Natural Gas Drilling Research Articles

Causal relationships of health risk of air pollution in industrial area

Air contamination is one of the serious problems for the environment and the health of society. Air contamination risk assessment, health effects assessment tools are used to identify the place and time of public health effects and risk prevention strategies to reduce negative health effects. Considering that there may be a relationship between factors affecting risk, in this study, interactions between them are investigated using Fuzzy Decision Test and Experimental Evaluation Method (fuzzy DEMATEL). The cause of the health air contamination risk in an industrial area are the activity of industrial complexes and port (D+R=45.98, D-R=2.09) and the presence of hydrogen sulfide (46.82, 2.61), benzene (50.87, 2.87), sulfur dioxide (43.87, 4.32) and PM10 (53.51, 5.63) and the effects of these factors will affect the amount of carbon monoxide (39.56, -4.47), ozone (38.80, -4.20), nitrogen dioxide (50.33, -1.62) and PM2.5 (44.18, -1.26). Hospitals and nursing homes (49.01, -2.58), schools (50.99, -0.59), storage and industrial facilities, roads (45.72, -0.59), urban core (51.38, -0.55) and Natural zones, agriculture and waterways (48.86, -0.17) are affected by other factors. Population density is also affected by cause factors. Population density has a two-way relationship with PM2.5. The main human and social factors include GDP per capita and urbanization rate. Hydrogen sulfide has a one-way relationship with population density. People who work in certain industries may be exposed to higher amounts of hydrogen sulfide than the general population. These industries include the production of rayon textiles, pulp and paper factories, oil and natural gas drilling operations, and wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, by controlling the activity of industrial complexes, port and the amounts of hydrogen sulfide, benzene, sulfur dioxide and PM10 in the ambient air can be prevented from the effects after that.

Early Warning Systems for World Energy Crises

Different severe energy crisis episodes have occurred in the world in the last five decades. Energy crises lead to the deterioration of international relations, economic crises, changes in monetary systems, and social problems in countries. This paper aims to show the essential determinants of energy crises by developing a binary logit model that estimates the predictive ability of thirteen indicators in a sample that covers the period from January 1973 to December 2022. The empirical results show that the energy crises are mainly due to energy supply–demand imbalances (petroleum stocks, fossil energy production–consumption imbalances, and changes in energy imports by countries), energy investments (oil and natural gas drilling activities), economic and financial disruptions (inflation, dollar indices, and indices of global real economic activity) and geopolitical risks. Additionally, the model is capable of accurately predicting world energy crisis events with a 99% probability.

Optimal design and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of titanium /steel drill pipe composite drill string for ultra-deep drilling

Titanium drill pipe have promising application prospects in ultra-deep drilling, but the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of composite drill strings are very complex. It is very important to use titanium drill pipe safely, economically, and effectively in the drilling process. In this paper, different schemes of the titanium/steel drill pipe composite drill string was designed, and the statics and dynamics characteristics of these composite drill strings were analyzed. The design scheme of titanium/steel composite drill strings were optimized by using whirling characteristics, dynamic stress and vibration acceleration. The results show that the titanium drill pipe can effectively improve the tensile allowance of the wellhead and reduce the whirling velocity, dynamic stress and vibration acceleration of the drill string. By comparing and analyzing the dynamic characteristics of 3 kinds of composite drill strings, the use of titanium drill pipe for the lower 2000 m of the 4′′ drill pipe have the smaller dynamic stress and lateral vibration, and less collision with the wellbore. Based on the analysis of vibration and dynamic characteristics, an optimal scheme of drilling operation parameters for the titanium/steel composite drill string was formed finally, which can provide guidance for the use of the drill string composed of titanium/steel drill pipe in natural gas drilling of ultra-deep well.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination and their Distribution in Waters Around Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Sites

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination and their Distribution in Waters Around Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Sites

High‐Speed Data Communication for Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator‐based environmental energy harvesting technology is not only for the applications of the Internet of Things but also has a revolutionary impact on traditional industrial fields. Advanced oil and natural gas drilling technology, for example, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, has important environmental concerns about water and atmospheric pollution. High data transmission rates and visual and real‐time monitoring are considered potential solutions to avoid both economic and environmental problems. The current data transmission rate for oil and gas drilling is just 5–40 bits per second, despite commercial fifth generation (5G) and future sixth generation (6G) wireless communication technologies with data rates of 10–1000 gigabits per second. Herein, a self‐powered while‐drilling communications system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator is reported. The data transmission rate is three orders of magnitude higher than the traditional method. The free‐standing layered mode triboelectric nanogenerators (FS‐TENGs) can achieve fast information transfer using the harvested energy from the vibration of the pipe wall.

