Natural Low-cost Adsorbent Research Articles

A censorious review on the role of natural lignocellulosic fiber waste as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of diverse textile industrial pollutants

BackgroundTextile industries produce fabricated colored products using toxic dyes and other harsh chemicals. It is the responsibility of the textile industries to treat and eliminate these hazardous pollutants. However, due to the growing population demand, the treatment of these hazardous effluents is ineffective and imposes the treatment cost over the end users. The release of partially treated effluents in the environment may cause a severe threat to the ecology and its biota. The critical objective is to treat textile effluents efficiently using agricultural natural fiber waste. Generation of agricultural lignocellulosic fibrous waste increases every year due to growing population demand. Its use in the modern world is limited due to synthetic products. An alternative has enumerated to avoid wastage of fibrous resources and its clean disposal. ObjectiveThe main objective of this review paper discussed the feasibility of lignocellulosic fibers and other lignocellulosic materials as natural low-cost adsorbent. MethodsThe literature study was performed using Web of Science and Scopus indexed journals. The main factors considered to increase the adsorption ability, including the types of lignocellulosic surface modification techniques were searched with utmost importance for quality results. Intending to summarize the literature survey and provide persuasive content, systematic review process was considered for this novel article. ResultsOut of 230 valuable publications, 159 published articles were considered for the present study until March 2022. The articles surplus with factors affecting adsorption (pH, adsorption dosage, surface area, temperature, initial concentration, contact time, physical and chemical properties of pollutants) and surface modification techniques (physical, chemical, and biological) were considered for this manuscript. ConclusionOverall, the physical and chemical modification methods are widely used instead of biological methods due to various factors as discussed briefly. Furthermore, the finding of this article supports the fact that the fibrous by-product resources are wasted in various occasions due to the modern lifestyle. Even though there is evidential possibility to implement the low-cost adsorbents, the industries limit their application prospects due to existing technology and financial compromises.

Investigation of Copper removal mechanisms on Quercus robur acorn caps: Equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamic and characterization studies

Intended for human consumption water resources are rapidly decreased due to overuse, global warming and also polluting by pollutants. Metal concentrations are generally removed by precipitation, adsorption, biosorption and some chemical reactions in the receiving water media. Therefore, polluted waters by metals are caused to rarely toxic effects in living things in high concentrations. Metal polluted waters are generally caused to esthetic and cosmetic effects. Adsorption is one of the commonly used methods for metal removal. In recent years, researches about natural low cost adsorbents are increased. Factors such as modification and electricity costs increase the cost of adsorbent. In this study, dry acorn caps of Quercus robur were used as non-modify natural adsorbent. The batch experiments were carried out to removal of copper in water that has initial low concentration by prepared natural adsorbent. It was performed equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamic studies and moreover adsorbent characterization studies with using SEM + EDX and XRD methods. It was found the removal efficiency was 84%, and adsorption capacity was 0.336 mg/g. This paper is aimed to expressing the affecting factors of adsorption mechanism at the removal of copper in water. This paper is expressing the affecting factors of a non-modify natural adsorbent's adsorption mechanism at the removal of copper in water which has initial low concentration. As a consequence, it has been seen that acorn caps of Quercus robur due to contained tannins highly effects adsorption mechanism, and it may be used of copper removal.

On the Suitability of Almond Shells for the Manufacture of a Natural Low-Cost Bioadsorbent to Remove Brilliant Green: Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms Study.

Almond production generates a large number of coproducts, but the farmer's interest mainly focuses on the nutritional and commercial aspects of the kernel for getting the best return from their harvests. Thus, almond coproducts such as almond shells that represent more than 70% of biomass remain underexplored. In this work, the suitability of almond shell powder (ASP) as a natural low-cost adsorbent was evaluated in the adsorption of brilliant green dye (BG), which is known as a chemical pollutant. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, for the determination of specific surface area, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were performed to characterize the ASP adsorbent. The batch adsorption kinetic study for the removal of BG dye was carried out by varying pH, temperature, initial concentration of the dye, bioadsorbent dose, and contact time. It was found that 98% of BG dye is removed under the following optimal experimental conditions: ASP bioadsorbent dose of 1 g/L at T = 25°C, pH = 6.8, and C0 = 1 g/L, which proves that ASP can be used as an excellent low-cost bioadsorbent for the removal of BG dye from wastewater. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show the best correlation with single-layer adsorption, and the adsorption kinetics seems to follow a pseudo-second-order model.

