Natural Iron Research Articles

Bio-guided Isolation of Natural Iron Chelators from Mangifera indica Leaves and their Comparative Study to Desferal<SUP>®</SUP>

Bio-guided Isolation of Natural Iron Chelators from Mangifera indica Leaves and their Comparative Study to Desferal<SUP>®</SUP>

Integrin \u03b12\u03b21-targeting ferritin nanocarrier traverses the blood\u2013brain barrier for effective glioma chemotherapy

BackgroundFerritin, the natural iron storage protein complex, self-assembles into a uniform cage-like structure. Human H-ferritin (HFn) has been shown to transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by binding to transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), which is abundant in endothelial cells and overexpressed in tumors, and enters cells via endocytosis. Ferritin is easily genetically modified with various functional molecules, justifying that it possesses great potential for development into a nanocarrier drug delivery system.ResultsIn this study, a unique integrin α2β1-targeting H-ferritin (2D-HFn)-based drug delivery system was developed that highlights the feasibility of receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) for glioma tumor treatment. The integrin targeting α2β1 specificity was validated by biolayer interferometry in real time monitoring and followed by cell binding, chemo-drug encapsulation stability studies. Compared with naïve HFn, 2D-HFn dramatically elevated not only doxorubicin (DOX) drug loading capacity (up to 458 drug molecules/protein cage) but also tumor targeting capability after crossing BBB in an in vitro transcytosis assay (twofold) and an in vivo orthotopic glioma model. Most importantly, DOX-loaded 2D-HFn significantly suppressed subcutaneous and orthotopic U-87MG tumor progression; in particular, orthotopic glioma mice survived for more than 80 days.ConclusionsWe believe that this versatile nanoparticle has established a proof-of-concept platform to enable more accurate brain tumor targeting and precision treatment arrangements. Additionally, this unique RMT based ferritin drug delivery technique would accelerate the clinical development of an innovative drug delivery strategy for central nervous system diseases with limited side effects in translational medicine.Graphic

The structure of natural biogenic iron (oxyhydr)oxides formed in circumneutral pH environments

Biogenic iron (Fe) (oxyhydr)oxides (BIOS) partially control the cycling of organic matter, nutrients, and pollutants in soils and water via sorption and redox reactions. Although recent studies have shown that the structure of BIOS resembles that of two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh), we lack detailed knowledge of the BIOS local coordination environment and structure required to understand the drivers of BIOS reactivity in redox active environments. Therefore, we used a combination of microscopy, scattering, and spectroscopic methods to elucidate the structure of BIOS sampled from a groundwater seep in North Carolina and compare them to 2LFh. We also simulated the effects of wet-dry cycles by varying sample preparation (e.g., freezing, flash freezing with freeze drying, freezing with freeze drying and oven drying). In general, the results show that both the long- and short-range ordering in BIOS are structurally distinct and notably more disordered than 2LFh. Our structure analysis, which utilized Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pair distribution function analyses, showed that the BIOS samples were more poorly ordered than 2LFh and intimately mixed with organic matter. Furthermore, pair distribution function analyses resulted in coherent scattering domains for the BIOS samples ranging from 12–18 Å, smaller than those of 2LFh (21–27 Å), consistent with reduced ordering. Additionally, Fe L-edge XAS indicated that the local coordination environment of 2LFh samples consisted of minor amounts of tetrahedral Fe(III), whereas BIOS were dominated by octahedral Fe(III), consistent with depletion of the sites due to small domain size and incorporation of impurities (e.g., organic C, Al, Si, P). Within sample sets, the frozen freeze dried and oven dried sample preparation increased the crystallinity of the 2LFh samples when compared to the frozen treatment, whereas the BIOS samples remained more poorly crystalline under all sample preparations. This research shows that BIOS formed in circumneutral pH waters are poorly ordered and more environmentally stable than 2LFh.