Real-Time Monitoring of Gas Fields: Prototype at Pt Gamma Energi Pratama Bogor

PT Gamma Energi Pratama is a company engaged in the instrumentation sector. One of the projects undertaken by PT Gamma Energi Pratama is on an oil and natural gas drilling site. The oil drilling process involves a tool called a Gas Jack Compressor originating from the United States. At first, the technician there used the local panel that came with the compressor. But procuring spare parts takes a long time. At the same time, the needs in the field demand to be met immediately. Therefore, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was chosen as a special microcontroller device that can access the compressor via the Modbus Protocol. PLCs can also be connected to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) applications via Ethernet. This solution monitors data from sensor readings installed on the Gas Jack Compressor. The system is already running with its use only on the local scope. For the development of the system so that monitoring can be carried out in real-time and online, it needs to be linked to flow control devices, database systems, and interfaces for data visualization. Thus, monitoring gas fields can be done in real-time online.

Microscopic insights into synergism effect of different hydrate inhibitors on methane hydrate formation: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations

To reveal the synergism effect of hydrate inhibitors on the formation of methane hydrate was the key to developing new gas hydrate inhibitors and drilling and completion fluid systems. The characteristics of hydrate formation under thermodynamic inhibitors, kinetic inhibitors, and their compound systems were investigated by experiments and molecular simulations from macroscopic and microscopic points of view, respectively. The experimental results presented that a thermodynamic inhibitor was able to significantly reduce the hydrate formation temperature in combination with a kinetic inhibitor, where a compound system of 1% PVP and 5% CaCl2 was comparable to 9.76% CaCl2, or 10.84% NaCl, or 19.85% MEG for the formation of hydrate. The molecular simulation results showed that the thermodynamic inhibitors (NaCl) reduced the steric effects of the kinetic inhibitors (PVP) by limiting the motion of water molecules, which enhanced the effect of inhibitors on methane molecules and accelerated the aggregation of those to form nanobubbles. This study helps us to understand the mechanism of a synergism effect with different hydrate inhibitors on methane hydrate formation and is of applicable importance to develop new natural gas hydrate inhibitors and drilling and completion fluid systems.

Mixed Potential Electrochemical Sensors – Ceramic Substrate and Electrolyte Effects on Sensor Response to Methane and Simulated Natural Gas

