to overpopulation of certain species. The current review on the Jivamrit emphasizes on the biological and chemical characterization and its significance to the agriculture.

Opportunities and Challenges on Natural Farming

Natural Farming, an ecological and sustainable agricultural practice, emphasizes minimal human intervention and the use of natural resources for crop cultivation. Unlike conventional farming, which relies heavily on chemical inputs, Natural Farming integrates practices such as minimal tillage and organic inputs like cow dung and plant-based preparations. This case study explores Natural Farming practices among farmers in Tamil Nadu, focusing on their experiences, opportunities, and challenges. The study includes detailed case studies of three farmers in Coimbatore District and each farmer employing different natural farming techniques and facing unique obstacles. The findings reveal that Natural Farming offers significant benefits, including reduced farming costs, improved soil health, and enhanced market opportunities for organic produce. Farmers reported that these practices lead to better crop resilience and higher-quality produce, often fetching premium prices. However, challenges persist, including difficulties in weed control, pest and disease management, labor shortages, and delay in certification, which can affect market access and profitability. The study underscores the potential of Natural Farming to transform agricultural practices by promoting sustainability and reducing dependence on chemical inputs. It also highlights the need for supportive interventions, such as enhanced market access, comprehensive farmer training, and government support to address the identified challenges and maximize the benefits of Natural Farming. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of Natural Farming's role in sustainable agriculture and its implications for farmers in Tamil Nadu.

Study on performance of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) under different production systems

Coimbatore is located in the western part of Tamil Nadu and nestled against the foothills of the Western Ghats. This region's cool climate and favourable terrain make it ideal for cultivating hill vegetables. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is a significant cole crop known for its high nutritional value. Excessive chemical usage in cabbage cultivation leads to residual effects on soil and produce. This study aimed to identify the best production system for cabbage cultivation in the northwestern parts of Tamil Nadu. An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2023-2024 at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and five replications. The organic farming system exhibited the highest values for plant height (21.47 cm), stalk length (8.49 cm), dry matter accumulation (71.34 g per plant), days to head formation (18.75 days), days to harvest (56.25 days), head diameter (17.70 cm), head compactness (33.91), head weight (945.35 g per plant) and cabbage yield (24.92 t ha-1), surpassing both conventional and natural farming systems. A similar pattern was observed in quality parameters, including TSS (6.54 °Brix), shelf life (12.21 days) and ascorbic acid content (44.26 mg per 100 g). This study highlights an efficient cabbage cultivation system in the Coimbatore region, leading to improved yield, soil health and quality.

Enhancing ecosystem dynamics: organic and regenerative practices in rice–wheat systems and their impact on soil arthropod biodiversity

Arthropods may make a significant fraction of the total number of soil organisms. They function as plant litter transformers or ecosystem engineers, and thus contribute positively to soil health. The present study was conducted during the 2020–2022 at International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Regional Centre, Varanasi. Study investigates the impact of different farming methods-conventional (Scenario 1; Sc1), LINF- Low-input natural farming (Sc 2); BBEF- Biochar-based ecological farming (Sc 3); CROF- Climate-resilient organic farming (Sc 4); RF- Regenerative farming (Sc 5) practices on soil arthropod populations in rice-wheat systems. Study utilized pitfall traps across various experimental setups. The findings revealed a significant increase in arthropod diversity and abundance, particularly in organic farming scenarios, where the Formicidae family (ants) and the Araneae family (spiders) were most prevalent. In an organically rich soil system, the five most diverse groups (Isopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Acari, and Collembola) were reported. This increase can be attributed to the nutrient-rich amendments that positively influence soil organisms. This study highlights a gradual increase in specific taxa, such as cockroaches, spiders, ants, and grasshoppers, following the transition to organic farming. Principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed distinct arthropod distribution patterns in the different farming systems, indicating the unique ecological impact of each method. Interestingly, predator populations in zero-till wheat fields under regenerative agriculture were greater than those in conventionally tilled fields. These results underscore the substantial role of organic and regenerative farming practices in promoting sustainable agricultural ecosystems. This study reveals the complex interplay between farming practices and arthropod dynamics and highlights the ecological benefits of sustainable agricultural methods, emphasizing their potential to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Sustainable farming practices enhance bacterial diversity and nutrient levels in sorghum rhizosphere soil