Endogenous Conjugation of Biomimetic Dinitrosyl Iron Complex with Protein Vehicles for Oral Delivery of Nitric Oxide to Brain and Activation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

Nitric oxide (NO), a pro-neurogenic and antineuroinflammatory gasotransmitter, features the potential to develop a translational medicine against neuropathological conditions. Despite the extensive efforts made on the controlled delivery of therapeutic NO, however, an orally active NO prodrug for a treatment of chronic neuropathy was not reported yet. Inspired by the natural dinitrosyl iron unit (DNIU) [Fe(NO)2], in this study, a reversible and dynamic interaction between the biomimetic [(NO)2Fe(μ-SCH2CH2OH)2Fe(NO)2] (DNIC-1) and serum albumin (or gastrointestinal mucin) was explored to discover endogenous proteins as a vehicle for an oral delivery of NO to the brain after an oral administration of DNIC-1. On the basis of the in vitro and in vivo study, a rapid binding of DNIC-1 toward gastrointestinal mucin yielding the mucin-bound dinitrosyl iron complex (DNIC) discovers the mucoadhesive nature of DNIC-1. A reversible interconversion between mucin-bound DNIC and DNIC-1 facilitates the mucus-penetrating migration of DNIC-1 shielded in the gastrointestinal tract of the stomach and small intestine. Moreover, the NO-release reactivity of DNIC-1 induces the transient opening of the cellular tight junction and enhances its paracellular permeability across the intestinal epithelial barrier. During circulation in the bloodstream, a stoichiometric binding of DNIC-1 to the serum albumin, as another endogenous protein vehicle, stabilizes the DNIU [Fe(NO)2] for a subsequent transfer into the brain. With aging mice under a Western diet as a disease model for metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment, an oral administration of DNIC-1 in a daily manner for 16 weeks activates the hippocampal neurogenesis and ameliorates the impaired cognitive ability. Taken together, these findings disclose the synergy between biomimetic DNIC-1 and endogenous protein vehicles for an oral delivery of therapeutic NO to the brain against chronic neuropathy.

Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction Study of a Shock-Compressed Iron Meteorite above 100 GPa

Natural kamacite samples (Fe92.5Ni7.5) from a fragment of the Gibeon meteorite were studied as a proxy material for terrestrial cores to examine phase transition kinetics under shock compression for a range of different pressures up to 140 GPa. In situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected of a body-centered cubic (bcc) kamacite section that transforms to the high-pressure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase with sub-nanosecond temporal resolution. The coarse-grained crystal of kamacite rapidly transformed to highly oriented crystallites of the hcp phase at maximum compression. The hcp phase persisted for as long as 9.5 ns following shock release. Comparing the c/a ratio with previous static and dynamic work on Fe and Fe-rich Fe-Ni alloys, it was found that some shots exhibit a larger than ideal c/a ratio, up to nearly 1.65. This work represents the first time-resolved laser shock compression structural study of a natural iron meteorite, relevant for understanding the dynamic material properties of metallic planetary bodies during impact events and Earth’s core elasticity.

SINTESIS KOMPOSIT NANO PANI/Fe3O4 KONDUKTIF BERBASIS PASIR ALAM

Polyaniline is a polymer material that has unique physical and even chemical properties, especially in its electrical properties. PANi synthesis can be carried out by chemical and electrochemical oxide reaction methods. The purposes of this study are to synthesize PANi and PANi / Fe3O4 composites by chemical oxide reactions and measure their conductivity. This research begins with the synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) from natural iron sand and then followed by the synthesis of PANi / Fe3O4 composites using copreticipitation method. The Fe3O4 crystal phase was determined by using XRD, while the vibrational mode and morphology of the PANi / Fe3O4 nanocomposite was observed using FTIR and SEM. The conductivity properties were measured using a LCR meter. Furthermore, the conductivity properties were measured using a LCR meter and the result reveals a greater conductivity value as increasing the concentration of Fe3O4, the highest conductivity value of 3.1 mS/cm is known by the sample with an iron oxide concentration of 1 %. While the samples with a concentration of 0.5 % of iron oxide has conductivity values of 2.8 mS/cm and pure PANi of 2.1 mS/cm. Due to its properties such to inert to the environment and having conductive properties, the obtained PANI / Fe3O4 composite can be employed as a super capacitor electrode.

