Natural Tin Research Articles

Timah dalam Pembentukkan Budaya dan Ekonomi Masyarakat Bangka

This research begins with the assumption that the tin policy during the Palembang- Independence Sultanate had an influence on the cultural and economic formation of the Bangka people. This research is a library research using a historical approach. Primary data used in this research was obtained from the PT, Timah Tbk Museum Archives in Pangkalpinang. The theory used in this research is the theory of historical materialism by Karl Marx. The results of this research show that the existence of policies on tin mining from the time of the Palembang Sultanate until independence had a direct impact on the people of Bangka who could not access natural tin resources because they were controlled by tin rulers. The existence of tin mining activities then contributed to the formation of culture and economic changes in the people of Bangka.

Production and radiochemistry of antimony-120m: Efforts toward Auger electron therapy with 119Sb

Targeted Meitner-Auger Therapy (TMAT) has potential for personalized treatment thanks to its subcellular dosimetric selectivity, which is distinct from the dosimetry of β− and α particle emission based Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). To date, most clinical and preclinical TMAT studies have used commercially available radionuclides. These studies showed promising results despite using radionuclides with theoretically suboptimal photon to electron ratios, decay kinetics, and electron emission spectra. Studies using radionuclides whose decay characteristics are considered more optimal are therefore important for evaluation of the full potential of Meitner-Auger therapy; 119Sb is among the best such candidates. In the present work, we develop radiochemical purification of 120Sb from irradiated natural tin targets for TMAT studies with 119Sb.

Activation cross sections for 13.6 MeV neutron induced reactions on natural tin

Cross sections of the 112Sn(n,x)111In, 114Sn(n,2n)113Sn, natSn(n,x)117mSn and 124Sn(n,2n)123gSn reactions have been measured by using the activation technique at 13.6 MeV neutron energy. The neutrons were produced via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction. The present experimental data illustrated satisfactory agreement with most of the available literature data. Experimental data are compared with the corresponding evaluated nuclear data from the ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-4.0/HE, BROND-3.1, CENDL-3.2 and JEFF-3.3 libraries, and the agreement are generally acceptable. Besides, different nuclear level density models have been used for the estimation of the desired excitation functions with TALYS-1.95 code.

Integrated Modeling of Natural Tin Photoactivation

In this study photoactivation reaction cross-sections on natural Sn were evaluated in the GDR region for incident neutron energy up to some ten’s of MeV’s. For each Sn isotope, the contribution of the compound, direct and preequilibrium mechanisms were extracted. The cross-sections and isomer ratios were calculated. The results are compared with existing experimental data obtained by Bremsstrahlung source and activation methods.
 Theoretical evaluations of the photoactivation cross-sections obtained with Talys are in good agreement with existing experimental data. Taking into account the satisfactory description of experimental cross-section data, the isomer ratios for incident photons energy from the neutron threshold (8¸9 MeV) up to 36 MeV were calculated.
 If the isomer nuclei are obtained in final states then the isomer ratios were evaluated using the corresponding production cross-sections (sm, sg) in the exclusive (g, 1n) reactions. In the present work, the results of (g, n) reaction on 114Sn and 120Sn nuclei are analyzed.

Experimental verification of the field theory of specific heat with the scaling in crystalline matter

The field (geometrical) theory of specific heat is based on the universal thermal sum, a new mathematical tool derived from the evolution equation in the Euclidean four-dimensional spacetime, with the closed time coordinate. This theory made it possible to explain the phenomena of scaling in the heat capacity of condensed matter. The scaling of specific heat of the carbon group elements with a diamond lattice is revisited. The predictions of the scaling characteristics for natural diamond and grey tin are verified with published experimental data. The fourth power in temperature in the quasi-low temperature behaviour of the specific heat of both materials is confirmed. The phenomenon of scaling in the specific heat, previously known only in glassy matter, is demonstrated for some zincblend lattice compounds and diamond lattice elements, with their characteristic temperatures. The nearly identical elastic properties of grey tin and indium antimonide is the cause for similarity of their thermal properties, which makes it possible to make conjectures about thermal properties of grey tin.

