Conservation Of Natural Resources Research Articles

Conceptual foundations for improving ecological and economic mechanisms for development of rural territorial communities

This article is devoted to the conceptual framework for improving environmental and economic mechanisms for development of rural territorial communities, the development of which is an urgent task in the context of constant changes in society and economy. The problem of the interrelation between economic development and environmental protection, as well as the issues of agricultural development and land use are considered. Rural territorial communities are key elements of the agricultural sector and country’s economy as a whole. Their development and effective management of resources require the application of conceptual foundations for the improvement of ecological and economic mechanisms. The article discusses the main approaches to the formation of environmental and economic mechanisms, including the conservation of natural resources, reduction of environmental impact and stimulation of the development of innovative technologies in land use. In particular, the role of innovations in preserving natural resources and reducing environmental impact is discussed, as well as the importance of creating incentives for the development of such technologies in rural communities. The article suggests ways to improve the efficiency of rural management and the development of local self-government. It emphasizes the need to increase the role of civil society in the decision-making process on rural development. In addition, the article addresses the issue of decentralization of rural management and the development of mechanisms that ensure balanced development of the territory and preserve natural resources. The paper identifies the need to develop an effective economic mechanism to support the development of rural communities. This involves the implementation of regulatory policies that stimulate the development of the agricultural sector and support rural communities. It is also important to provide adequate infrastructure for the development of agriculture and local businesses, including transportation, electricity, and Internet connections.

Green technology & innovation: its implications on the sustainable development in Indian context

One of the top trending areas of research and development in science and technology is green technological innovation. Its primary objective is to develop a sustainable innovation paradigm that would allow for the introduction and development of environmentally friendly inventions to aid in the alleviation of environmental plight and conservation of natural resources. Green technological innovations, also referred to as environmental technological and clean technological innovations, are primarily intended to cater to novel technological products and processes in to avoid dependence on conventional non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels as well as to move toward the restoration of the health of the earth. Additionally, green technology innovation strives to meet the societal needs and amenities in a way by reducing the exploitation of natural resources and, as a result, conserves the environment. Given that India has one of the fastest growing economies in the world and a population of about 1.4 billion, the country's constant need for resources like energy, water, food, etc. is having a negative impact on the environment and the country's ability to curb the depletion ofnatural resources. As a result, efforts to develop green technologies are a necessary response to this problem. As a result, the present chapter is cantered on the state of green technology innovation in India and its implications for accomplishing sustainable development goals while preserving the country's environmental health.

Introduksi Teknik Bioinformatika Dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Konservasi Ex-Situ Tumbuhan Langka di Kalimantan Selatan

Kalimantan is part of the world's megadiversity that has high genetic diversity. However, due to habitat degradation and overexploitation, most of these biodiversity are endangered. Currently, in the Banua Botanical Garden (KRB), South Kalimantan, ex-situ conservation effort of some of rare plants has been carried out. However, this activity is still constrained by many things, one of which is the limited data collection and characterization of the collection of rare plants at the location. The objective of this study is to introduce bioinformatics techniques in supporting ex-situ conservation at the location, especially for research staff and conservation activists at the Banua Botanical Garden and several other government agencies, such as the Center for the Implementation of Environmental and Forestry Instrument Standards (BPSILHK), the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA), the Agricultural Technology Assessment Center (BPTP), the Swampland Agricultural Research Center (Balittra) and the Center for Supervision and Certification of Food Crop and Horticultural Crops Seeds (BPSBTPH), including the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). In its implementation, 11 participants were present as representatives of the already mentioned institutions. In general, the activity was a success and received agood response from all participants. The evaluation showed that the output target of this activity was achieved, i.e., the increase in insight and science and technology ability of research staff and conservation activists at the Banua Botanical Garden as well as several agencies involved in the development and application of the latest bioinformatics techniques to support ex-situ conservation activities of rare plants in Kalimantan.