This research employs metagenomic analysis to explore bacterial diversity in sorghum rhizosphere soil in response to various sustainable farming practices and their impact on soil fertility. The field experiment with cotton-sorghum cropping system was conducted since 2020 and from 3rd cycle sorghum experiment, the soils were collected and subjected to metagenomics and nutrients availability analysis. We evaluated the impact of different farming approaches: Natural Farming (NF), Organic Farming (OF), integrated crop management (ICM), along with a control (No input farming). The results underscores the prevalence of Proteobacteria phylum across all farming practices, while Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes showed increased presence due to altered soil management and nutrient availability changes. Genus-level analysis revealed shifts in dominant genera, including Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, and Candidatus nitrososphaera, across different farming practices. Post-harvest soil analysis indicated varied nutrient levels, with ICM showing enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability. ICM, utilizing a balanced mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers, promoted sorghum growth, yielding higher plant height and total dry matter compared to OF and NF, which performed similarly. The study emphasizes the efficacy of a balanced approach like ICM for improving crop production and soil nutrient availability. However, all diversified farming practices exhibited high soil biological diversity compared to the control, highlighting the necessity for continuous long-term soil monitoring across different farming practices to stabilize soil microbiomes, ensure nutrient availability, and support sustainable crop production.

Productivity and energetics of basmati rice-wheat cropping systems under different farming conditions in northwest India

ABSTRACT Basmati rice-wheat cropping systems have the potential to upscale organic agriculture in India because of the lower nutritional requirements and the geographical indication status of basmati rice. The energetics of organic production of basmati rice-wheat needs to be assessed to delineate its efficiency as compared with conventional production. An experiment with different management systems was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, Punjab, India during 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons to assess the productivity, economics and energetics of this cropping system in different organic and conventional management systems. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design, replicated thrice, with nine treatments, including organic, chemical, natural farming, integrated nutrient management (INM) and integrated crop management (ICM). The highest basmati rice grain yield (3390 kg ha−1) was obtained with chemical management, which was statistically at par with ICM, INM and FYM treatments, but was significantly higher than that in the organic and natural farming treatments. The highest wheat grain yield (4450 kg ha−1) was recorded with ICM, which was statistically at par with INM and chemical management. Higher productivity in basmati rice was achieved with chemical and integrated management, but the highest net returns and benefit-to-cost ratio (2.89) were recorded under organic farming due to the price premium obtained for the produce. In wheat, despite higher cultivation costs, organic farming had lower returns, while chemical management had the highest net returns and benefit-to-cost ratio (2.9). Natural farming treatments were more energy efficient than the other systems because of low energy inputs.

Enhancing the Nutritional Value of Food through Process of Natural Farming in India

Natural farming also referred to as organic farming, vital for health since it produces pesticide-free goods. The amount of vital micronutrients in naturally cultivated food has been found to be higher. The Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati Program, found effective in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Kerala is an initiative of the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, supports natural farming in India. The purpose of this study is to identify the difficulties experienced by farmers as well as the requirements and limitations of natural farming in India. Natural farming depends on the potential of the soil under the present local climate conditions and employs the agro-eco system as a self-contained unit. Only 4.9, 2.0, and 1.6 percent of the net sown area in the top three states with the most organic farming, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, are used for organic farming, respectively. In a few states such as; Meghalaya, Mizoram, Uttarakhand, Goa, and Sikkim, organic crops account for 10% or more of the net sown area. This study examines the health benefits of regularly ingesting foods that are naturally generated. Natural-grown plants are better for a therapeutic diet as well as contributing in economic development.

Assessing Soil Quality and Wheat Productivity under Manure Augmented Natural Farming

Assessing Soil Quality and Wheat Productivity under Manure Augmented Natural Farming

Doubling Indian Agri Export through Natural Farming Management, Horticulture & African Markets

Aims: We explore the scope of escalating agriculture export in doubling farmers income and rational use of the growing Indian agriculture surplus and consequent glut, farmer distress. Study Design: The study is exploratory type and was conducted by literature survey and discussion with farmers, experts and industry. Methodology: The study was conducted by field visits to exporting, farmer exporters and experts during 2017 to 2022 by visiting farmers in Amaravati and Palghar districts, exporters in Mumbai city and experts at Pune city. Their data were triangulated with the literature from reputed agri-research institutions. Results: Doubling agri export can help to doubling farmer’s income (DFI) as export price is premium and profitability higher, besides increasing foreign exchange. Fruits & vegetables (F&V) is the largest agri-export segment globally but meagre 9th rank among Indian agri-export basket. Focussing on larger or costly market segment such as fruits & vegetables having higher productivity & surplus, rather than the cereals can help. Recent natural farming mission can aid in it and safeguard consumer and farmer’s health such as from the cancer. Indian F&V production more than doubled in the past 2 decades to exceed grains production, due to their health benefits. Maximum residue level (MRL) is the export benchmark so promoting low/ no pesticide techniques under the recent Indian natural farming (NF) mission can help to triple Indian agri-exports to $ 100 billion by 2030 from $35 billion in 2023, through horticulture, dairy and tea, cocoa that are in demand and valued. African markets can be tapped as it imports majority of its food and has less entry barriers. Policy may focus on fruits like Banana and premium for NF produce. Conclusion: Focusing on fruits & vegetables (F&V), dairy, lipids & adopting the low/ no “pesticide residue” standard etc. can boost Indian agri-exports.