Design and cost analysis of batch adsorber systems for removal of dyes from contaminated groundwater using natural low-cost adsorbents

Batch adsorbers were designed for the adsorption of the fabric dyes Basic Violet 16 (BV16) and Reactive Red 195 (RR195) on locally available low-cost natural adsorbents of Persian bentonite, vermicompost and Persian charred dolomite. The adsorption isotherm data were in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 99%). Results showed that with increasing the adsorption capacity of bentonite for BV16 from 434.78 to 833.33 mg/g due to the presence of the anionic dye, the amount of the adsorbent decreases by 50%. The adsorption capacity of vermicompost for the cationic dye was obtained 16 mg/g in single dye solution and of charred dolomite for the anionic dye was almost 7 mg/g in both dye systems. Based on the extended Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of natural bentonite for BV16 and of charred dolomite for RR195 were concluded 821.63 mg/g and 7.03 mg/g, respectively, which the capacities are almost the same in single and binary systems. The adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of Persian bentonite from contaminated water are comparable with that of activated carbon. Compared to activated carbon bentonite and the other natural adsorbents used in this study are less expensive and do not require a separate activation or pre-treatment step. Cost for 90% removal of dye from 100 m3 groundwater using 1 kg the studied adsorbents of vermicompost, charred dolomite and bentonite was calculated 0.06, 0.05 and 0.04 euro, respectively, in both single and binary systems.

Fast adsorption of phosphate (PO4 -) from wastewater using glauconite.

In this study, the removal of phosphate (PO4 -) from wastewater using glauconite was investigated. Glauconite was characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of contact time, pH, initial phosphate concentrations, adsorbent dose, and temperature were investigated by batch experiments. The isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics for phosphate removal were studied. The results showed that glauconite had a rough surface and abundant pores. The determined Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area was 55 m2/g with a pore radius of 1.99 nm and the pore volume was 0.032 cm3/g. FTIR analysis revealed that the abundance of various functional groups on the surface of glauconite may play an important role for the adsorption process. The optimum pH was 11 with complete removal of phosphate in a short time (nearly 1 min). The experimental data fitted very well with the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.999) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 32.26 mg/g at 50 °C. Adsorption kinetic data were best fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999). Thermodynamic study confirmed the spontaneous, endothermic and irreversible adsorption process. Therefore, glauconite is a promising natural low-cost adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater.

Tamarix aphylla Biomass as Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Applicability for Different Isotherm Models

Tamarix aphylla biomass (TAB) is a low cost adsorbent that has been used for the removal of Pb (II) ions from an aqueous solution. It was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to support the adsorption of Pb (II) ions. The ability of TAB to adsorb Pb (II) ions was investigated by using batch adsorption procedure. The effects of various parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent concentration, contact time and initial Pb (II) ions concentration were examined. The adsorbent data were analyzed using two, three, four and five parameter models at 30oC by using nonlinear regression analysis. Various kinetics models including the Pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second-order, Elovich, Intra-particle diffusion and Bangham models have been applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption mechanism. It was found that pseudo-second-order rate was better obeyed than pseudo-first-order reaction supporting that chemisorption process was involved. The examination of error analysis methods showed that the Langmuir model provide the best fit for experimental data than other isotherms. The obtained results show that TAB can be used as an effective and a natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Removal of Nitrate and Nitrite Anions from Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Derived from Rice Straw

Rice straw (RS) has been activated using Na2CO3. Activated carbon samples (ARSC) were characterized using N2- adsorption, elemental analysis, surface fractional dimension and pore volume to support the adsorption of nitrate and nitrite ions. The effects of various parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent concentration, contact time, temperature and initial nitrate and nitrite concentrations were examined. Various kinetics models including the Pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second-order and intra particle diffusion models have been applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamics constants of the adsorption process, viz. ΔHo, ΔGo and ΔSo were evaluated. The results showed that the adsorption of nitrate and nitrite ions onto activated carbon was exothermic and non-spontaneous. The adsorption data followed second-order kinetics supporting that chemisorption process was involved. The obtained results show that ARSC can be used as an effective and natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of nitrate and nitrite anions from wastewater.