CHILO INFUSCATELLUS SNELLEN'S (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) BIOLOGY AND ITS MANAGEMENT

SUGARCANE stem borer, Chilo infuscatellus is the most devastating pest, causing huge economic losses in the sub-tropics and therefore requiring effective management strategies. The current research was conducted to study the biology and management of C. infuscatellus. Moreover, we checked the efficacy of Trichogramma chilonis and granular insecticides against this key pest. Theincubation period for C. infuscatellus was 2.30 days, with a total developing time of 23.30 days for the larvae and 5.90 days for the pupa. Male and female C. infuscatellus had a 36.80-day and 38.00-day total life span, respectively, with the female living longer (4.8 days) than the male (3.90 days). The total female fecundity was 315.90 eggs with a 90.87 egg hatchability rate. The mean percent parasitism (87.01%) and percentage of adult emergence (76.11%) of T. chilonis on C. infuscatellus were both very high, with a total developmental time of 8.74 days in laboratory environment. Additionally, there were notable differences between the findings on the effectiveness of granular pesticides and T. chilonis in the field. The plot treated with Fipronil had the least mean percent infestations (3.58%), followed by Carbofuran (4.26%), and T. chilonis (5.63%). The control plot had the highest mean incidence of infestations (13.34%). Future IPM initiatives should incorporate the introduction of Trichogramma or the utilization of Fipronil @ 16 kg ha-1 for the treatment of C. infuscatellus. This practice will play a critical role in environmental protection and natural resource conservation against insecticides.

Developing Institutions that Serve National Goals: Case Study of the Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability

Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are difficult to manage in light of global and local threats ranging from climate change to Israeli colonization activities. Yet there is increased national awareness of the need to tackle the threats while also engaging in resistance and simple survival activities (sumud). We also must expand research in those areas and bridge the sciencepolicy-practice gaps. These issues are discussed using the case study of the Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability (PIBS) at Bethlehem University, an institute that serves national goals of respecting and protecting nature through research, education and conservation. Recommendations are made for establishing more institutions and better networking and prioritization based on national strategies

Experimental Analysis and Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of Rubberized Concrete During Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Recycling scrap tires provides an alternative source of fine aggregates for the production of rubberized concrete and this will lead to significant increase in concrete frost resistance, environmental protection, and conservation of natural sand and gravel resources. In this paper, a total of 25 groups of rubberized concrete were produced by adding scrap tire rubber particles of different sizes, contents, and pretreatment methods to replace the fine aggregate, and their compressive strength during freeze–thaw cycles was studied from both the macro- and meso-perspectives. The results indicated that the decrease in concrete strength and weight was notably restricted by the presence of rubber particles during freeze–thaw cycles. The rubber fine aggregate with smaller particle sizes enhanced the concrete frost resistance more significantly, and the F100 of concrete with rubber particles of 1.0–2.0 mm increased from 76.6 to 86.5% by increasing the rubber content from 0.0 to 5.6%. The effects of rubber fine aggregate on concrete compressive strength during freeze–thaw cycles were quantified. On this basis, a forecast model for rubberized concrete compressive strength in freeze–thaw cycles was proposed, and the effects of the particle size, content, and pretreatment of the rubber particles were considered. The calculated results agreed well with the test results both in this study and the relevant peer studies, indicating that the model can provide a good reference for the design and engineering application of rubberized concrete in frigid environments.

Daily Behavior of Binturong (Arctictis binturong) in Ex-situ Conservation Taman Margasatwa Ragunan

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) is a mammal in the family of Viverridae, which includes animals such as civets. Binturong is a species with VU (Vulnerable) status, which means that it faces the risk of extinction in the wild in the future based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List and has Appendix III based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This research aimed to determine the behavior at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (Ragunan Wildlife Park) from July to September 2022. Taman Margasatwa Ragunan is an ex-situ conservation for flora and fauna, which is also helpful as a place for research, education, and recreation. This research determined the behavior, frequency, and duration of binturong’s daily activities at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (Ragunan Wildlife Park). This study used a scan sampling method, and the objects were three individual binturongs, namely male Sumatran binturong (Martin), male Kalimantan binturong (Amoy), and female Kalimantan binturong (Gaza). The results obtained showed that the highest activity was found in resting behavior (6444 minutes; 82,64%) and the lowest was in agonistic behavior (3 minutes; 0,03%) carried out by Martin, then the highest activity was in resting behavior (6607 minutes; 84,75%) and the lowest was the behavior of defecation (5 minutes; 0,06%) carried out by Amoy, then the highest activity was in resting behavior (6833 minutes; 87,61%) and the lowest was the behavior of defecation (1 minute; 0,01%) carried out by Gaza.