The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates emissions from US natural gas drilling and processing amounted to 197 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2019.1 Research by Marchese et al. suggests that CH4 emissions could be up to three times higher.2 Current natural gas emissions detection methods consist mainly of active optical monitoring, typically with long path IR sensors.3 These monitoring methods capable of ppb level accuracy are expensive, fragile, and require accurately calibrated mirrors. Mixed potential electrochemical sensors (MPES) are robust, low-cost, and selective sensors, making them appropriate option for methane emission monitoring.4 Previously we have reported on a four electrode MPES with 3 mol% YSZ electrolyte fabricated with direct write 3D printing5, here we investigate substrate and electrode material effects on the sensor response.The response of a four electrode La0.87Sr0.13CrO3, Indium Tin Oxide (In2O3 90 wt%, SnO2 10 wt%), Au, Pt mixed potential electrochemical sensor to methane and simulated natural gas at operating temperatures of 450 – 600 °C was studied. Sensors were fabricated on substrates of yttria stabilized zirconia, ceria stabilized zirconia, and magnesia stabilized zirconia manufactured by direct write extrusion 3D printing of aqueous pastes. These materials are selected to maximize the mixed potential difference by better isolation of the sensing electrodes. Data is presented with a solid electrolyte of 3 mol % yttria stabilized zirconia, and various other solid ceramic electrolytes will be studied. The effect of sensor response with respect to the ionic conductivity of substrate material is studied. The sensor limit of detection for CH4, natural gas, CH4/NH3, and CH4/H2 mixes will be reported. We will also train artificial neural networks to quantify the concentration of CH4 and other subcomponents given a subset of signals taken from the sensors operated at different temperatures.AcknowledgementsThis project was supported by US Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management through award DE-FE0031864.References(1) US EPA, O. Estimates of Methane Emissions by Segment in the United States https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/estimates-methane-emissions-segment-united-states (accessed 2021 -12 -13).(2) Marchese, A. J.; Vaughn, T. L.; Zimmerle, D. J.; Martinez, D. M.; Williams, L. L.; Robinson, A. L.; Mitchell, A. L.; Subramanian, R.; Tkacik, D. S.; Roscioli, J. R.; Herndon, S. C. Methane Emissions from United States Natural Gas Gathering and Processing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (17), 10718–10727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02275.(3) Aldhafeeri, T.; Tran, M.-K.; Vrolyk, R.; Pope, M.; Fowler, M. A Review of Methane Gas Detection Sensors: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Inventions 2020, 5 (3), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030028.(4) Garzon, F. H.; Mukundan, R.; Brosha, E. L. Solid-State Mixed Potential Gas Sensors: Theory, Experiments and Challenges. Solid State Ion. 2000, 136, 633–638.(5) Halley, S.; Tsui, L.; Garzon, F. Combined Mixed Potential Electrochemical Sensors and Artificial Neural Networks for the Quantificationand Identification of Methane in Natural Gas Emissions Monitoring. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168 (9), 097506. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac2465. Figure 1. Four electrode MPES response at 600 °C to CH4 in simulated air, low ethane simulated natural gas in air, and high ethane simulated natural gas in air, from left to right, respectively. Top row – ceria stabilized zirconia substrate. Bottom row – magnesia stabilized zirconia substrate. Figure 1

Warning Signs of High-Pressure Formations of Abnormal Contour Pressures When Drilling for Oil and Natural Gas

When drilling to obtain hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas), we cannot underestimate the anomalously high pressures in the deposit layers, as these pressures can cause an uncontrollable eruption. Therefore, it is important to look for signs of anomalous high contour pressures over time, which, according to a detailed analysis, could be used to predict and quantify high formation pressures. These arise under conditions of intense vertical migration of formation fluids, where the liquids in the well have to carry part of the weight of overlying rocks and are often also related to tectonic activity. The main aim of the present study was to detect the emergence of a gas kick, which, as a result of an improper technological procedure, can cause an uncontrollable eruption, which can lead to a total accident of the well. In this article, we describe the use of modern drilling technology and sophisticated software that displays the current status inside the well. These can reveal impending pressure anomalies that can cause complications in managing the gas kick in oil and natural gas drilling. We analysed the most appropriate procedure for well control in a hydrocarbon well using the “driller’s method” and the “wait and weight method”. On the basis of theoretical background, we verified the correctness of the procedure for well control and compared it with the reaction to gas kick from a well drilled in Hungary. In the article, we highlight mistakes, as well as the particular importance of properly managing gas kick and its early prediction. Proper management of gas kick and its early prediction highlight the particular importance of implementing safe and effective procedures in well drilling.

LCA methodology for detecting environmental impacts on natural gas drilling process

This study uses LCA analysis to monitor potential damage to eco-efficiency. This approach uses an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to detect ecological impacts in natural gas production systems. The study results found that the lowest environmental impact on the production process at PT was seen. X is located on the Ozone layer and Resp. Organics are 4.71E-06 DALY and 3.22E-05 DALY. The highest impact lies in Resp. Inorganics, Fossil fuels, and Climate change. This shows that the drilling system hurts the environment, especially in the climatic conditions of soil, plants, and fossil fuels which continue to decrease. In addition, because the drilling process is carried out using generator power, it causes air pollution that can interfere with the respiratory system (respiratory inorganics).