Effect of Different Nutrient Management Practices on Kharif Rice Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Properties in Telangana

The field experiment was conducted during kharif-2019, 2020 and 2021in RARS Warangal, located at 180 01.077 N latitude 790 36.197 E longitude and an altitude of 259 m above mean sea level to study the effect of different nutrient management practices on rice yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties in Telangana. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design with 5 treatments (T1 = Organic Farming, T2 = Chemical farming, T3 = Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), T4 = Control and T5 = Natural farming) replicated in four times. Rice (WGL-32100) was sown during third week of July, transplanted in third week of August and harvested at 135 days after sowing. The results indicated that, significantly higher grain yield (5357 kg ha-1) was recorded in INM over control (3632 kg ha-1), natural farming (3986 kg ha-1) and organic farming (4843 kg ha-1) but at par with chemical farming (5164 kg ha-1). Significantly higher straw yield (6428 kg ha-1) was recorded in INM over control (4326 kg ha-1), natural farming (5100 kg ha-1), organic farming (5668 kg ha-1) and chemical farming (5856 kg ha-1). Significantly higher nitrogen uptake (87.42 kg ha-1) was recorded in INM over control (56.58 kg ha-1), natural farming (67.58 kg ha-1) and organic farming (75.39 kg ha-1) but at par with chemical farming (81.46 kg ha-1). Significantly higher phosphorus uptake (27.34 kg ha-1) was recorded in INM over control (17.80 kg ha-1) and natural farming (19.76 kg ha-1) but at par with organic farming (25.52 kg ha-1) and chemical farming (25.86 kg ha-1). Significantly higher potassium uptake (96.66 kg ha-1) was recorded in INM over control (56.31 kg ha-1), natural farming (68.20 kg ha-1) and organic farming (81.27 kg ha-1) but at par with chemical farming (89.29 kg ha-1). The maximum increase in the OC, available N, P2O5 and K2O were noted in INM (6.9 g kg-1, 186, 45 and 296 kg ha-1, respectively). The lowest value of OC, available N, P2O5 and K2O were noted in control (4.1 g kg-1, 58, 18 and 201 kg ha-1, respectively).

Plant probiotic microbes – trending microbes for plant growth and value addition of compost- a review

New agricultural approaches, including natural and organic farming, have developed organic and microbiological goods. Beneficial microbes known as plant probiotic microorganisms (PPM) are primarily found in soil and have coevolved with plants in a symbiotic or free-living relationship. By encouraging plant growth and health, these bacteria lessen the need for artificial fertilizers, support environmentally friendly agricultural practices, and improve plant health. Agroecosystem vigour, biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity are all enhanced by using plant probiotic bacteria in biologically based agriculture. By using beneficial bacteria to support the health and function of the host organism, plant probiotics aim to lessen the demand for toxic pesticides and fertilizers. Using these probiotic microorganisms will have a synergistic and advantageous effect on crop production. Plant probiotic microorganisms improve the overall quality of compost throughout the composting process by accelerating the breakdown of organic materials and introducing helpful bacteria. This rich compost adds beneficial bacteria to the soil, creating a healthy and productive environment. This review looks at the common plant probiotic bacteria, how they work, how they complement each other to improve compost quality and plant growth, how they might be used in agriculture, and how they could change how composting is done.

Sustainable agriculture made easy: CETARA-NF's self-certification

Consumers can receive guarantees through the certified evaluation tool of agriculture resources analysis of natural farming (CETARA NF) without having to deal with costly third-party certification's entry obstacles or complex participatory guarantee systems. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for farmers' engagement in CETARA-NF as well as their experiences and results. 400 farmers randomly interviewed from 4 agroclimatic zones using the well-structured questionnaire from a 135,000 certified farmers list. Most farmers fall under the Two Star category (61.5 %), followed by One Star (28.5 %) and Three Star (10 %). The findings imply that 61 per cent of farmers are transitioning towards natural farming as these farmers have minimised or eliminated the chemical use in their farming practices. Significant factors of adoption for this certification system were increased marketed quantity, chemical fertiliser cost and no certification cost. Also, market access (Rank 1), no cost of certification (Rank 2) and women friendly (Rank 3) recognized as the major advantages of this certification. CETARA-NF can be an alternative certification solution for smallholders by securing the integration of grassroots agroecological cooperation and customs inside natural farming systems, thereby overcoming certification barriers.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on Soil Physico-chemical Properties in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Intercrop under Beul (Grewia optiva Drummond.) Based Agroforestry System and Open Condition