Spatial Diagnosis and Conceptualisation of Greening Plan of Seme-Podji, Benin (West Africa)

Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources are increasingly recommended in decentralized territories. The most effective approach for this process is the participation of local communities because their knowledge is valuable in policy implementation. The study aims to propose a sustainable management model of a territory based on the needs of communities in order to conserve the natural resources in the Sèmè-Podji municipality in Benin, West Africa. Local knowledge and community’s needs have been used in association with GIS technics to make a diagnosis of the territory and propose a land use map for the municipality. The spatial diagnosis revealed an anthropization of the land cover, with a predominance of agro-systems, built up areas, croplands and fallow which represent 80.03% of the total area of the municipality. The marshlands which mostly serve as a refugium and support biodiversity represent 5.42%. The proposed plan showed that 84.79% (p ˂ 0.001) of socio-professional needs are explained. Therefore, the proposed actions were related to the restoration of ecological continuity, creation of new green recreational spaces, the protection of marshlands, the management of natural protected areas and the creation of fuel wood tree plantations. The current information can contribute to a sustainable and inclusive landscape planning for such municipalities, like our study site at Sèmè-Podji in Benin.

Investigation of flood incidence causes and mitigation: Case study of Ribb river, northwestern Ethiopia

Land degradation due to population growth, climate change and variability and other anthropogenic activities are main factors for the occurrence of flooding in Ethiopia. This study aimed to investigate flood incidence causes in the Ribb river. Possible causes of flooding were identified from literature. To recognize the causes, trend analysis of rainfall to know possible climate change, stream flow analysis to know possible land cover change and lake water level trend analysis to know backwater effect were conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. Land use land cover change review was also conducted. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) correspondence on rainfall extremes to know the climate pattern effect was conducted using correlation of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with summer rainfall anomaly. Structured interview with purposely and systematically selected flood plain community, focus group discussion with Woreda level early warning and response group leaders and natural resource conservation experts were used to confirm causes of flooding. At the end, landscape based mitigation measures from watershed morphometric analysis were proposed using integrated mission for sustainable development (IMSD) and FAO guidelines. The results indicated that the causes of flooding are combination of factors such as anthropogenic activities (expansion of cultivated land, significant lake water level rise and decreasing channel conveyance), climate change (significant increase in wet conditions), inadequate drainage and torrential rainfall. From the landscape based mitigation measures, a total of 7 check dams, 55 farm ponds, 29 percolation ponds and terracing were proposed.

EXPERIENCES AND STRATEGIES OF EDUCATION AND CONSERVATION WITHIN GEOPARKS: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW

UNESCO Global Geoparks are characterized by their contribution to the conservation of natural, geological, and cultural resources of the regions where they are located. Geoparks also represent an important figure within the sustainable development of the regions, so strategies around economic growth, conservation, and promotion of education are a fundamental part of their raison d'être. This study aims to identify the main trends in educational and conservation processes in geoparks worldwide. The methodological approach is based on the review of 114 articles from a search equation in the Scopus database, analyzing the results through a series of quantity, quality, and structure indicators. The search period is between 2005 and 2023, so there are recent advances in implementing educational aspects in geoparks. Other results point to the participation of several Asian and European countries as the most predominant, as well as a trend in the implementation of educational processes focused on earth sciences, environmental sciences, and social sciences. Sustainable development and conservation education programs are major players in the findings of this study. In this way, geoparks work as centers for developing conservation dynamics, developing economic and social aspects driven by educational initiatives, and disseminating knowledge to the communities and visitors. The geoheritage tourism sector integrates educational practices into developing experiences to raise awareness among the community and visitors.