Electrical Resistivity Survey of the Gunung Anyar Mud Volcano

The past oil and natural gas drilling activities have been presumed to cause a Mud Volcano phenomenon. The Mud Volcano potentially danger its surroundings, including the inhabitants. Thus, mapping the zone will be essential to have a mitigation plan. One of the potential Mud Volcanoes is the Gunung Anyar Mud Volcano. By using a resistivity survey, this research aims to obtain the subsurface structure of the Gunung Anyar Mud Volcano. The results show that very low resistivity values are located at the top of the soil structure with 0 to 4 meters depth. This soil structure is believed to be a manifestation of a mud volcano in the form of moistened clay associated with salt water. At subsequent depths, 4 to 5.5 meters from the top, is a layer of sandy clay. It is characterized by moderate to high resistivity values. At a depth of 5.5 to 10.5 meters, the resistivity value is very high. This sandstone layer is most likely a native subsoil formation in the Gunung Anyar area.

Evaluation of selected solid adsorbents for passive sampling of atmospheric oil and natural gas non-methane hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT This project investigated passive adsorbent sampling of light (C2-C5) hydrocarbons which are sensitive tracers of fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources. Stronger adsorbent materials, i.e. Carboxen 1000 and Carboxen 1016, than those typically used in adsorbent sampling were considered. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field settings using thermal desorption – gas chromatography analysis. Uptake of water vapor and system blanks were challenges inherent to the increased affinity of these adsorbents. Carboxen 1000 exhibited the best signal-to-noise ratio for the target compounds after optimizing conditioning parameters to reduce blanks, and by reducing the adsorbent mass loaded in the cartridge. This strategy reduced blanks to equivalent ambient air mole fractions of <0.05 nmol mol−1 (ppb), and allowed determination of these O&NG tracers over three-day sampling intervals with a lower detection limit of ≥0.5–1 ppb. Linear VOCs uptake was observed in dry air. Water uptake was as high as 0.65 gH2O g−1 adsorbent at relative humidity (RH) above ≈ 75%. The water collection passivates adsorbent sites and competes with the uptake rates of VOCs; under the worst case relative humidity level of 95% RH, VOCs uptake rates dropped to 27–39% of those in dry air. This effect potentially causes results to be biased low when cartridges are deployed at high relative humidity (RH), including overnight, when RH is often elevated over daytime levels. Nonetheless, representative sampling results were obtained under ambient conditions during three field studies where cartridges were evaluated alongside whole air sample collection in canisters. Agreement varied by compound: Ethane and alkenes correlated poorly and could not be analyzed with satisfactory results; results for C3-C5 alkanes were much better: i-butane correlated with R2 > 0.5, and propane, n-butane, i-pentane, and n-pentane with R2 > 0.75, which demonstrates the feasibility of the passive sampling of these latter O&NG tracers. Implications: Oil and natural gas development has been associated with emissions of petroleum hydrocarbons that impact air quality and human health. This research characterizes and defines the application possibilities of solid adsorbent sampling for atmospheric passive sampling monitoring of low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (i.e. ethane through pentane isomers) that are most commonly emitted from natural gas drilling and well sites. The passive sampling of these pollutants offers a simple, low cost, and readily applicable monitoring method for assessing emissions and air quality impacts in the surroundings of oil and gas operations.

Lapindo Embankment Security Monitoring System Based on IoT

Since 2006 Lapindo mudflow caused by natural gas drilling in Sidoarjo. Nowdays the mudflow still can't be stopped, and to prevent it from resident's houses, embankments were built. Eventough the embankments and guardrails has been built but sometimes the mud flowing into resident's houses while its raining or the embankments were subsidence or reep. Severity, the distance between the embankment and the residents' houses is about 500 m. So far, the handling action while embankments ware subsidence is residents report the accidents to related parties, namely PPLS. But the response is too late and take a long time to occur the accident, so the mud has been flow in to resident's houses. because so far it is still completely manual and there is no monitoring system can detect the accident in the embankments. Therefore with monitoring the embankments with vibration and overflow of the lapindo puddle using wirelless sensor network spread over a number of dike-prone points, then its send to smartphone via Blynk. When the accident happend system monitoring aplication will be warning and send message easly via smartphone. So the existence of this monitoring tool can provide a sense of security to the citizens.