Nitrogen under Super-Reducing Conditions: Ti Oxynitride Melts in Xenolithic Corundum Aggregates from Mt Carmel (N. Israel)

Titanium oxynitrides (Ti(N,O,C)) are abundant in xenolithic corundum aggregates in pyroclastic ejecta of Cretaceous volcanoes on Mount Carmel, northern Israel. Petrographic observations indicate that most of these nitrides existed as melts, immiscible with coexisting silicate and Fe-Ti-C silicide melts; some nitrides may also have crystallized directly from the silicide melts. The TiN phase shows a wide range of solid solution, taking up 0–10 wt% carbon and 1.7–17 wt% oxygen; these have crystallized in the halite (fcc) structure common to synthetic and natural TiN. Nitrides coexisting with silicide melts have higher C/O than those coexisting with silicate melts. Analyses with no carbon fall along the TiN–TiO join in the Ti–N–O phase space, implying that their Ti is a mixture of Ti3+ and Ti2+, while those with 1–3 at.% C appear to be solid solutions between TiN and Ti0.75O. Analyses with >10 at% C have higher Ti2+/Ti3+, reflecting a decrease in fO2. Oxygen fugacity was 6 to 8 log units below the iron–wüstite buffer, at or below the Ti2O3–TiO buffer. These relationships and coexisting silicide phases indicate temperatures of 1400–1100 °C. Ti oxynitrides are probably locally abundant in the upper mantle, especially in the presence of CH4–H2 fluids derived from the deeper metal-saturated mantle.

Purification of rad-waste arising from irradiated natural tin target towards tellurium-125m/antimony-125 radioisotope generator elaboration

The present study introduces a new approach based on an irradiated tin target's impurity to produce a125Sb/125mTe radioisotope generator. A prepared generator gel matrix of zirconium-silico-tungstate was loaded with 6660 MBq (180 mCi) activity of the separated antimony. The loading and elution method has been studied as a function of the concentration of H2SO4 acid solution. The effect of mild oxidant (ascorbic acid) in the loading and complexing agent (acetic acid) in elution was investigated to improve the generator's elution profile. A mixture of (0.5 M) ascorbic acid and (0.5 M) H2SO4 acid solution as a loading solution resulted in a maximum distribution of 125Sb. In comparison, using (0.4 M) acetic acid as an eluent solution 125mTe yield reached 88.7% and minimised percentage of 125Sb breakthrough was obtained (<0.01%).

Evaluation of pectin isolated from tomato peel waste as natural tin corrosion inhibitor in sodium chloride/acetic acid solution

The pectin from tomato peel waste (TPP) was employed as tin corrosion inhibitor with the aim to enhance the knowledge regarding the application of natural inhibitors, instead synthetic, and reducing the waste disposal for value-added biopolymers production. To evaluate the TPP anticorrosion activity the commercial apple pectin (CAP) was also utilised. The gravimetric tests show that the highest inhibitive impact (η) of 75.9 % (CAP) and 73.9 % (TPP) are gained at concentration of 20 g L−1. By electrochemical, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy measurements, the maximum η (60.05–65.5 %) are reached at lower concentration (4 g L−1), due to tendency of pectins to form viscous solution. The prominent decreases in current density with the shifts of potential in the cathodic direction revealed that pectins provided cathodic protection of tin surface. Similar inhibition impact of pectins, and fine agreement between applied methods confirmed their suitability against tin corrosion.

Extraction and determination of Th(IV) from aqueous acidic solutions using natural cassitrite adsorbent

This work concerned with the extraction of Th(IV) from aqueous solutions using natural cassitrite adsorbent natural tin oxide mineral (SnO2). The achieved maximum Th(IV) adsorption efficiency (99.2%) depends mainly on some effective parameters such as pH value, contact time, dose of cassiterite, concentration of Th(IV) and temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich models are used to simulate the sorption isotherms, respectively. On the other hand, not less than 99.6% of the uptaken Th(IV) was regenerated using 0.005 mol L−1 HCl solution by stirring for 25 min to yeild Th(IV) concentrated solution. The concentrations of Th(IV) in all extraction process were spectrophotometric estimated using 1,4-di-hydroxy anthraquinone and Arsenazo(III) at λmax 600 and 655 nm, respectively.

A precise measurement of the 117mSn half-life

The 117mSn isotope was produced via fast, 14.1MeV neutron activation of natural tin and studied with a background shielded HPGe detector. To enable time-resolved γ-ray spectroscopy to precisely measure the half-life of 117mSn, a commercial DAQ was replaced with a CAMAC-based analogue DAQ. The deadtime response of the applied DAQ was verified for the measurement. The half-life of 117mSn was measured to be 13.91±0.03 days and the I(158.6keV)/I(156.0keV) γ-ray ratio was measured to be 43.6±1.5.