Harnessing ‘Wasted’ Waters: Conservation, Hydropower and the Origins of Chile's National Electrification Plan

AbstractThis article examines the origins of national electrification in Chile, situating its technocratic promoters within a broad trend – unfolding across Latin America – toward the ‘rational’ management and conservation of natural resources by the state. It surveys the early history of Chilean electrification (1890s–1940s) to show how conservationist thinking flowed through discussions and debates among engineers about the proper uses of the country's waters. These ideas eventually shaped the 1943 national electrification plan, which focused on hydropower. The article sheds new light on the history of Chile's technocracy, the relationship between perceptions of the environment and development planning, and the political and economic debates over national electrification. It also shows how the conservationist dilemma of using versus preserving natural resources operated within a utilitarian and highly technical framework for thinking about nature's bounty. The article thus contributes to recent historical scholarship on conservation and environmental technocrats in Latin America.

Characterizing value chains’ contribution to resilient and sustainable development in European mountain areas

Mountain areas have been the testbed for sustainable development models focused on balancing their vulnerability and the value of their natural, cultural, and social resources. In these areas, the continuous adaptative interaction between bio-geophysical and socio-cultural processes assembles Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) characterized by a great diversity of ecosystems and land uses, which provide substantial support for the livelihoods of mountain communities and essential ecosystem services for uplands and lowlands. In this paper, we take value chains to be the operative units of analysis to examine human-natural systems interactions in mountain areas. Value chains mobilize resources and connect actors beyond territorial boundaries and economic sectors to generate economic, environmental, and social values. Strategies for local development of these areas should direct attention to value generation activities and require a systemic, integrated and assets-based approach which explores the potential synergies emerging from the coordination of the diversity of local specificities and considers the opportunities and threats emerging from external sub-systems. This paper proposes a novel comparative framework to characterize value chains contribution to resilient and sustainable development of SESs in mountain areas. This framework is meant for researchers and policy analysts to identify the role value chains might accomplish for a better balance between natural resource conservation and sustainable socio-economic development in European (remote) rural areas. Two mountain food value chains are used to illustrate the framework and test its efficacy. The cases depict two value chain configurations which result in different social, economic and environmental outcomes for the sustainable development of the SES.

Utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials in HMA mixtures for flexible pavement construction

Production of more RAP material waste arises the problem of deposition. To overcome this problem, RAP materials are recycled and re-used in different layers of pavement which will reduce the cost of pavement construction, reduce the environmental pollution. So, partial replacement with natural aggregate (NA) is an alternative for conservation of natural resources. RAP materials contain bitumen on their surface which will reduce the amount of natural bitumen. Replacement of RAP materials with natural aggregate needs suitable blending proportion. This paper represents laboratory evaluation of replacement of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials, a varying percentage of 0 to 30% blended with natural aggregate in terms of Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile strength and Tensile Strength Ratio to be used in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures for construction of surface course of flexible pavement. Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile strength and tensile strength ratio (wet and dry condition) of natural aggregate blended with RAP 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% were tested and found 20% RAP mix is suitable for the bituminous road construction.

Konservasi Aliran Sungai Berbasis Masyarakat Dalam Upaya Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Dengan Pembangunan Desa Wisata Di Desa Padang Kedondong Kecamatan Tanjung Kemuning Kabupaten Kaur

