Natural Rhythm Research Articles

Circadian Rhythms Characteristics of Nurses Providing Direct Patient Care: An Observational Study

BackgroundIn today's modern world, longer working hours, shift work, and working at night have become major causes of the disruption of our natural circadian rhythms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the type of shift work (rotating vs. fixed day), duty period (on-duty vs. off-duty), and working period within each shift (nighttime vs. daytime) on the circadian rhythm characteristics of nurses who provide direct patient care. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method. Cosinor analysis was applied to analyze the actigraphy data of nurses providing direct patient care for seven consecutive days. The linear mixed effects model was then used to determine any variances between shift type, duty period, and working period within each shift for the nurses. ResultsThe mesor value did not differ according to nurses' shift type, duty period, and working period within each shift. The amplitude was statistically higher in on-duty nurses and in daytime working hours. The acrophase was significantly delayed in nighttime working hours. As well as nurses in rotating shift had experience. ConclusionOur findings revealed that the peak activity of nurses occurs significantly later at night while working and nurses working during nighttime hours may have a weaker or less distinct circadian rhythm. Thus, this study suggests that limits be placed on the number of rotating nighttime shifts for nurses.

Multi-factorial methodology for Wind Power Plant repowering optimization: A Spanish case study

Due to the climate change, there have been changes in the rhythm of nature over the last decades. In addition, there has been an increasing social consciousness regarding decarbonization and emissions, promoting governments new policies and economic support measures for renewable integration. In this scenario, the participation of the onshore and offshore wind sectors play a crucial role, expecting that more than 6000 GW will be globally installed in 2050. In parallel, the useful life of other wind power plants is coming to their end. Therefore, some countries will face in the coming years the decision of repowering, decommissioning, installing new turbines, or a combination of them. In general, the areas with the greatest wind potential are already occupied by relatively old wind turbines. Subsequently, a complex group of factors influences on the most appropriate solution decision-making, involving climatic, technological, environmental, social or economic aspects. This paper proposes an optimized methodology based on multi-criteria decision-making to estimate the most appropriate solution for extending the useful-life of wind power plants. An initial group of 26 factors were identified, corresponding to seven categories: technical, geographic, socio-environmental, location, economic, political and climate. The methodology is divided into three stages: (i) data, (ii) alternatives, and (iii) optimization. It was assessed with a Spanish onshore wind power plant connected to the grid. From the initial data and factors, 11 alternatives were designed based on a selection of 10 most relevant factors. The results provide an optimal solution, combining both repowering and installation of new wind turbines. From the results, this methodology would allow reducing the LCOE of the new wind plants installed in the European Union by more than 50%.

Contribution of speech rhythm to understanding speech in noisy conditions: Further test of a selective entrainment hypothesis.

Previous work by McAuley et al. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 3222-3233, (2020), Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 83, 2229-2240, (2021) showed that disruption of the natural rhythm of target (attended) speech worsens speech recognition in the presence of competing background speech or noise (a target-rhythm effect), while disruption of background speech rhythm improves target recognition (a background-rhythm effect). While these results were interpreted as support for the role of rhythmic regularities in facilitating target-speech recognition amidst competing backgrounds (in line with a selective entrainment hypothesis), questions remain about the factors that contribute to the target-rhythm effect. Experiment 1 ruled out the possibility that the target-rhythm effect relies on a decrease in intelligibility of the rhythm-altered keywords. Sentences from the Coordinate Response Measure (CRM) paradigm were presented with a background of speech-shaped noise, and the rhythm of the initial portion of these target sentences (the target rhythmic context) was altered while critically leaving the target Color and Number keywords intact. Results showed a target-rhythm effect, evidenced by poorer keyword recognition when the target rhythmic context was altered, despite the absence of rhythmic manipulation of the keywords. Experiment 2 examined the influence of the relative onset asynchrony between target and background keywords. Results showed a significant target-rhythm effect that was independent of the effect of target-background keyword onset asynchrony. Experiment 3 provided additional support for the selective entrainment hypothesis by replicating the target-rhythm effect with a set of speech materials that were less rhythmically constrained than the CRM sentences.

