State Of Natural Resources Research Articles

Probabilistic crop type mapping for ex-ante modelling and spatial disaggregation

Agricultural land use and management fundamentally impacts the condition of natural resources like waterbodies, soils, and biodiversity. Modelling the anthropogenic effects on those resources over time requires detailed knowledge of the temporal and spatial distribution of crops. However, currently available crop type maps for Europe either lack the required spatial resolution or the temporal and spatial coverage. We develop and apply a probabilistic, spatially explicit crop type mapping approach that is suitable for ex-post and ex-ante modelling. The approach allows to quantify epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty related to estimated crop shares by providing an ensemble of maps. We implement the method for the EU-28 for the years 2010 – 2020, distinguishing between 28 different crop types at 1 km resolution. Based on a model of the data generating process that conceptually links field-, grid cell- and region-level crop acreages, our approach considers soil, climate, and topography information, as well as administrative data. The validation with ground-truthing data for France indicates that the generated crop type maps are plausible. The provided uncertainty intervals capture differences in uncertainty across space and time and correctly identify grid cells and crops where estimations are less precise. The generated maps constitute a unique data product of high practical value, e.g., for agri-environmental modelling applications. We see additional potential in using the approach to disaggregate the regional or national predictions of socio-economic ex-ante prediction models.

Local Wisdom and Economic-Conservation Strategy in Communities Affected by Natural Disasters

Community interaction with the natural environment is reflected through the local wisdom implemented by the community. This is not free from the parties' interests in natural resources. Exploitative behavior or otherwise maintaining ecological and socio-economic balance in the natural environment arises from the various interests of the parties. Such conditions raise the question: How can society's socio-economic strategies be strengthened so that harmonious relations between humans and nature are maintained through a balance of ecological-conservation and socio-economic interests? This research uses a qualitative approach by collecting data through interviews and observation. The research results show that people living in areas prone to natural disasters in the form of earthquakes and landslides have a pattern of relationship with their natural environment in socio-economic activities. Efforts to escape the impact of natural disasters are experiencing obstacles because the community's socio-economic strategies and activities rely on agriculture and plantations which are directly related to the condition of natural resources. In this situation, it is necessary to improve and strengthen community economic activities in the fields of agriculture, plantations and collaboration at the community level.

Population, Land, and the Development of the Commodity Economy: Evidence from Qing Dynasty China

Population growth exacerbates the pressure on land carrying capacity, affecting the sustainability of agricultural production, and also impacts non-agricultural industries. This paper utilizes grain price data from southern China during the Qing Dynasty (1776–1910) to examine the impact of population and land pressure on the development of the commodity economy under the “involution” of smallholder agriculture. This study finds that under conditions of stagnant technological advancement and limited natural resources, population growth during the Qing Dynasty created significant “Malthusian” population pressure. This pressure on land first resulted in the over-concentration of agricultural labor and saturation of the farming population. Surplus labor, unable to be absorbed by agriculture, shifted to non-agricultural sectors, engaging in the transportation and trade of grain. The pressure on land carrying capacity facilitated the cultivation and processing of cash crops, and product trade was supported by efficient waterway transportation. These activities generated commercial profits that alleviated survival pressures and promoted the prosperity of the commodity economy. However, this prosperity did not accompany significant productivity improvements; instead, it was a product of “involution” agriculture under high population density pressures.

Remote Sensing Technologies for Mapping Ecosystem Services: An Analytical Approach for Urban Green Infrastructure