Community Socioeconomic Deprivation and Unconventional Natural Gas Development in Pennsylvania

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Past research has analyzed proximity to unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) in Pennsylvania in relation to adverse birth outcomes, asthma exacerbations, and migraine headache, but few studies have considered issues of environmental justice. Here, we investigated if higher UNGD density or shorter distances to UNGD were related to community socioeconomic deprivation (CSD). METHODS: The location of all UNGD wells in the Marcellus Shale from 2005-2019 were retrieved from Enverus DrillingInfo data aggregation service. An index of CSD was created from county subdivision-level data from the 2005-2009 American Community Survey. The CSD index measures the proportions of the population not in the labor force, in poverty, without car ownership, on public assistance, unemployed, and those with less than a high school education. Population-weighted centroids of county subdivisions were constructed from census block population estimates. We assessed exposure to wells within 5 km of each population center, accounting for both density of wells and distance to the nearest well. RESULTS:Overall, the number of new wells drilled annually decreased through the study period, from 4626 wells in 2005 to 483 in 2019. Over the entire study period, more wells were drilled in communities in the highest quartile (most deprived) of the CSD index (mean: 31.9 wells, SD: 53.7 wells) compared to the lowest quartile (mean: 23.7, SD: 50.2). Distance to the nearest drilled well was also shortest among the most deprived areas (mean: 10.7 km, SD: 17.4 km) and farthest among the least deprived areas (mean: 15.8 km, SD: 23.5 km). CONCLUSIONS:We observed disproportionately high exposure to UNGD among areas with the highest degrees of social deprivation, underscoring impacts in vulnerable communities. KEYWORDS: Socioeconomic status, Marcellus Shale, Natural Gas Drilling

Won’t You be My Neighbor? – Corporate Discourse, Formations of Community, and Fracking Above the Marcellus Shale

This article examines Earth Justice’s short documentary film ‘Dryden – The Small Town that Changed the Fracking Game’ in order to analyze the ways in which residents deployed the figure of the neighbor as part of their successful effort to prevent natural gas drilling in their community. This figure, a common trope used by the gas industry to insinuate itself into the areas it aims to exploit, is taken up by activists for the purpose of promoting a collective sense of responsibility and fostering feelings of solidarity. Though much of the discourse around fracking currently seems stuck in irresolvable debates that reduce the issue to merely scientific or economic terms, ‘Dryden’ foregrounds the social dimensions of this particular crisis. In reconsidering fracking as a crisis of community, Earth Justice’s documentary and the activists in Dryden not only establish a groundbreaking legal precedent for imposing de facto bans on fracking, but also explore ways of breaking out of the discursive gridlock. The deployment of the figure of the neighbor sheds light on new potentialities, compelling new understandings of extrafamilial relationships and collective responsibility that provide new modes of thinking otherwise in the face of what has become a stultifying debate.

Invited Perspective: Oil and Gas Development and Adverse Birth Outcomes: What More Do We Need to Know?

Invited Perspective: Oil and Gas Development and Adverse Birth Outcomes: What More Do We Need to Know?

Research Progress on Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Alloy Oil Well Tubing

Compared with aluminum alloy and alloy steel, titanium alloy has higher specific strength, lower modulus of elasticity, and better toughness, fatigue performance and corrosion resistance. In terms of oil well tubing, the development of titanium alloy lags behind that of aluminum alloy and alloy steel. Aluminum alloy tubing is sensitive to pitting, fatigue corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. At the same time, it is not suitable for ultra-deep wells due to temperature limitations. Easily interact with corrosive media to cause corrosion and cracking. Titanium alloy oil well tubing is expected to solve this corrosion problem, but its corrosion resistance research is still incomplete. Therefore, it is necessary to develop titanium alloy oil well tubing with good corrosion resistance to improve corrosion fatigue (CF), fatigue during deep oil well and natural gas drilling operations. Catastrophic brittle fracture caused by hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), pitting corrosion and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). In this paper, by investigating a large number of domestic and foreign documents, the corrosion types of titanium alloy oil well pipes are analyzed, and the research status of corrosion resistance of titanium alloy oil well pipes is reviewed from three aspects: oil pipes, casings and drill pipes.