Speech Production in Healthy Older Adults With or Without Amateur Singing Experience.

Amateur singing is a universal, accessible, and enjoyable musical activity that may have positive impacts on human communication. However, evidence of an impact of singing on speech articulation is still scarce, yet understanding the effects of vocal training on speech production could provide a model for treating people with speech deficits. The aim of this study was to examine speech production in younger and older adults with or without amateur singing experience. Thirty-eight amateur singers (aged 20-87 years, 23 women and 15 men) and 40 nonmusician active controls (aged 23-88 years, 19 women and 21 men) were recruited. A set of tasks were used to evaluate the oral motor sphere: two voice production tasks, a passage reading task, and a modified diadochokinetic (DDK) rates task performed at a natural rhythm and as quickly as possible. Our results show that older age was associated with lower reading rate, lower articulation rate, and articulation rate variability in the DDK task, as well as reduced accuracy for the phonologically complex stimuli. Most importantly, our results show an advantage for singers over cognitively active nonsingers in terms of articulatory accuracy in the most challenging situations. This result suggests extended maximal performance capacities in amateur singers perhaps resulting from the articulatory efforts required during singing. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24274813.

Which factors modulate spontaneous motor tempo? A systematic review of the literature.

Intentionally or not, humans produce rhythmic behaviors (e.g., walking, speaking, and clapping). In 1974, Paul Fraisse defined rhythmic behavior as a periodic movement that obeys a temporal program specific to the subject and that depends less on the conditions of the action (p. 47). Among spontaneous rhythms, the spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) corresponds to the tempo at which someone produces movements in the absence of external stimuli, at the most regular, natural, and pleasant rhythm for him/her. However, intra- and inter-individual differences exist in the SMT values. Even if several factors have been suggested to influence the SMT (e.g., the age of participants), we do not yet know which factors actually modulate the value of the SMT. In this context, the objectives of the present systematic review are (1) to characterize the range of SMT values found in the literature in healthy human adults and (2) to identify all the factors modulating the SMT values in humans. Our results highlight that (1) the reference value of SMT is far from being a common value of 600 ms in healthy human adults, but a range of SMT values exists, and (2) many factors modulate the SMT values. We discuss our results in terms of intrinsic factors (in relation to personal characteristics) and extrinsic factors (in relation to environmental characteristics). Recommendations are proposed to assess the SMT in future research and in rehabilitative, educative, and sport interventions involving rhythmic behaviors.

PESONA BAGAN: MENGENAL KEHIDUPAN NELAYAN DAN PESONA ALAM SEBAGAI TUJUAN WISATA

Pesona Bagan, is a tourism potential that combines the life of fishermen and natural beauty and attracts attention in the development of regional tourism in the village of Air Nyatoh. Bagan is also an important economic resource for the people of Air Nyatoh village, with the majority of fishermen using a fishing gear in the form of a bagan and a boat. Nonetheless, a deeper understanding of the dynamics of fishermen's lives and their natural potential still needs to be explored further. This study aims to explore aspects of fishermen's lives in Pesona Bagan and identify natural potential as a tourist attraction as well as in the economic field for the people of Air Nyatoh Village. A qualitative approach is used with in-depth observation and interviews with local fishermen. Data on daily routine, gear and environmental interactions are analyzed to paint a comprehensive picture. This research reveals the pattern of fishermen's lives which are closely related to natural rhythms and local traditions. The natural wealth around Bagan, including marine biodiversity and beautiful scenery, has great potential as a tourist destination. This finding has a significant impact on the development of sustainable tourism in Air Nyatoh Village. The integration of the authentic experience of fishermen with natural charm is the basis for designing tourism programs that care about the welfare of local communities and environmental preservation.