ToF diagnostic of Tin resonant laser photoionization in SPES laser offline laboratory

Tin is the principal element of interest in the SPES ISOL facility, which is under construction at Legnaro INFN Laboratories. Atomic nuclei have a shell structure in which nuclei with "magic numbers" of protons and neutrons are analogous to the noble gasses in atomic physics. In particular, recent theoretical studies, reveal double-magic nature of radioactive 132Sn. For this reason the nuclear physics community demonstrated, in the last years, a huge interest to produce and study this radioactive neutron rich isotope. Experiments on Tin laser resonant ionization have been performed in the offline SPES laser laboratory to investigate the capability of the new home-made Time of Flight (ToF) mass spectrometer. Several three-step, two color ionization schemes have been tested by comparing fast and slow optogalvanic signals from a Tin Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) and Time of Flight signals from the spectrometer. By scanning the wavelength of one of the two dye lasers across the specific resonance, comparisons of ionization signals from both the ToF and the HCL have been made, finding perfect agreement. Furthermore, with the mass spectrometer, resolved peaks of all the natural Tin isotopes have been detected. The natural abundances extracted from these measurements are in agreement with the table values for Tin isotopes. This work, with comparison of OGE and ToF signals, confirm the fully functional SPES offline laser laboratory capability in order to develop scheme studies also for the other possible Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) elements.

Potential use of an irradiated natural tin target for preparation of a mixed sealed source based on 12-tungstocerate gel matrix for radiometric calibration purposes

Irradiated natural tin target and 12-tungstocerate gel matrix were used for preparing a 113Sn and 124,125Sb sealed source. The distribution coefficients of 113Sn/113m In and 124,125Sb ions on 12-tungstocerate gel matrix were determined in relation to HCl concentration. 12-Tungstocerate gel matrix was loaded with 113Sn/113m In and 124,125Sb by equilibrating an irradiated Sn(IV) solution with 0.5 g of the matrix at pH 1 (HCl) for 24 h at 25 ± 1°C. A mixed sealed source of 113Sn/113m In and 124,125Sb was prepared by packing 105 mg of the loaded matrix in the cylindrical cavity of a Chinese artelone capsule. The activity of the source was in the millicurie range. The source successfully passed quality control tests.

Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear reactions on natSn up to 40 MeV

We have measured the production cross-sections of the residual radionuclides for proton-induced reactions on natural tin by using a stacked-foil activation technique in the energy range from threshold energy to 40 MeV at the MC-50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences. The results were compared with the earlier reported experimental data and theoretical calculations based on the TALYS and the ALICE-IPPE codes. The present results are in general good agreement with the available literature data and calculated results by using the computer codes TALYS and ALICE-IPPE. The thick target integral yields were also deduced from the measured excitation functions of the produced radionuclides.

Double-electron capture onSn112to the excited 1871 keV state inCd112: A possible alternative to double-βdecay

We report the first use of a coincidence technique to study neutrinoless double-electron capture (0{nu}ECEC) to an excited state in the daughter nucleus. We investigated 0{nu}ECEC by {sup 112}Sn leading to the possibly degenerate 1871 keV excited state in {sup 112}Cd by searching for its deexcitation {gamma} rays of 1253 keV and 618 keV in coincidence. The experiment was performed at ground level. A sample of 3.91 g of tin enriched to 99.5% in {sup 112}Sn was placed between two high-purity germanium {gamma}-ray detectors. In order to enhance the sample material, rods of natural tin totaling 1.2 kg (natural abundance 0.97%{sup 112}Sn) surrounded the cylindrical surface of our two {gamma}-ray detectors. After an exposure of 1.59 kg x days of {sup 112}Sn, no decays were observed. From this null result we determine a lower limit for the half-life time of T{sub 1/2}>2.7(1.3)x10{sup 19} yr (68%(90%) CL). We hope to achieve a sensitivity in the 10{sup 23} to 10{sup 24} yr range with a sample of a few kg of {sup 112}Sn and improved {gamma}-ray detectors in an underground facility.

Search for [formula omitted] and ECEC processes in 112Sn and [formula omitted] decay of 124Sn to the excited states of 124Te

Limits on β + EC and ECEC processes in 112Sn and on β − β − decay of 124Sn to the excited states of 124Te have been obtained using a 380 cm 3 HPGe detector and an external source consisting of natural tin. A limit with 90% C.L. on the 112Sn half-life of 0.92 × 10 20 y for the ECEC(0 ν) transition to the 0 3 + excited state in 112Cd (1871.0 keV) has been established. This transition is discussed in the context of a possible enhancement of the decay rate by several orders of magnitude given that the ECEC(0 ν) process is nearly degenerate with an excited state in the daughter nuclide. Prospects for investigating such a process in future experiments are discussed. The β − β − decay limits for 124Sn to the excited states of 124Te were obtained on the level of (0.8–1.2) × 10 21 y at the 90% C.L.