Temperature and Pressure Insensitive Spectroscopic Method for Measuring 13CH4 during Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Operations

A novel rugged two-section driving NIR TDLAS scheme was implemented to reduce temperature and pressure sensitivity of methane carbon isotope measurement during oil and natural gas drilling operations. Isotope spectra line groups with same lower energy levels were selected to derive the concentration of 13CH4 and 12CH4. Dynamic pressure linewidth broadening was introduced in the absorbance curve fitting. Various uncontrollable factors such as spectra shift, stretching, and baseline trending were incorporated in the comprehensive multi-peak fitting. The results showed that the sensitivity of isotope ratios to temperature and pressure variation was greatly suppressed. The δ13CH4 uncertainty in the temperature test was 2.8‰ with fitted δ13CH4-T slope of 0.021‰/°C in 25 ± 5°C range. The δ13CH4 uncertainty in the pressure test was 1.4‰ with fitted δ13CH4-P slope of &amp;lt;0.001‰/mbar from 400 to 1000 mbar. The limit standard deviation of long-term test was 0.15‰ (@135 s). The results indicate that our scheme is a promising solution for δ13CH4 measurement during drilling operations due to the enhanced robustness.

Soil Contamination Assessments from Drilling Fluids and Produced Water Using Combined Field and Laboratory Investigations: A Case Study of Arkansas, USA.

Rotary drilling for oil and natural gas uses drilling fluid for lubrication of the bit, to seal off unstable shale layers, and floating out rock cuttings. Drilling fluid is a water–clay chemical mixture. Produced water is a water–sand chemical mixture. Land farming is a common disposal technique of drilling fluid and produced water. In the land farming process, amendments of fluid are repeatedly applied to the soil surface. Plant growth and soil chemical properties may be altered by additions of drilling fluid, because of alkalinity, salinity, trace elements, and petroleum residue contained in waste. The objective of this study was to determine the change in soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen and carbon, and extractable nutrient levels following the land application of drilling fluid and produced water. The study was a comparison of three plots with similar soil properties and conditions. The three study plots had various levels of drilling fluid and produced water applications. The data show a major difference from field-to-field for EC, Na, and Cl levels. The EC and salt levels increased with additional applications of drilling fluid and produced water. The percent total nitrogen values and plant available P levels were very low in all fields. High EC and salt values, coupled with low N and P levels, would be detrimental to plant growth and development. To successfully vegetate this land-farm site, application of N and P fertilizer would be required. This study help to give a better understanding of practical ways to land-farm drilling fluid and produced water in a fashion that both minimizes environmental issues and is economically feasible in Arkansas. Thus, this research will provide important information for soil contamination management and contributes on understanding of the responses of soil properties to drilling fluid and produced water in the future.

Failure volume under particle water-jet impact in deep well drilling engineering: Mathematical modeling and verification analysis

There are some difficult problems in deep and ultra-deep oil and natural gas drilling process due to the complex stress environment and hard formation, such as slow drilling speed, well deviation and high cost. As one of the important parameters to measure rock-breaking efficiency, mathematical model of failure volume is proposed in this paper, which is suitable for deep-well rock-breaking technology. First, the particle jet impact rock-breaking laboratory experiment was conducted based on the self-developed experimental platform, and the strength of rock specimen was tested. Then, the failure volume model of particle jet impact rock-breaking which varied with particle size, and water-jet velocity was established based on contact mechanics. Meanwhile, the simulation model and method of particle jet impact rock was carried out and introduced, and damage evolution was dynamical simulated. Comparative analysis of experiment results, model calculation and dynamic simulation was used to analyze the failure volume, and it showed, failure volume would increase linearly with increase of water-jet velocity, while particle size has little effect on failure volume under the condition of constant nozzle diameter. The comparison results of theoretical modeling and rock-breaking experiment are basically consistent, which proves the correctness and applicability of failure volume model.