Chronomodulated drug delivery systems for the treatment of hypertension: An overview

This review paper aims to provide an overview of chronomodulated drug delivery systems for the treatment of hypertension. Hypertension is a chronic medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and effective treatment is crucial to prevent complications such as heart disease and stroke. Chronomodulated drug delivery utilises the concept of circadian rhythms to optimise drug efficacy and minimise side effects. The paper examines various chronomodulated drug delivery approaches, including pulsatile, delayed-release, and chronopharmaceutical systems, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the potential future developments in this field are discussed, emphasising the importance of personalised medicine and the integration of wearable technology for real-time monitoring and drug administration. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of chronomodulated drug delivery systems for improving patient outcomes and minimising side effects. By utilising chronomodulated drug delivery approaches, healthcare professionals can ensure that medications are released at specific times when they are most effective, thereby maximising their therapeutic benefits. Pulsatile drug delivery systems, for example, can mimic the body's natural circadian rhythm, allowing for targeted drug release during periods of peak efficacy. Delayed-release systems, on the other hand, can help reduce side effects by delivering drugs to specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract where they are better tolerated.

Envisioning Rhythm: Exploring the Visual Dimension of Natural Ecosystems through Digital Media

Abstract For the study described here the authors combined digital technology with 3D printing to explore the feasibility of visualizing the rhythm of natural ecosystems. The achievements of this study were nine pieces of 3D-printed works. The authors discussed the Chinese Taoist view on ecological philosophy, aesthetics, and ecofeminism; probed the spiritual meaning of nature; and adopted technologies to visualize the rhythm of nature. By doing so, the authors aimed to reveal a new form of dialogue between humans and nature, disclose the visual signs of the vital rhythm of nature, and propose a new form of artistic creation based on biotechnology.

Efficacy and Safety of Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Primary Insomnia in Elderly Patients

Objective: Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder affecting the elderly, necessitates effective and safe treatment options. This study explores the potential of the prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin<sup>®</sup>) addressing insomnia in elderly patients.Methods: The 8-week prospective observational study involved 115 participants, assessing sleep parameters using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and WHO-5 Well-being Index. The prolonged-release melatonin (2 mg) was administered nightly, and assessments were conducted at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.Results: Both per protocol and last observation carried forward (LOCF) analyses consistently revealed significant improvements in sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and overall well-being. Notably, sleep latency decreased after 4 and 8 weeks, while total sleep time and sleep efficiency increased, reflecting longer and more restful sleep. The WHO-5 Well-being Index exhibited noticeable enhancement. Adverse events, including dizziness and heartburn, were manageable. Despite a high dropout rate, this drug’s potential as an efficacious and safe treatment option for elderly insomnia patients was evident, aligned with prior research.Conclusion: The prolonged-release formulation’s resemblance to the natural circadian rhythm of melatonin release offers advantages over conventional medications. This study contributes to understanding the prolonged-release melatonin’s promise as a valuable therapeutic alternative, encouraging further investigation into its longterm effects and optimal implementation.

LabVIEW based ECG simulator and automatic detection system for cardiac disorders

In the present age, most cardiac arrhythmias are emerging due to irregular rhythmic conditions of the heart. Diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias plays an essential role in the survival of the human race. If rhythms of nature are distorted for any reason, it leads to several variations or abnormalities known as heart arrhythmias. Irregular heartbeats lead to anomalous P, QRS, and T values, which the patient’s ECG can follow. The growing well-being concerns, especially for cardiac arrhythmias, reflect the requirement of creating a cheap and convenient ECG detection system. The most common heart conditions are tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction and many other cardiac disorders. These diseases are one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. There is much research for recognizable proof of cardiovascular diseases utilizing ECG diagnostic toolbox and different software. So, in this project, the idea is to design an Automatic Disease Detection System on LabVIEW to detect various cardiac abnormalities such as Atrial Flutter (AF), Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT), Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB), Ventricular Fibrillation (VF), Myocardial Infarction (MI), Hyperkalaemia and Digoxin by comparing it to the normal ECG signal. So for this, NI LABVIEW (2018) software has been used for designing. This Automated Disease Detection System, hopefully, gives the best accurate and fast results which are low cost, effective, efficient, easy handled and high accuracy rate detection system which can be used in hospitals for medical professionals.