Electrospray ionization‐multistage tandem mass spectrometry of complex multitin organometallic compounds

The series of 14 complex organotin(IV) compounds containing many tin atoms and noncovalent bonds in the structure was characterized by electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). The mass spectra were measured in both polarity modes to obtain complementary structural information. The characteristic pattern of ten natural tin isotopes allowed the determination of the number of tin atoms in the molecular adducts and fragment ions by comparing theoretical and experimental isotopic distributions. Positive ion ESI spectra show unusual adduct formation depending on the type of organic solvent used for the direct infusion analysis owing to the ion-molecule reactions in the ion source. On the basis of the detailed spectral interpretation of organotin(IV) compounds, the fragmentation patterns of multitin organometallic compounds have been proposed. Noncovalent bonds in polymeric complexes are fragmented first, which is then followed by characteristic neutral losses in monomeric units.

Alpha induced reactions on natSn: An experimental study of excitation functions and possible production pathways

In the frame of a systematic study of light ion induced threshold reactions on natural tin (Sn) excitation functions for alpha particles induced reactions are presented in a 12–38 MeV energy domain. Using a stacked foil activation method the following radioisotopes were identified: 116Te, 117Te, 118Te, 119Te, 121Te, 123Te, 117Sb, 118Sb, 120Sb, 122Sb, 124Sb, 126Sb, 117Sn, 111In. The experimental cross sections for these isotopes are presented for the first time in this energy range and a direct comparison with values calculated with the ALICE-IPPE code is discussed. Possible use of these data for production of some isotopes relevant in nuclear medicine is suggested.

Isotope dilution–thermal ionisation mass spectrometric analysis for tin in a fly ash material

Isotope dilution–thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) analysis has been applied to the determination of tin in a fly ash sample supplied by the EC Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy). The proposed procedure includes the silica gel/phosphoric acid technique for tin thermal ionisation activation and a strict heating protocol for isotope ratio measurements. Instrumental mass discrimination factor has been previously determined measuring a natural tin standard solution. Spike solution has been prepared from 112Sn-enriched metal and quantified by reverse isotope dilution analysis. Two sample aliquots were spiked and tin was extracted with 4.5 M HCl during 25 min ultrasound exposure time. Due to the complex matrix of this fly ash material, a two-step purification stage using ion-exchange chromatography was required prior TIMS analysis. Obtained results for the two sample–spike blends (10.11 ± 0.55 and 10.50 ± 0.64 μmol g −1) are comparable, both value and uncertainty. Also a good reproducibility is observed between measurements. The proposed ID–TIMS procedure, as a primary method and due to the lack of fly ash reference materials certified for tin content, can be used to validate more routine methodologies applied to tin determination in this kind of samples.

Activation cross sections for reactions induced by 14 MeV neutrons on natural tin and enriched112Sn targets with reference to111In productionviaradioisotope generator112Sn(n, 2n)111Sn →111In

SummaryWe measured activation cross sectionsviaγ-ray spectroscopy using high-purity germanium detectors for 16 reactions induced by (14.4 ± 0.2) MeV neutrons on isotopes of tin. The cross sections are:Two112Sn targets enriched to 62.5% and 84%, respectively, were used for these measurements in addition to the natural tin. The cross sections were compared with experimental data found in the literature, with published empirical formulae and with model calculations including also the pre-equilibrium contribution. For reactions which do not involve protons from below the closedZ= 50 shell, the agreement to the data is reasonable, it is somewhat weaker for the (n,p) reactions and still worse in the case of (n, α), where, however, the pre-equilibrium component is not described properly by the models included so far. The possibility of production of111Sn →111In generator system is considered.

Interpretation of butyltin mass spectra using isotope pattern reconstruction for the accurate measurement of isotope ratios from molecular clusters

The fragmentation patterns of butyltin compounds (mono-, di-, and tributyltin) in an electron impact ion source were studied using an isotope pattern reconstruction algorithm with emphasis on isotope ratio measurements from molecular clusters. For this purpose, standards of natural tin isotope abundance and a (119)Sn-enriched mixture of the three compounds were both ethylated and propylated using sodium tetraalkylborates. The corresponding mass spectra of the various tetraalkyltin compounds prepared were obtained by GC/MS after their extraction with hexane. The results showed that pure interference-free molecular clusters were obtained only for certain R(3)Sn(+) ions where no isobaric overlap with R(2)SnH(+) ions occurred (e.g. BuEt(2)Sn(+) overlaps with Bu(2)SnH(+)). These ions are ideal candidates for accurate Sn isotope ratio measurements, while isotope pattern perturbing interferences are observed for other molecular fragments down to Sn(.)(+). Isotope pattern reconstruction algorithm thus can be used as an analytical tool to ensure the absence of molecular interferences--a requirement for accurate isotope ratio measurements from molecular clusters. The relevance of these studies for the determination of butyltin compounds in environmental samples by isotope dilution GC/MS is also discussed.