The raising human health hazards due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in India leads cancer patients. To overcome such problems there is need of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in our major crop wheat and further to improve soil fertility under agroforestry system. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the impact of INM on the physical and chemical properties of soil when wheat intercropped under Beul (Grewia optiva) based agroforestry system in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP (India). INM practices were applied to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing soil fertility, crop yield, and overall soil health. The experimental setup included various treatment combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers viz., T1: RDF, T2: FYM, T3: Vermicompost, T4: Goat manure, T5: 50% RDF+50% FYM, T6: 50% RDF+50% VC, T7: 50% RDF+50% GM, and T8: Control to determine their synergistic effects on the soil and cereal crop. These treatments were randomly assigned to plots under two planting conditions: S1 (under Beul based agroforestry system) and S2 (open condition), with three replications each, following in a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The key physical parameters such as bulk density (g/cm3), particle density (g/cm3), porosity (%), and soil moisture (%) were measured along with chemical properties of soil including soil pH, EC (dS/m1), organic carbon content (%), and nutrient availability of N, P and K in kg per hectare. The soil data of two consecutive years and pooled data were analyzed in R Statistical Software. The results demonstrated that INM significantly improved both the physical and chemical soil properties in agroforestry system as compared to control treatment i.e. open condition. The use of 100 % FYM found to be best treatment during the course of study among various treatments of INM for soil porosity, soil moisture, soil pH, available N, P and K. The soil structure and nutrient availability were increased in second year as compared to first year which will lead to improve the growth and yield of wheat crop. The study underscores the importance of adopting INM practices in agroforestry system to achieve sustainable agriculture as well as chemical free agriculture in hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh which will be helpful for human health. Thus, the use 100% FYM fertilizer is recommended for farmers in hilly area of Himachal Pradesh for sustainable agriculture and natural farming. The findings provide valuable insights for farmers and policymakers aiming to optimize crop production and maintain soil health in similar agro-ecological zones.

Effects of different ITKs for enhancing crop production under natural farming: A review

Effects of different ITKs for enhancing crop production under natural farming: A review

Impact of natural and organic farming systems on growth, yield and economics of greengram

Impact of natural and organic farming systems on growth, yield and economics of greengram

Understanding Constraints in Zero Budget Natural Farming: A Comparative Study of Two Districts in Northern Karnataka, India

The Green Revolution successfully achieved food security but also brought about new challenges, such as decreasing factor productivity and inefficient nutrient utilization. As concerns about food safety, environmental sustainability, and climate change continue to grow, Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) has emerged as an alternative and gained support from governments. This study aimed to identify the constraints of ZBNF in Northern Karnataka. Using an ex post facto research design, data were collected from 100 respondents in Belagavi and Haveri districts, categorized into planners and adopters. The Garrett Ranking Technique and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to analyze the constraints. Planners faced challenges, such as low initial yields (62.58) and a lack of confidence in using ZBNF inputs (59.54). However, adopters cited inadequate government support (53.96) as their top constraint. Both groups reported the labor-intensive nature of practicing ZBNF and issues with market access, highlighting systemic barriers to ZBNF adoption. Statistically significant differences were found between planners and adopters in terms of the non-availability of traditional seed varieties (p=0.012), low yields in the initial stages (p=0.030), lack of information on preparing asthras (p=0.024), and inadequate government support (p=0.015). Other constraints, such as purchasing indigenous cows (p=0.05) and intensive labor requirements (p=0.223), were identified but not statistically significant. These findings contribute to the sustainable agriculture discourse and offer insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to promote ZBNF as a viable alternative to conventional farming.

Influence of natural farming vs conventional farming practices on growth and dry matter production of paddy

Influence of natural farming vs conventional farming practices on growth and dry matter production of paddy

Innovative Approaches for Climate-Resilient Farming: Strategies against Environmental Shifts and Climate Change

Climate change, driven predominantly by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, is causing significant alterations to global weather patterns. This phenomenon results in more frequent and severe weather events, including prolonged droughts, intense rainfall, and shifting temperature regimes. Such changes pose a substantial threat to agriculture, a sector highly dependent on stable climatic conditions. Crop yields are increasingly unpredictable due to these extreme weather events and shifting growing seasons, impacting food security and livelihoods worldwide. To address these challenges, climate resilience agriculture has emerged as a pivotal solution. This approach involves adopting farming practices and technologies designed to withstand and adapt to changing climatic conditions. Strategies include diversifying crop varieties, precision agriculture, climate smart agriculture, nano biochar application, coated fertilizer applications, natural farming, site specific nutrient management, mulching, precise water management, seed bombing, direct seeding in rice, implementing soil conservation methods etc. Additionally, climate resilience agriculture promotes the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific advancements to enhance ecosystem robustness and productivity. By fostering adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability, climate resilience agriculture aims to safeguard food systems and sustain agricultural productivity in the face of ongoing climate disruptions.