Urban Green Infrastructures (UGIs) have gained increasing relevance in the field of climate adaptive design because of their capacity to provide regulating ecosystem services apt to respond to the impacts of global warming with short-term strategies. The effectiveness of UGIs in reducing climate risks depends on both the state of natural resources and the understanding of urban ecosystem processes over time. The implementation of analytic methods to better understand urban ecosystem dynamics, as well as the local effective potential of ESs, is crucial for addressing climate impacts in cities. The advances in remote sensing methodologies for mapping and monitoring urban ecosystems represent a key opportunity to deepen the ecological features of existing urban green areas as a potential planning asset to respond to climate impacts. Indeed, remote sensing technologies implement a new data-driven planning approach that enables models and simulations of different project scenarios by supporting planning decisions and reducing the risk of failures. According to these assumptions, this paper discusses the results of a literature review aimed at providing the current state of the art in applying remote sensing technologies for mapping and monitoring ecosystem services, focusing on operational opportunities in urban environments. It examines how remote sensing can depict ESs and ensure data quality and reliability for UGI design. The emphasis is on the potential of ESs to mitigate and adapt to heat wave risks which will be more frequent in the next decade, particularly in cities, as highlighted by the IPCC Report 2023. Therefore, UGIs are strategic tools for addressing heat wave impacts, necessitating a shift from empirical approaches to analytical, data-driven planning methods.

Physicochemical Study of Ethanol Ratio in the Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Synthesis from Kesambi (Schleichera Oleosa) Seed Oil

The demand for energy, particularly for fossil fuels, has been increasing in line with the growing number of transportation units. However, natural resource conditions such as fossil fuels are not always fulfilled. This is because fossil fuels are categorized as non-renewable resources. Moreover, all countries in the world are required to reduce the use of fossil resources and increase the use of green energy. Therefore, alternative green energy sources are needed to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a green energy source that could be produced from renewable resources. Biodiesel could be obtained from non-food sources such as kesambi oil. In this research, the biodiesel production process was carried out by esterification and transesterification methods. The transesterification process was performed by varying the molar ratio between ethanol and kesambi oil. The molar ratio used in the transesterification process were 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, and 12:1. The results showed that the molar ratio of 12:1 produced the lowest values of density, viscosity, and flash point, which were 0.839 g/ml, 3.98 CST, and 109.4°C, respectively, but the highest values of calorific value and yield, which were 9,040 cal/g and 91.30%, respectively.

Village Fund Management in Community Empowerment: Study in Bendan Village, Banyudono Subdistrict, Boyolali Regency

This research aims to describe the implementation of village fund management in community empowerment and to determine several factors that support and hinder the process of managing village funds in community empowerment. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The research was conducted in Bendan Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency and data collection was collected using in-depth observation and interviews. The results of the research show that the management of village funds carried out by the Bendan Village government has gone very well and has been adapted to priority needs in the community, such as the post-pandemic food security program, the PKK development program for mothers, and the BUMDes formation program to manage various assets and potential. Owned by Bendan Village. The management of village funds for non-physical community empowerment is carried out in a more varied way by using the village's potential to encourage the community to be more independent in producing products such as food security programs in fish cultivation, goat cultivation, and grape cultivation. Supporting factors for managing village funds in empowering communities in Bendan Village are the timely disbursement of village funds, government policies, and the condition of local natural resources. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are the lack of community resources in Bendan Village and the village government's weak process of empowering the community.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

In this paper, a set of tools was formed based on existing methods of socio-economic regional development in order to manage the process of changing the indicator of dif-ferentiation of the level of regional development. It was also concluded that these tools can be used to improve consistency within regional regulation. The problem is currently progressing - regions show a decrease in the level of consistency of both internal and external processes, which occurs due to regional differentiation. It should be noted that this differentiation is developing unevenly in all regions, which is explained by the difference in the following factors: human capital, the state of natural resources, infrastructure, etc. In this case, regions focus only on one or several industries of their advantage, developing them, which negatively affects the sustaina-bility of other industries. In this regard, the development of measures for analyzing the level and characteristics of a certain regional differentiation, which will become the basis for forming a development strategy, is of high relevance.