Assessment of menstrual cycle self-observation skills using the double-check symptom-thermal method based on chart evaluation

Abstract : Meticulous and systematic observation of the menstrual cycle allows a woman to monitor her procreative health, which has great diagnostic value. It gives the opportunity to learn about the natural rhythm of fertility and, in the case of observing abnormalities, reduces the time until the first medical consultation. Reliable learning of observation takes time and is carried out through a certified teacher of a particular method of fertility awarness.. Therefore, this skill from the area of prevention and diagnosis should occupy an important place in the teaching of both health care workers and the education of women themselves. In Poland, there are several non-governmental non-profit organizations that provide professional teaching support in the field of health-promoting education and natural family planning. Method: I and III of self- cycle observation chart were studied. The total number of analyzed charts was 74. The study was based upon the SPSS Statistics package version 25. The p < 0.05 level was considered statistically significant. Results: The majority of women with high self-observation skills in menstrual cycle charting using the double-check symptom-thermal method were single , with a university degree (53.65%, n=22), learning the method at the Lublin branch of Polish Association of Natural Family Planning Teachers (51.21%, n=21), motivated to learn charting for procreative health monitor (75.60%, n=31), with no support from a husband/fiancé/partner (60.96%, n=25). Conclusions: : The study group of women was homogeneous in terms of the eligibility criteria applied, i.e. they were all at reproductive age, had typical cycles and did not use contraception methods. The women's high skills in cycles self-observation are the result of the excellent quality of the NFP teacher work with the client, the ability to communicate and convey the principles of self-observation skills as well as the user's motivation to keep charting their cycles. The main goal of the women learning the method was to monitor their own procreative health.

The vertical distribution of 27 elements in bottom sediments reflects the modern history of the hypersaline lagoon

Knowledge of the distribution of various elements in the bottom vertical cores helps to assess current levels and to reconstruct the history of a water body. There is little to no bioturbation of bottom sediments in hypersaline lagoons/lakes, and vertical distribution of elements in the sediments is not distorted. The vertical distribution of 27 elements was studied in one of the Crimean hypersaline marine lakes. Their determination was carried out in layers one centimeter thick, which were taken from a depth of 1 cm to 28 cm. Using the technogenic radionuclide 90Sr, the time intervals when various layers of bottom sediments were formed had been previously determined. The concentrations of most elements, as well as their ratio, changed quasi-cyclically. For most of the elements for which such changes were noted, the maximum peak values were in the layers that formed in 1976 and 2006. The authors concluded from this that there appears to be a natural rhythm with a period of about 30 years. Not only a concentration of technogenic radionuclide 90Sr but also Mo, Ba, Tl, Sb, Se, and Ag reacted strongly to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 due to atmospheric fallout and transportation of elements via the Dnieper river waters through the North Crimean Canal.

Timing Matters: The Interplay between Early Mealtime, Circadian Rhythms, Gene Expression, Circadian Hormones, and Metabolism-A Narrative Review.

Achieving synchronization between the central and peripheral body clocks is essential for ensuring optimal metabolic function. Meal timing is an emerging field of research that investigates the influence of eating patterns on our circadian rhythm, metabolism, and overall health. This narrative review examines the relationship between meal timing, circadian rhythm, clock genes, circadian hormones, and metabolic function. It analyzes the existing literature and experimental data to explore the connection between mealtime, circadian rhythms, and metabolic processes. The available evidence highlights the importance of aligning mealtime with the body's natural rhythms to promote metabolic health and prevent metabolic disorders. Specifically, studies show that consuming meals later in the day is associated with an elevated prevalence of metabolic disorders, while early time-restricted eating, such as having an early breakfast and an earlier dinner, improves levels of glucose in the blood and substrate oxidation. Circadian hormones, including cortisol and melatonin, interact with mealtimes and play vital roles in regulating metabolic processes. Cortisol, aligned with dawn in diurnal mammals, activates energy reserves, stimulates appetite, influences clock gene expression, and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Consuming meals during periods of elevated melatonin levels, specifically during the circadian night, has been correlated with potential implications for glucose tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms of central and peripheral clock synchronization, including genetics, interactions with chronotype, sleep duration, and hormonal changes, provides valuable insights for optimizing dietary strategies and timing. This knowledge contributes to improved overall health and well-being by aligning mealtime with the body's natural circadian rhythm.