Macrozooplankton and micronekton community structure and diel vertical migration in the Heard Island Region, Central Kerguelen Plateau

The Kerguelen Plateau is the largest topographic barrier to the eastward flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean. The plateau is separated into a northern and southern plateau by the Fawn Trough. The northern plateau has a shallow bathymetry (<700 m) with two prominent island systems, the Kerguelen Islands on the northern end and Heard and McDonald Islands on the southern end. The interaction of the northern and southern branches of the Polar Front with the northern plateau results in a complex oceanographic environment, with potential for dynamic mixing of sub-Antarctic and Antarctic fauna. Furthermore, the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) water that flows over the northern plateau is subject to natural iron fertilization from the shallow bathymetry (< 700 m), leading to extensive phytoplankton blooms each summer, particularly to the southeast of the Kerguelen Islands. The Heard Island region on the central plateau has been relatively underexplored. In January 2004, the Heard Island Predator-Prey Investigation and Ecosystem Study (HIPPIES) conducted macrozooplankton (RMT-8 trawl) and micronekton (IYGPT trawl) sampling in foraging areas used by top predators in the vicinity of the island. Macrozooplankton and micronekton were sampled day and night from three depth strata (0–100 m, 100–300 m and 300–600 m). In the area south and east of Heard Island, over bathymetry ≥1000 m depth, the water column had characteristics of the southern branch of the Polar Front (S-PF) and the macrozooplankton and micronekton were dominated by Antarctic Zone fauna (e.g., the euphausiids Euphausia triacantha and Euphausia frigida, and the myctophids Krefftichthys anderssoni, Electrona antarctica, Gymnoscopelus braueri and Gymnoscopelus nicholsi). Shallow slope and shelf stations were located north of the S-PF and the macrozooplankton assemblages were influenced by Polar Frontal Zone species (e.g., Euphausia vallentini), while the shelf micronekton were dominated by the bentho-pelagic channichthyids Champsocephalus gunnari and Channichthys rhinoceratus, together with G. nicholsi. Most macrozooplankton migrated from the deep epipelagic (100–300 m) into the surface epipelagic (<100 m) at night, although some macrozooplankton occurred at high densities in the surface epipelagic during the day (e.g., Rhincalanus gigas, Themisto gaudichaudii). Most micronekton species occurred in the mesopelagic layers (300–600 m) during the day, and migrated into the deep and surface epipelagic at night. Only the small but very abundant K. anderssoni utilized the top 300 m during the day. The vertical distributions of macrozooplankton and micronekton are discussed with respect to the foraging behavior and diets of top predators.

Prokaryotic diversity and activity in contrasting productivity regimes in late summer in the Kerguelen region (Southern Ocean)

Natural iron (Fe) fertilization sustains phytoplankton blooms above the Kerguelen plateau (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) within otherwise low productive off-plateau waters. In early spring and summer, these diatom-dominated blooms are associated with distinct heterotrophic prokaryotic communities, but whether a structuring effect extends to the post-bloom period has thus far not been investigated. To address this question, we carried out a detailed study of the prokaryotic community composition in the region of Kerguelen Island during late Austral summer (18 February to 27 March 2018; MOBYDICK project). Concentrations of chlorophyll a were seasonally low above the plateau (0.27–0.58 μg Chl a L −1 ) and in a similar range to those at the 3 off-plateau sites investigated (0.14–0.34 μg Chl a L −1 ), but we observed an accumulation of dissolved organic carbon and the build-up of heterotrophic prokaryotic biomass in Kerguelen plateau waters. Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the total (DNA-based) and potentially active (RNA-based) prokaryotic communities were structured according to on- and off-plateau sites in the wind-mixed surface layer, in both the free-living (<0.8 μm size fraction) and particle-attached (>0.8 μm size fraction) fractions. The Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASV) with significantly higher relative abundances in on-plateau surface waters as compared to off-plateau waters belonged to Halieaceae OM60 group, several Flavobacteriaceae , such as the NS5 marine group, Aurantivirga and Ulvibacter , Rhodobacteraceae Loktanella , Saprospiraceae , and the Cryomorphaceae NS10 marine group. ASVs with higher relative abundances in off-plateau waters belonged to the Flavobacteriaceae Formosa , the Rhodobacteraceae Planktomarina and the SAR11 clade. We discuss the potential abiotic and biotic drivers of community composition in late Austral summer and the ecological roles of abundant prokaryotic taxa in Kerguelen plateau waters.