Corporate strategies in agricultural enterprises: Adaptation and development in the СOVID-crisis environment

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on changes in agricultural enterprise corporate strategies. The study also aims to identify their potential implications in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic's spread. The most important research method is monitoring. The results of monitoring reflect the efficiency of agricultural production processes before and during the COVID-19 crisis. The studied country exemplifies agricultural business development under favorable natural resource conditions. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the corporate strategies of Kazakhstan's five largest agricultural enterprises were analyzed. The materials for the analysis were the databases of these enterprises' official websites. The analysis rested on a forecasting model based on a trend line. The results suggest that the efforts to adapt corporate strategies to the COVID-19 imperatives aim to balance and restore the economic activity of agricultural enterprises. This task requires strategies for reducing secondary costs, investing in high-growth areas, micro supply chains, and management system transformation. In practice, the findings can be useful for policymakers and managers in the agricultural sector of the economy. The study presents additional information on how to better support agricultural enterprises during and after the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Implementasi Kebijakan Parkir di Kawasan Central Business District Kota Pekalongan

The era of regional autonomy which officially took effect in Indonesia since January 1, 2001 requires regions to be creative in finding sources of income that can finance local governments for governance and development. In this regard, local governments must be careful in managing existing financial sources, especially those originating from regional taxes and regional levies. The potential income of each region is certainly different depending on the condition of natural resources and so on, therefore each region places a different emphasis on each source of regional income. This study tries to examine parking management in Pekalongan City, especially after the enactment of the Pekalongan City Regulation Number 1 of 2017 and what factors are the obstacles to the implementation of the new Perda. Qualitative descriptive approach used as a method in this study. This study concludes that parking management in Pekalongan City is still relatively bad. This is marked by poor parking services provided and the target of receiving parking fees that are not on target. Transparent and accountable management can be a breakthrough so that good parking services and parking retribution revenue targets can be achieved.

Conflict and natural resource condition: An examination based on national power heterogeneity

The impact of geopolitical conflict on natural resource condition, under the lens of national power heterogeneity, is a burgeoning area of research. Previously, scholars predominantly utilized CO2 as a representative indicator for environmental degradation, however, this simplistic approach falls short in explaining the intricate dynamics leading to ecological deficits. In this article, we adopt a more comprehensive indicator, natural resource condition, to better depict the state of environmental degradation for investigative purposes. We employ a double fixed-effects model to investigate the effect of geopolitical conflict on the condition of natural resources, and integrate several proxy indicators of national power to undertake moderating effect and heterogeneity analyses. Our research demonstrates that geopolitical conflict significantly deteriorates a country's natural resource condition, resulting in either a decrease in ecological surplus or an increase in ecological deficit. Additionally, it is found that strengthening a country's overall power can alleviate this adverse impact. The significant influence of this moderating effect is verified through multiple heterogeneity tests differentiated by economic power. More specifically, countries with potent economic power appear to be less affected by geopolitical conflict on their natural resource condition, whereas those with weaker economic power experience more severe negative impacts. Our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the impact of geopolitical conflict on the environment and provide valuable insights for developing countries aiming to alleviate the deterioration of their natural resource condition from a geopolitical perspective.

USE OF HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESEARCH IN THE TRAINING OF STUDENTS FOR 101 ECOLOGY

Environmental monitoring is an important component of environmental science and helps to collect information about environmental pollution, the state of natural resources and climate. This article examines the history of the development of environmental monitoring from the first observations to modern technologies and the use of historical and practical aspects of environmental monitoring research in the preparation of students in the field of ecology 101.
 Today, environmental monitoring has become more accurate and extensive thanks to modern technologies such as drones, satellites, sensors and other means of data collection. This allows collecting data on air, water, soil and climate pollution with greater accuracy and frequency. The information collected from environmental monitoring helps to make decisions about measures to protect the environment and reduce the impact of human activities on nature. Collecting information about the state of the environment allows you to monitor the risks associated with certain types of activities, such as production, transport, construction, etc. This helps reduce risks to human health and the environment. Information collected from environmental monitoring can be used for planning and management of natural environment resources. This may include determining optimal locations for installing wind farms, solar panels, and other types of energy devices. It can also be used to teach and educate people about the state of the environment and its impact on human health and nature.
 Information gathered from environmental monitoring can help students understand human impact on the environment and develop strategies to reduce that impact. Also, this data can help in identifying problems related to air, water and soil pollution and in developing plans to solve them.
 Students can use information from environmental monitoring to conduct research and projects on ecology and nature conservation. For example, they can investigate the effectiveness of different water treatment methods or study the effects of certain types of pollution on human health and the natural environment.
 In addition, information from environmental monitoring can be used for education and conscious consumption. For example, students can learn which products are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective, and make informed decisions when purchasing products.