Isotherms and kinetic studies on adsorption of Hg(II) ions onto Ziziphus spina-christi L. from aqueous solutions

AbstractL. (ZscL) is a plant residue that has been used as adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The ability of ZscL to adsorb Hg(II) ions was investigated by using the batch adsorption procedure. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to support the adsorption of Hg(II) ions. The effects of various parameters on the adsorption process, such as contact time, adsorbent concentration, solution pH and initial concentrations of metal ions were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum adsorption. Experimental equilibrium data were fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Halsey and Temkin (two parameter models), Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Khan, Hill, Radke-Prausnitz, Langmuir-Freundlich and Toth (three parameter models), Fritz-Schlunder and Baudu (four parameter models) and Fritz-Schlunder (five parameter model) at 30°C by using nonlinear regression analysis. The examination of error analysis methods showed that the Halsey model provides the best fit for experimental data compared with the other isotherms. Various kinetic models have been applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption kinetics. It was found that pseudo-second-order rate was better obeyed than pseudo-first-order reaction, supporting that the chemisorption process was involved. The obtained results show that ZscL can be used as an effective and natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Application of melon seed shell as a natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue from dye-bearing wastewaters: optimization, isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic

In this study, melon seed shells (MSS) were employed for the removal of hazardous methylene blue (MB) from the simulated wastewaters by the adsorption process. Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscope images, isoelectric pH (pHZPC), X-ray diffraction, and BET analysis were used to characterize the MSS biosorbent. The adsorption processes were conducted by changing the initial dye concentration, MSS dosage, pH of the solution, time, temperature, and the inorganic salts concentration as selective parameters that affect the removal efficiency. The results indicated that MB (30 mg/L) can be effectively removed (91.62%) at pH 7 and MSS dosage of 1.5 g/L after 150 min. The isotherm and kinetic parameters were also investigated, and the adsorption data were best fitted to the Temkin isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The study of thermodynamic parameters by varying the solution temperature illustrated the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. The regeneration and desorption studies demonstrated the reusability of MSS for six cycles of adsorption and desorption with approximately 92% of dye removal. The overall obtained results can suggest MSS as a natural and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes such as MB from the contaminated effluents.

Recovery of an Agro-industrial Vinasse by Adsorption on Different Wood Materials: Parametric Study at Laboratory Scale

Three types of biomasses (miscanthus, spruce, and a mixture of different woodchips species) were tested as low-cost adsorption media for an industrial agro-industrial effluent, typically a vinasse. Influences of effluent dilution, working temperature, and time duration were studied. Kinetic modelling studies of adsorption were proposed. Ratios of adsorption at ambient temperature and without dilution expressed in g of dry vinasse per g of dry biomass were 1.0, 0.85, and 0.65 for miscanthus, woodchips mixture, and spruce, respectively. An increase of the temperature from 10 °C to 50 °C led to a decrease of the vinasse viscosity and favored its penetration in the biomasses. Maximal adsorbance of dry matter of vinasse was obtained at 50 °C for a vinasse viscosity of 20 mPas. Whatever the experimental conditions required during adsorption processes, miscanthus showed the best affinity for the vinasse. Pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion model well described the adsorption process. This study indicates that conventional biomasses could be used as natural low-cost adsorbent for by-products such as vinasse.

Recovery of an agro-industrial vinasse by adsorption on different wood materials: Parametric study at laboratory scale

Three types of biomasses (miscanthus, spruce, and a mixture of different woodchips species) were tested as low-cost adsorption media for an industrial agro-industrial effluent, typically a vinasse. Influences of effluent dilution, working temperature, and time duration were studied. Kinetic modelling studies of adsorption were proposed. Ratios of adsorption at ambient temperature and without dilution expressed in g of dry vinasse per g of dry biomass were 1.0, 0.85, and 0.65 for miscanthus, woodchips mixture, and spruce, respectively. An increase of the temperature from 10 °C to 50 °C led to a decrease of the vinasse viscosity and favored its penetration in the biomasses. Maximal adsorbance of dry matter of vinasse was obtained at 50 °C for a vinasse viscosity of 20 mPas. Whatever the experimental conditions required during adsorption processes, miscanthus showed the best affinity for the vinasse. Pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion model well described the adsorption process. This study indicates that conventional biomasses could be used as natural low-cost adsorbent for by-products such as vinasse.