Preparation of Iron Nitride Material from Natural Iron Sand

Iron nitride is a promising material for soft magnetic composite. In the current research, iron nitride compound was produced from natural iron sand, involving coprecipitation and gas nitriding. Prior to coprecipitation, natural iron sands were separated magnetically to obtain pure Fe3O4. Afterward, the coprecipitation was carried out to obtain nanosized Fe3O4. Gas nitriding of Fe3O4 powders was performed at different temperatures i.e. 500 °C, 600 °C and 700 °C, under flowing NH3 gas. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are used to investigate the phases obtained after the nitriding process. XRD patterns of the resulted powder indicate that nitriding temperature at 600 °C and 700 °C can produce iron nitride material, i.e. ε-Fe3N. While nitriding temperature of 500 °C is not able to yield iron nitrides. SEM examination reveals that the ε-Fe3N has irregular lamellar morphology. Some impurities are still detected, in the form of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Ti2O3 and TiO2. Further works regarding the examination of the magnetic properties of the powders will be carried out.

Characteristics of Barium M-Hexaferrite with Doping Mn and Ni in X-Band Frequency for Microwave Absorption

Synthesis of Barium M-Hexaferrite samples based on natural iron sand at Ketapang beach, Pringgabaya District, East Lombok with Mn-Ni doping (BaFe12-xMnxNixO19) has been successfully carried out using the coprecipitation method. The synthesis aims to determine the characteristics of the electrical properties of the Reflection Loss sample of BaFe12-xMnxNixO19 doped with Mn-Ni metal. The basic materials used in this study were natural iron sand and Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) powder, while the doping materials used were Nickel (II) Chloride Hexahydrate (NiCl2.6H2O) and Manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2) powder with a variety of mole fraction (X = 0, 2; 0 ‚4; 0‚6 and 0.8). The solvent uses distilled water, 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 25% NH4OH solution. The samples were then calcined at 25 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C. The obtained samples show that the higher the Mn-Ni doping ion content and the calcination temperature, the smaller the resulting Reflection Loss value and the greater the absorption rate of microwaves.

The Principal Hugoniot of Iron‐Bearing Olivine to 1465 GPa

AbstractShock compression experiments on natural compositions are imperative to accurately model planetary accretion and the interior dynamics of planets. Combining shock compression experiments from the Sandia Z Machine and the OMEGA EP laser facility with density functional theory‐based molecular dynamics calculations, we report the first pressure‐density‐temperature (P‐ρ‐T) relationship of natural iron (Fe)‐bearing olivine ((Mg0.91Fe0.09)2SiO4) on the principal Hugoniot between 166 and 1,465 GPa. Additionally, we report the first reflectivities of natural olivine liquid in this pressure range. Compared to the magnesium‐endmember forsterite (Mg2SiO4), the presence of Fe in typical mantle abundance (∼9 wt% FeO) alters the US‐uP relation of olivine. On the other hand, the shock temperature and reflectivity of olivine are indistinguishable from forsterite where experimental conditions overlap. Both forsterite and olivine increase in reflectivity (and hence optical conductivity) with increasing temperature, with a maximum reflectivity of ∼31% at shock velocities greater than 22 km/s (∼800 GPa).

Application of a fungal cellulase as a green depressant of hematite in the reverse anionic flotation of a high-phosphorus iron ore

In this study, a fungal cellulase enzyme was applied to improve the selective separation of apatite from hematite during the reverse anionic flotation of a high-phosphorus iron ore. Bench-scale flotation tests were conducted on pure hematite and apatite minerals, their artificial mixture, and a high-phosphorus iron ore sample, using oleic acid as a collector. Flotation tests on single minerals showed that cellulase was a good depressant of hematite, but had no depressing effect on apatite at pH 10. The phosphorus content in the concentrate product of the flotation of artificially mixed pure minerals was reduced from 1.96% to 0.03%, with iron grade and recovery of 64.15% and 94.74%, respectively, using 4x10−5 mol/L oleate and 0.02% cellulase at pH 10. By applying the optimum separation conditions to the flotation of a natural high-phosphorus iron ore, the phosphorus content in the concentrate was reduced from 0.84% to 0.19% at an iron recovery of 67.85%. The mechanism of the cellulase depressing effect was investigated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results showed that cellulase enzyme was adsorbed on the surfaces of both minerals; however, the depressing effect was significant in case of hematite but not apatite. This might be attributed to the coverage of apatite surface with a close-packed layer of oleate molecules, which made the surface of apatite hydrophobic enough to counter the polarity induced upon cellulase adsorption.