Pemberdayaan kesehatan masyarakat Desa Gunung Manik Melalui Potensi Desa Budidaya Madu

The abundant natural potential of Gunung Manik has not been optimally utilized. The support of the village apparatus to continue to improve village welfare makes the development of villages and residents quite fast in receiving positive information from outside. Natural potential can be further optimized, one of which is by developing honey cultivation, which has great potential with the support of available natural resource conditions. Activities are carried out using counseling methods and interactive directly to measure the level of pre-activity knowledge and understanding in the people of Gunung Manik Village, descriptive material presentation through interactive so that the implementation of activities is more active and avoids boredom. The results of the activity can be seen from increasing community insight into health, That is benefits of honey on health and the enthusiasm of community for honey cultivation as an effort to improve the economy and health of the people of Gunung Manik Village, Ciniru Kuningan.

ANALISIS EVALUASI EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The condition of natural resources of forests and agricultural land, especially in South Konawe Regency, is currently quite a concern. South Konawe Regency has a forest area with a total area of 475,953 hectares, consisting of natural reserve forests, protected forests, production forests, limited production forests, other use areas, water bodies, community plantation forests, urban forests, mangrove forests and conservation forests. Among the total current forest area, there are 31,874 hectares of critical land and 6,606 hectares of very critical land. The aim of the research is to inventory the potential and management problems as well as the economic value of natural forest and agricultural land resources in South Konawe Regency. The research approach uses 5 (five) approach models, namely the political approach, the technocratic approach, the integrated top-down policy bottom-up planning approach, the participatory approach, and the regional finance approach. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with a case study method. Research data needs were collected using questionnaires and field surveys. The data analysis methods used include Natural Resource Potential Analysis, Identification of natural resources in forests and agricultural land, as well as total economic analysis or total economic value (TEV) obtained from the sum of values based on use and values based on indirect use. The research results show that the potential forest resources of South Konawe Regency with samples from Wolasi, Laeya, and Tinanggea subdistricts are divided into 4 forest area function classes, namely protected forests, permanent production forests, limited production forests, and national parks. Protected forests covering an area of 11,273.58 ha, limited production forests covering an area of 2,860.99 ha, permanent production forests covering an area of 14,931.17 ha, and national parks covering an area of 9,246.96 ha. Meanwhile, the agricultural potential of South Konawe Regency from the research sample consists of mixed dry land farming covering an area of 14,787.73 ha, dry land farming covering an area of 1,684.39 ha, rice fields covering an area of 17,014.23 ha, and plantations covering an area of 553.44 ha. The economic value of South Konawe district's forest resources is IDR 64,152,630,168.15 per year, while the economic value of agricultural land resources is IDR 9,342,541,716/year.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Green Energy Development in China

The development of non-conventional energy sources is not only an important guarantee for national energy security but also a key support for the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. However, there is limited knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns and changing characteristics of green energy development in China. Here, based on the energy production and consumption data of the last decade, we combined the gravity center model and statistical model to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of non-conventional energy in 31 provinces of China. The research results show: (1) under the impetus of the development of green low-carbon and ecological civilization strategy, the rate of increase in the production of non-conventional energy in China and the proportion of it increase year by year, and the energy structure obviously presents the characteristics of being low-carbon and cleaner. (2) For the spatial patterns of non-conventional energy development, due to the development of wind power and photovoltaic constraints by natural resource conditions and technology, their development trend is best in northeast, north, and northwest China. (3) The generation of PV and wind power is dominated by northwest China and north China, and the generation of nuclear power is dominated by southeast China, whereas the consumption is dominated by east China and central China; there is an obvious spatial imbalance between non-conventional energy production and consumption. (4) The proportion of photovoltaics in non-conventional energy production has increased significantly over the 2010–2020 period, which is the main driver of the overall shift in the gravity center of non-conventional energy production towards the northwest region of China. (5) In recent years, the gradual transfer of industries from the east to the central and western regions of China and the improvement in the economic level of the western regions have led to an increase in energy production and consumption, promoting a shift in the gravity center of energy production and consumption to the west. Overall, the structural transformation of China’s energy production and consumption (from a high-carbon black structure to a low-carbon and carbon-free green structure) is progressing, and some provinces have achieved significant results, presenting a non-conventional energy industry in accordance with local conditions and the development trend of the non-conventional energy industry.