Circadian Clock Genes Are Regulated by Rhythmic Corticosterone at Physiological Levels in the Rat Hippocampus

Plain Language SummaryAll mammals, including humans, have an internal 24 h biological clock enabling us to synchronize and optimize our physiology to daily life. The 24 h circadian clock of body is localized in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus of the brain and is characterized by rhythmic activity of special clock genes. Circadian 24 h rhythms are present throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, where clock genes seem to be important for memory and mood. However, the signaling mechanism controlling circadian clock gene rhythms in the hippocampus is unknown. We hypothesized that oscillations of clock genes in the hippocampus could be driven by a well-established SCN-controlled circadian rhythm in glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal glands, known as stress hormone or cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents. To test this hypothesis, we generated a rat surgical animal model, in which the SCN and adrenal glands were removed and a 24 h exogenous corticosterone rhythm at normal physiological levels was reestablished by use of an implanted programmable infusion pump. Removal of the SCN efficiently abolished clock gene rhythms in the hippocampus; however, reintroducing the natural glucocorticoid rhythm led to reestablishment of 24 h activity rhythms in hippocampal clock genes. Thus, our data suggest that rhythmic hormone release from the adrenal glands drives hippocampal clock gene rhythms and therefore provides a dynamic 24 h hormonal link between the circadian clock of the SCN and circadian function of the hippocampus.

Chronomodulated drug delivery: Challenges, benefits, and future directions in asthma treatment

This review discusses the challenges in drug delivery and the potential benefits of Chronomodulated drug delivery for antiasthmatic drugs. It explores new drugs, personalized medicine approaches, and future directions in asthma treatment, such as immunotherapy and gene therapy. The analysis also discusses the risks of gene therapy for severe asthma and its potential benefits, such as improved medication effectiveness and reduced side effects. Chronomodulated drug delivery, which involves administering medications at specific times to align with the body's natural rhythms, has shown promising results in improving asthma control and reducing the frequency and severity of attacks. For instance, a study found that administering a Chronomodulated antiasthmatic drug in the morning, when lung function is typically at its lowest, significantly improved drug absorption and bioavailability compared to regular drug delivery. This optimized drug delivery not only enhanced the medication's effectiveness but also reduced the need for frequent dosing and minimized side effects, leading to better overall asthma management.

The influence of social media literacy on student engagement in online learning

AbstractBackgroundRecent years have seen the proliferation of online courses that have been initiated either in accordance with the natural rhythms of educational technology growths or in force majeure situations. This adds complexity to understanding the influence of potential factors on online student engagement.ObjectivesThe present study conducted an essential inspection to explore the relationship between student social media literacy and their engagement in online learning settings.MethodologyA sample of 1015 undergraduate students participated in this study and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) was chosen for evaluating the research model. In addition, to provide more information on the prioritization of strategic actions, the importance‐performance map analysis (IPMA) was also performed.ResultsIn a two‐factor construct, social media literacy was found to have a significantly positive relationship with aspects of student engagement in the online learning environment. The influence of technical competence is still undeniable, but the effect of cognitive competence on online student engagement is more significant. In addition, appearing in the fourth quadrant (low performance ‐ high importance) in all IPMA presentations, the anticipatory reflection is the construct that should be prioritized for improvement to augment student engagement in online learning.

Seasonal and circadian patterns of herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) movements reveal temporal shifts in industry and coastal island interaction