Management of watersheds (DAS) is carried out to regulate the reciprocal relationship between natural resources in the watershed and humans in order to realize ecosystem sustainability and ensure the sustainability of the benefits of these natural resources for humans. This research was conducted in Padang Kedondong Village, Tanjung Kemuning District, Kaur Regency. The village was chosen because it is located in the Padang Guci watershed which is one of the priority watersheds. This research was conducted during April-May 2021. The results of the research that has been carried out are as follows: 1. The socio-economic indicators for the Padang Guci watershed have an average value of 2.05 (from an interval of 1 = bad to 3 = good), meaning it is included in good criteria (2 < x 3), 2. The people of Padang Kedondong Village in general have knowledge and awareness of ecology. Basically, with the existence of these resources, the community wants to get better results to improve welfare and pay attention to and increase the carrying capacity of the environment. 3. Currently Padang Kedondong Village is carrying out natural resource management functions/activities which include planning (planning) which is carried out by building a village vision, identifying and mapping village potential, identifying problems that occur in the development process, organizing which is held directly by the Village Head and assisted by village youths, implementation (actuating) with active participation from the community, and controlling is carried out by the Village Head. This indicates that natural resource management activities are going well and the community is able to manage natural resources in a participatory and independent manner. 4. At this time CBNRM in Padang Kedondong Village cannot be said to be good or not because it is still in process/underway which is expected to be able to balance the goals of community empowerment and natural resource conservation in the form of equity, empowerment by giving the community authority in making decisions, conflict resolution has never happened and it is hoped that in the future there will be no conflict between the community, knowledge and awareness in this case the community is able to preserve the existing nature wisely especially in land use , as well as protection of biodiversity (biodiversity protection) the public is prohibited from taking fish with poison and electricity. Whereas in the aspect of sustainable utilization of natural resources (sustainable utilization) results have not yet been seen because it is only being developed

Fisheries Business Management In The Globalization Era

The fishing business is the process of managing and optimizing fishery resources to generate sustainable profits. The fisheries business includes everything related to fishing, fish farming, fish processing, and distribution of fish products to the market. In the fishing business, it is important to consider factors such as economic, social, and environmental factors. Economic aspects include production costs, selling prices, and business profitability. Social aspects include the welfare of fishermen, food security, and the interests of the surrounding community. Environmental aspects include conservation of natural resources and environmental management to minimize negative impacts on ecosystems. Good fisheries business management requires careful planning and strategy, the use of the latest technology and methods, as well as cooperation between related parties. A sustainable fishing business aims to create a balance between economic profit, environmental sustainability, and social welfare.

Collaborative Governance dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat Perbatasan di Kabupaten Merauke

The development of border areas aims to realize the border paradigm as the homeland of the Republic of Indonesia and needs to be carried out comprehensively, in the sense not only through a welfare approach but also through a security and environmental approach. For this reason, collaborative governance is one of the concepts that can be applied in developing border areas. This research was conducted using a descriptive method and a qualitative approach in Sota District, which is an area directly adjacent to Papua New Guinea. The results of the study indicate that collaborative governance in the development of the RI-PNG border area in the Sota District has not gone well. Indicators of starting conditions and intermediate outcomes have been seen from several programs such as the formation of community groups for Pokos honey entrepreneurs, eucalyptus oil processors, and ant nest tea processors. However, when viewed from the indicators of the collaborative process and institutional design, there has not been an ideal collaboration between the government, the private sector, and universities. Where it can be seen that all community empowerment activities are still dominated by the government, in this case, the Regional Border Management Agency, the Natural Resources Conservation Center, the Wasur National Park Center, and Merauke Regency. Ideally, in a collaborative process, universities and the community should be involved as implementers and balancers of the programs provided by the government in improving the welfare of the community.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EFEKTIVITAS PENYERAPAN ANGGARAN DI BALAI BESAR KONSERVASI SDA JAWA BARAT

The State Revenue and Expenditure Budget as an acceleration of budget implementation is needed to support sustainable national development programs by optimizing the role of state revenues and expenditures, especially Ministry/Institution revenue and spending on economic growth each year. A good understanding of the mechanisms for compiling Ministry/Institution budgets is very important to be understood by various parties, especially in the framework of achieving optimal work unit goals and functions. The aim of the study was to find out the condition of stakeholder participation in budgeting, the budget revision process and how these factors affect the effectiveness of budget spending at the West Java Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA). The research methodology is descriptive quantitative using primary data collected from users of the West Java Province BKSDA budget for the period 2019 to 2021. The data collection method is questionnaire interviews. The results of the study show that some budgetary participation has a significant effect on the effectiveness of budget absorption, but partial budget revisions have no significant effect on the effectiveness of budget spending. Meanwhile, simultaneous budget participation and budget revision affect the effectiveness of budget absorption. The policy of participation in budget preparation and budget revision needs to be further enhanced by the BKSDA of West Java Province so that the achievement of the effectiveness of budget absorption can be more optimal
 Keyword: Participation, Revision, Budget Absorption Effectiveness