Survival versus sustaining: A multidisciplinary inquiry of the environmental dilemma in rural Uganda

AbstractThe livelihoods of the majority of Uganda's population depend on declining environmental resources. The sustainability of the natural environment requires that the people who are interdependent with it, as well as the structures of governance and leadership around them, understand the implications of resource degradation and take deliberate steps towards restoration. The interdependency of human and environment conditions in Uganda requires multidisciplinary attention and this paper reflects a contribution to this end. Socio‐cultural perceptions and relations with a vulnerable environment are put into dialogue with the physical status of environmental resources in Alebtong District, Uganda. Southern epistemological perspectives are considered in relation to Western scientific paradigms. Culturally responsive socio‐cultural research data are related to MODIS NDVI data, using time series analyses and NDVI as a proxy for productivity. The research confirms the declining availability and condition of natural resources and the acknowledgement of local influence on this condition. Despite this, deliberate community and governance efforts towards conservation and restoration varied from non‐existent to insufficient. The causes for this inconsistency revolve around conflicting priorities. This paper demonstrates and discusses the difficult trade‐offs in decision‐making about natural resources that rural communities face, and supports new partnership models as a route to improvement.

How Eco-Spatial Edutourism Support Sustainability in Coastal Areas in South Malang, Indonesia?

This study aimed to determine the effect of edutourism based on eco-spatial to support sustainability in coastal areas in South Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The qualitative research design is conducted at Kondang Merak Beach, Pesanggrahan Beach, Bajulmati Beach, CMC (Clungup Mangrove Conservation) Tiga Warna, Tamban Beach, and Perawan Beach, which located in South Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Data were taken using participant observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis used qualitative analysis from Miles and Huberman, consisting of three stages, reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The result found that each beach has unique qualities depending on the surrounding environment and can be developed into an edutourism destination. Edutourism has benefited environmental sustainability, showed in the condition of natural resources in maintained tourist attractions (mangroves, coral reefs, pine shrimp, sea pandanus, turtles, and crabs), and maintained cleanliness at tourist areas.

Drivers of change in natural resources of the world and our country

The paper gives an overview of numerous pressures (drivers) of changes in natural resources in a broader context (World and Europe), and with special reference to the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ie the Republika of Srpska. Direct and indirect drivers on nature are analyzed individually or in interaction. The following are analyzed: 1) Pressures of excessive use of natural resources through hunting, fishing, use of water, minerals and fossil fuels; 2. Pressures due to changes in land use through the use of agricultural and forest land, protected areas, traditional knowledge and urbanization of space; 3. Pressures under the influence of pollutants through pollution with nutrients, organic pollutants, acidification and many other pollutants; 4. Pressures of climate change through gradual, secondary and extreme events and 5. Pressures of invasive species. There are results that indicate a significant value of natural resources that is not sufficiently recognized in our country and in every segment. In particular, public awareness of their importance and the need for a socially responsible attitude of each individual in their preservation and sustainable use is insufficient. The analysis of scientific research published so far can reveal numerous international results that document the huge negative impact of numerous factors on the state of natural resources, as well as the few results that prove (document) this in our country. Hence the need for more research and results that prove the positive or negative effect of certain factors (direct or indirect) on the state of natural resources in our country.