Kinetic and equilibrium study of Ni(II) sorption from aqueous solutions onto Peganum harmala-L

In this study, the adsorption behavior of Ni(II) in an aqueous solution system using natural adsorbent Peganum harmala-L was measured via batch mode. The prepared sorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption and pHzpc. Adsorption experiments were carried out by varying several conditions such as contact time, metal ion concentration and pH to assess kinetic and equilibrium parameters. The equilibrium data were analyzed based on the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. Kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particular diffusion models. Experimental data showed that at contact time 60 min, metal ion concentration 50 mg/L and pH 6, a maximum amount of Ni(II) ions can be removed. The experimental data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model as is evident from the high R 2 value of 0.988. The adsorption capacity (q m) obtained was 68.02 mg/g at an initial pH of 6 and a temperature of 25 °C. Kinetic studies of the adsorption showed that equilibrium was reached within 60 min of contact and the adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order model. The obtained results show that P. harmala-L can be used as an effective and a natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions.

Equilibrium studies and dynamic behavior of cadmium adsorption by palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA) as a natural low-cost adsorbent

The highlight of this study is the adsorption properties and characterization of palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA) as a natural low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. An array of batch adsorption studies has been done with the effects demonstrated by relevant parameters such as contact times, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial Cd(II) concentration to investigate POFA performance. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis has shown that the structural surface of POFA containing porous carbon and revealing ion exchange may serve as one of the major mechanisms accountable for Cd(II) adsorption onto POFA. Fundamental batch investigations have implied that 80% of Cd(II) was removed in the first 30 min reaching equilibration, after only going through the process of agitation for 210 min. The Cd(II) uptake mechanism is specifically pH and concentration dependant with pH 7 being the optimum reading. A decreased adsorption capacity with an increased Cd(II) removal efficiency was obtained as the adsorbent dose increased. The experimental data adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetics, which further confirms chemisorptions. The adsorption behavior of Cd(II) fits appropriately and accurately with the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 15.82 mg/g. Therefore, it is illustrated by this study that POFA could be used effectively as a natural low-cost adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of heavy metal ions with natural low-cost adsorbents

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of heavy metal ions with natural low-cost adsorbents

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of heavy metal ions with natural low-cost adsorbents

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of heavy metal ions with natural low-cost adsorbents

Kinetic Modeling and Isotherm Studies for Copper(II) Adsorption onto Palm Oil Boiler Mill Fly Ash (POFA) as a Natural Low-Cost Adsorbent

Adsorption characteristics of palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA) for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution were investigated using batch adsorption studies. The effects of relevant parameters such as contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of copper were examined. Fundamental batch investigations indicated that 90% of the Cu(II) was removed in the first 30 min, achieving equilibration after only 270 min of agitation. The Cu(II) uptake mechanism is particularly pH- and concentration-dependant, favoring a pH value of 6.0. A decrease in adsorption capacity (qe) with an increase in Cu(II) removal efficiency (RE %) was obtained as the adsorbent dosage increased. The adsorption behavior of Cu(II) fit well to the Langmuir isotherm, with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 17 mg/g. The applicability of the Langmuir isotherm suggested the formation of monolayer coverage of Cu(II) ions onto equivalent sites of the adsorbent. Kinetics experimental data followed the trend of pseudo second-order kinetics, which is consistent with chemisorption with intraparticle diffusion as one of the rate-determining steps. Therefore, this study indicates that POFA could be used successfully as a natural low-cost adsorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions.

Use of Sphagnum peat moss and crushed mollusk shells in fixed-bed columns for the treatment of synthetic landfill leachate

A laboratory bench-scale fixed-bed column study operated as a down-flow configuration was conducted to evaluate Sphagnum peat moss and crushed mollusk shells as natural low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aerated and unaerated synthetic landfill leachate. Columns were packed with 15 cm of prepared peat moss, or 15 cm adsorbent mixtures made up of peat moss and crushed mollusk shells (4.0–4.75 mm) from Lake Ontario at different bed depth ratios. Peat was found to have the best adsorption capacities in columns treating aerated synthetic leachate for cadmium and nickel with 78.6% and 83.8% removal efficiencies, respectively. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen from the synthetic leachate was also monitored to evaluate the potential effects of biological activity on heavy metal adsorption. Columns receiving unaerated raw synthetic leachates did not show any significant removal of COD and total nitrogen, whereas some reduction in COD and total nitrogen was noted in the columns treating aerated synthetic landfill leachate. The results suggested that biological activity and biofilm growth could positively contribute to heavy metal retention within the fixed-media biosorption columns.