AbstractAnthropogenic food subsidies attract opportunistic generalists like gulls in high densities, which may lead to negative impacts on human communities and local ecosystems. Managing impacts requires understanding why gulls use particular natural or industrial sites at different times of day or phases of the breeding cycle. Use of natural and human‐influenced habitats likely varies temporally as gulls alter schedules and site selection to match the predictability of different resources as they vary through space and time relative to patterns in human activities (seasonal industries, the work week, working hours) and natural rhythms (daylight, tide cycles), while gull resource requirements and restrictions to movement also shift with changing reproductive demands.We quantified seasonal and circadian patterns in American herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) interactions with anthropogenic and natural sites throughout breeding using GPS data from 15 gulls tracked over 3 years from two colonies. We examined the weekly probability of gull occurrence at distinct destinations (e.g. breeding colony, islands, offshore, fish processing plants), and how occurrence varied with time of day, weekday/weekend, tide phase and colony, using GLMMs with a binomial response for destination‐specific occurrence.Probability at the colony varied predictably through the breeding season (highest attendance from dusk to dawn, during incubation and early chick rearing), providing confidence in the modelling approach for detecting temporal patterns in behaviour. Gulls visited other islands mostly outside incubation and early chick rearing, and from dusk through the night, likely roosting. Occurrence offshore where interaction with fishing vessels is possible was highest from dusk to dawn, and differed among colonies, but was the most likely destination during incubation and early chick rearing. Occurrence at fish plants gradually increased until after fledging when attendance was highest from Aug‐Oct coincident with the peak of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) processing and was more likely during the weekdays, during working hours, and during low and flood tide.Gulls in southwest Nova Scotia, Canada, have the behavioural flexibility to adapt to both natural rhythms and human schedules when beneficial, enabling them to thrive in a region where industry and natural resources are abundant. These findings can provide information to guide when and where to test different subsidy management strategies locally, while also considering potential increased pressures on island ecosystems. We emphasise that management outcomes of reductions of food subsidies for opportunistic species depend on multiple factors, including availability of alternative food sources and timing of use.

Harnessing the Power of Indigenous Zulu Music to Promote Language, Culture, and Diversity

Indigenous Zulu music is a reflection of the Zulu people’s cultural and environmental surroundings, incorporating natural sounds and rhythms that highlight their close relationship with nature. This article explores how this music promotes language, culture, and diversity within the Zulu community. Drawing on Cultural Ecology Theory, which underscores the link between culture and the environment, the study examines how Zulu music adapts to these contexts. Methodologically, this qualitative study relied on secondary data from accredited scholarly sources, including journals, books, online government bulletins, and academic databases. The systematic review process ensured data reliability and validity, emphasising the role of indigenous Zulu music in preserving language and cultural identity. The findings reveal that Zulu music, through its songs and performances, celebrates the Zulu language and conveys significant stories and myths. This cultural expression serves as a means of preservation, ensuring the continuity of Zulu heritage. Moreover, the article discusses how integrating Zulu music into modern contexts sustains cultural diversity in South Africa. By blending traditional and contemporary music, Zulu musicians broaden their audience and share their cultural richness. This integration fosters cultural sustainability and dialogue, enriching the cultural landscape. In conclusion, indigenous Zulu music plays a vital role in preserving language, culture, and diversity among the Zulu community. Through its celebration of language and cultural heritage, Zulu music fosters intercultural understanding and represents the cultural richness of the Zulu people.

Obesity, Chronic Stress, and Stress Reduction.

The obesity epidemic is caused by the misalignment between human biology and the modern food environment, which has led to unhealthy eating patterns and behaviors and an increase in metabolic diseases. This has been caused by the shift from a "leptogenic" to an "obesogenic" food environment, characterized by the availability of unhealthy food and the ability to eat at any time of day due to advances in technology. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and a sense of loss of control over eating, and is treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy-enhanced (CBT-E). Shift work, especially night shift work, can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms and increase the risk of obesity and other negative health consequences, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. One dietary approach to address circadian dysregulation is time-restricted eating (TRE), which involves restricting food intake to specific periods of the day to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. TRE has been found to cause modest weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes such as insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, but the extent to which it is beneficial may depend on adherence and other factors such as caloric restriction.

ID: 200986 Quantifying Differential Neural Activation With Burst and Conventional Stimulation Using Spinal Evoked Compound Action Potentials

Unlike conventional spinal cord stimulation (SCS)—which employs single pulses delivered at a fixed rate to the dorsal spinal cord—burst SCS uses a fixed rate, five-pulse burst of stimuli as a treatment for chronic pain. Mechanistically, burst SCS is thought to mimic the natural firing rhythm of the nervous system, resulting in the differential modulation of the affective component of pain processing via the medial pain pathway versus conventional SCS. Differences in neural activation resulting from either burst or conventional SCS may be quantified with the spinal evoked compound action potential (ECAP), an electrical measure of synchronous neural activation. Here, we use ECAPs in sheep to assess these differences and gain mechanistic insight into both types of SCS.