Spatial Identification and Change Analysis of Production-Living-Ecological Space Using Multi-Source Geospatial Data: A Case Study in Jiaodong Peninsula, China

The significant heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of point of interest (POI) data, the absence of human socio-economic activity information in remote sensing images (RSI), and the high cost of land use (LU) data acquisition restrict their application in PLES spatial identification. Utilizing easily accessible data for detailed spatial identification of PLES remains an urgent challenge, especially when selecting a study area that encompasses both urban built-up areas (UBUA) and non-urban built-up areas (NUBUA). To address this issue, we proposed a PLES spatial identification method that combines POI data and land cover (LC) data in this paper. The proposed method first classified spatial analysis units (SAUs) into agricultural production space (APS), ecological space (ES), and ambiguous space (AS) based on the rich surface physical information from LC data. Subsequently, the AS was further classified into living space (LS) and non-agricultural production space (NAPS) based on the rich human socioeconomic information from POI data. For the AS that contains no POI, a simple rule was established to differentiate it into LS or NAPS. The effectiveness of the method was verified by accuracy evaluation and visual comparison. Applying the method to the Jiaodong Peninsula, we identified the PLES of the Jiaodong Peninsula for 2018 and 2022, further explored their spatial distribution characteristics, and analyzed their changes. Finally, we conducted a discussion on the real-world situations and driving mechanisms of the PLES changes and proposed several policy insights. The results indicated that both the spatial distribution characteristics of PLES and PLES change in the Jiaodong Peninsula were obvious and showed significant differentiation between UBUA and NUBUA. Climatic and natural resource conditions, geographic location, macro-policies, and governmental behaviors drove the PLES changes.

Assessing the sustainability of natural resources using the five forces and value chain combined models: The influence of solar energy development

Utilizing natural resources may assists India in overcoming its prevailing energy crises. However, the instability of natural resources hinders its capacity to overcome these crises. To overcome this research gap, this study uses "Porter's Five Forces Model” to investigate the sustainability of natural resources. We use a hybrid approach for data compilation and empirical investigation. First, we introduce a new value chain model of Indian solar industry. Second, we conduct semi-structured interviews with industry experts on various sustainability and natural resources management-related issues. Third, we critically evaluate official statistics, national policy structure, and regulatory studies using the Five Forces Model. Research findings indicate India's present condition of natural resources, existing barriers, competitive landscape, and future projections. Results further disclose that the Indian government has announced various proposals to promote natural resources but few have been implemented. The government policies that require modification include the solar Bidding Scheme, National Tariff Policy, and Generation Based Incentive (GBI). Based on research findings, policy recommendations are suggested for improving the sustainability of natural resources, including the role of the government, innovative workers, regional and international collaboration, awareness programs, and the transition to domestic manufacturing through integrated and coherent efforts.

Problems of rural areas of Ukraine in the context of European integration processes

Ukraine has favorable geographical, climatic, resource and other prerequisites for the development of rural areas, therefore it is potentially capable of becoming a state with priority development of the agricultural sector and one of the main suppliers to the world markets of ecologically safe food products. However, the problem of non-compliance of the level of development of the Ukrainian agricultural sector and rural areas with the world level and standards of the EU countries in general remains unresolved. The competitiveness of domestic agricultural products is achieved mainly due to cheap labor and ruthless exploitation of the land. The article analyzes the socio-economic and ecological state of rural areas of Ukraine and establishes that at the current stage rural areas are in a catastrophic state. The state of natural resources and the ecological situation are deteriorating, the engineering and social infrastructure, the system of social services (medicine, culture, preschool education) and the sphere of life are in decline, human potential is decreasing, unemployment and poverty are flourishing, which stimulates labor migration. The lack of work, medical care, social and infrastructure support does not encourage rural youth to actively give birth to children, as a result of which the rural population is aging at a very fast pace, there is no simple replacement of the population, mortality prevails over birth rate. The lifespan expectancy of the population in one or another country is precisely the indicator that characterizes well-being. In Ukraine, the average lifespan expectancy as of 2020 was 66.4 years for men and 76.2 years for women, which is an average 3.6–14.4 years for men and 1.3–9.3 years for women less compared to the countries of the European Union. During 32 years of independence, Ukraine, as a state, did nothing to improve the living conditions of the rural population, stop migration processes and the natural reduction of the population in general, and especially the rural population. As a result of such non-statistical attitude of the state of Ukraine towards rural areas, 435 rural settlements disappeared from the map of Ukraine during this period. The primary solution to the social and infrastructure problems of the rural population is one of the main conditions for Ukraine’s food security, its economic and social well-being, and therefore should become a priority direction for the state of Ukraine.