Legal Protection On The Sustainable Natural Resource Conservation Management

This research discusses the regulations in Indonesia regarding the legal protection of sustainable natural resources conservation and the implementation of sustainable principles. This research used a statutory approach by examining the rules and laws related to the legal issues discussed. Even though the law has regulated the protection and management of sustainable natural resource conservation, the community still needs to implement the management of natural resources properly and orderly. Then, in order to protect the conservation of natural resources, it must be managed strictly and balanced to become internalized into laws and regulations Based on the description above, the results of the discussion can be concluded that Law Number 5 of 2009 has regulated the protection and management of sustainable natural resource conservation.

ECOLOGIZATION OF THE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT SECTOR, IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UKRAINE

The paper examines the problems and prospects of greening as an innovative concept of hotel-restaurant development. The current state and trends in the development of greening of tourist infrastructure facilities in Ukraine and the world are analyzed. The criteria and legal principles of eco-hotels have been studied. The main causes and consequences of the negative impact of the hotel-restaurant sector on the environment have been established. The Ukrainian and world experience of existing eco-hotels are characterized, their problems are analyzed and recommendations are made for solving them and for the successful development of eco-hotels in Ukraine. The main tasks that determine effective activity in the eco-hotel business are formulated, in particular: the selection of the most promising target segments of the eco-hotel market and the development of a strategy focused on them; development and formation of ecological style, its correct use in internal and external premises of hotels and restaurants; development of a clear and, in accordance with the requirements of the market, program for the positioning of the eco-hotel; informing consumers through advertising and mass media about the positioning indicators of the eco-hotel and restaurant; development of proposals for the formation and correction of a positive image of the eco-hotel and restaurant in the minds of consumers. It is substantiated that the reorientation of existing hotel enterprises to “environmental” ones can solve several multi-faceted and multi-level tasks at the same time: ensure resource savings at the enterprise level; improve economic indicators due to compliance with the current trend; promote the development of the tourist cluster and the formation of ecological infrastructure in the region; promote the ideas of a “green” way of life in society; to form the market of ecological products and services; improve the image of the region and the country. Based on the results of the research, the following advantages of eco-hotels are highlighted: conservation of natural resources; reduction of water consumption; saving electricity; reduction of costs for energy resources; reduction of costs for materials undergoing secondary processing; attracting new customers due to a favorable environmental situation; positive positioning of the services market; additional opportunity to advertise the hotel; creating a reputation for the brand and the hotel as a socially responsible company. Positioning the hotel as an eco-hotel gives its owner a number of competitive advantages, among which the possibility of using this status for advertising purposes, creating a favorable microclimate for staff and guests, and increasing occupancy rates should be highlighted. It is well-founded that eco-hotels are promising hotels that are designed to maintain the state of the natural environment, raise environmental awareness and responsibility in society, and their guests can enjoy a healthy vacation in harmony with nature.

Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes and Farmers’ Perceptions of Ecosystem Services in an Eastern Amazon Rural Settlement

Understanding the relationship between land-use and land-cover changes, the ecosystem services (ES) offered, and the farmers’ perception about these services is essential for designing adequate strategies in the management and conservation of natural resources. Therefore, this research aims to describe the evolution of the land use and land cover, and the farmers’ perceptions of ES at Diamante Negro Jutaí settlement, in the Monção municipality, Maranhão state, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The data were collected through a mapping of use units and land cover, and 130 structured questionnaires. Farmers recognize ES as highly important for their well-being and livelihood. Food (agriculture and livestock), fish, fresh water, and lakes were perceived by farmers as highly important. Fishing, however, is the most relevant ES. In contrast, it is also the most threatened because of land-use alteration. In the period from 1995 to 2015, overall natural ground cover was reduced. Water bodies were the most highly affected with an 85 percent decrease in relation to the total area of the analysis period. The decrease in secondary forest areas (4.3 percent) and water bodies are reflections of climate change, which also has a direct impact on forms of use. Farmers’ perceptions of ES can be used to formulate policies for conservation of natural resources.