A comparison study of applying natural iron minerals and zero-valent metals as Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of imidacloprid.

Natural iron minerals and zero-valent metals have been widely tested as catalysts for the Fenton-like process, but the systematical comparison study about their catalytic performance was rarely conducted, and the risk of the secondary pollution of toxic heavy metals was still not uncertain. In this paper, a comparison study of applying pyrite, ilmenite, vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM), zero-valent iron (ZVI), and zero-valent copper (ZVC) as Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of imidacloprid was performed. The results showed that ZVI exhibited the highest activity among the recyclable solid catalysts with a removal rate of 96.8% at initial pH 3 using 10.78 mmol/L H2O2, due to iron corrosive dissolution. Vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM) exhibited the best activity at first use among tested minerals but with low reusability. Pyrite with stable morphology showed a medium but sustainable ability to degrade imidacloprid, achieving a removal rate of 10.5% in the fifth use. The reaction much favored the acidic condition of initial pH around 2 or 3. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between removal efficiency and dissolved Fe or Cu concentration. Pyrite was considered to be a promising catalyst in Fenton-like reaction. It was suggested that the system proceeded predominantly through a homogeneous route via dissolved Fe or Cu ions. Except ZVC and VTM, other tested catalysts showed the low possibility of causing secondary pollution of toxic metals in the application of Fenton-like process.

Complex permeability, permittivity and microwave absorption properties of barium hexaferrite synthesized from natural iron sand

In this paper, the barium hexaferrite was successfully prepared by a conventional ceramic method and the precursors of BaCO3 and natural iron sand from Puger Beach, Jawa Timur-Indonesia. To develop a microwave absorbing material, the complex permeability, permittivity, and microwave absorption ability were investigated using a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the frequency range of 8.2-12.4 GHz. The results showed that barium hexaferrite presented an excellent broadband absorption (>90%, RL <-10dB) and a suitable absorber with high broad bandwidth and attenuation in the microwave frequency range.

Structural, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of natural iron sand

This paper presents the development and characterization of the natural iron sand as a microwave absorber. To develop a new microwave absorbing paints in the 7–13 GHz range, the iron sand sample was prepared through the mechanical milling process and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Permagraph and vector network analyzer (VNA). The reflection loss (RL) was calculated and simulated for different thicknesses of the material using the complex permittivity and permeability and found the broadband characteristics with minimum absorption. The results indicated that the natural iron sand is beneficial as potential candidates for military applications.

Characteristics of zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe 2O4) from natural iron ore

Synthesis of zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) of iron ore taken in Tanah Laut has been done. The Synthesis uses the coprecipitation method. ZnFe 2O4 nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Using XRD, it was found that ZnFe 2O4 has an average crystal size of 8.80 nm. ZnFe2O4 is superparamagnetic because it has a narrow loop area of about 10 kOe.emu/g. Using FTIR, the Zn-O and Fe-O groups were obtained at wave numbers 556.58 and 598.87 cm - 1. The absorption spectrum is in the range of UV light (200 nm) to visible light (600 nm) and at wavelength of 288 nm is observed absorption.

Electrocatalytic, Kinetic, and Mechanism Insights into the Oxygen-Reduction Catalyzed Based on the Biomass-Derived FeOx @N-Doped Porous Carbon Composites.

A valid strategy for amplifying the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) efficiency of non-noble electrocatalyst in both alkaline and acid electrolytes by decorated with a layer of biomass derivative nitrogen-doped carbon (NPC) is proposed. Herein, a top-down strategy for the generally fabricating NPC matrix decorated with trace of metal oxides nanoparticles (FeOx NPs) by a dual-template assisted high-temperature pyrolysis process is reported. A high-activity FeOx /FeNC (namely Hemin/NPC-900) ORR electrocatalyst is prepared via simply carbonizing the admixture of Mg5 (OH)2 (CO3 )4 and NaCl as dual-templates, melamine and acorn shells as nitrogen and carbon source, hemin as a natural iron and nitrogen source, respectively. Owing to its unique 3D porous construction, large BET areas (819.1 m2 ∙g-1 ), and evenly dispersed active sites (FeNx , CN, and FeO parts), the optimized Hemin/NPC-900 catalyst displays comparable ORR catalytic activities, remarkable survivability to methanol, and preferable long-term stability in both alkali and acid electrolyte compared with benchmark Pt/C. More importantly, density function theory computations certify that the interaction between Fe3 O4 nanoparticles and arm-GN (graphitic N at armchair edge) active sites can effectually promote ORR electrocatalytic performance by a lower overpotential of 0.81eV. Accordingly, the research provides some insight into design of low-cost non-precious metal ORR catalysts in theory and practice.

The correlations between structural and optical properties of magnetite nanoparticles synthesised from natural iron sand

The correlations between structural and optical properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were analyzed by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The magnetite was synthesised from the iron sand using NaOH, HCl, and NaCl as a solvent. From the quantitative analysis of XRD spectra, the crystallite size (D), strain (ε), stress (σ), energy deformation (u), porosity, and specific surface area were determined. The Kramers Kronig (K–K) relations was applied to the FTIR spectra to determine the optical properties: refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), the complex dielectric function (ε), and the energy loss function (Im(-1/ε)). The uniform strain was produced from the NaOH and HCl as the solvent. The magnetite had higher porosity with NaCl as a solvent and was directly proportional to the optical phonon vibration. We found a perfect correlation; when the difference between two optical phonon increases, the crystallite size decreases, and the strain will be uniform.

Resource recycling sustainability assessment in ready-mixed concrete manufactured on energy consumption and environmental safety in China.

With the rapid development of construction industry, consumption of ready-mixed concrete has increased rapidly in China. As a kind of green building material and waste comprehensive utilization product, industrial solid waste-based ready-mixed concrete have better performance in terms of resource conservation and durability. However, some typical issues are associated with industrial solid waste resource recycling in ready-mixed concrete production process such as energy and material consumption, as well as leaching pollutant emissions. So, a "life cycle assessment" of the particular elements has been carried out, determining the resources consumption of all the processes of the ready-mixed concrete production. Through preparation of several different strength grades of concrete, the embodied energy and resources consumption indicator are quantitative evaluation. In addition, the environmental safety assessment was also proposed. The results show a certain linear relationship of concrete with various strength grade and its resources consumption, the higher strength grade, the more resources consumption potentials in the production of concrete. In this case, the linear correlation coefficient R2=0.98313 between them, and the equivalent coefficient's order of the main resources, is as follows: the first is oil, then natural gas, iron ore, limestone, gypsum, and fly ash, and the last is coal. The more preceding shows more scarcity. Meanwhile, the general leaching of heavy metals Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ba of solid waste-based C20 concrete were also checked out. So, to further ensure the environmental safety, the potential ecological risk method was adopted to assess the heavy metal security and solid waste resource utilization.

Physicochemical and Calorimetric Study of Aluminocopiapite and Thermodynamic Properties of Copiapite-Group Minerals

The natural basic aqueous aluminum and iron sulfate, aluminocopiapite (Al0.60 $${\text{Fe}}_{{0.07}}^{{3 + }}$$ ) $${\text{Fe}}_{{4.00}}^{{3 + }}$$ [SO4]6.03(OH)1.95 ⋅ 19.54H2O (Blyava, South Urals, Russia), was studied using powder X‑ray diffraction, infrared and Mossbauer spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The enthalpy of formation from the elements $${{\Delta }_{f}}H_{{el}}^{0}$$ (298.15 K) = −11 826 ± 58 kJ/mol was determined by high-temperature melt solution calorimetry on a Tian-Calvet high-temperature heat-flux microcalorimeter “Setaram” (France). Standard entropies and Gibbs energies of formation were estimated for the studied aluminocopiapite and other copiapite-group minerals.