Natural Gas Combustion Research Articles

Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Use in Low Carbon Development

Greenhouse gases are gases trapped in the earth's atmosphere that cause the earth's surface temperature to become hot, when during the day the sun emits rays that can penetrate into the earth's atmosphere and warm the earth while at night the earth's surface becomes cold and can release the earth's heat back into the air, with the presence of these gases so that they can reflect the earth's heat back to the earth again because that is called greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases that occur due to excessive human activity resulting in the release of a number of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are caused by excessive human activity that results in the release of a number of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases increased in 2020 due to factors such as the burning of coal, oil and natural gas produced from Indonesia's industrial energy sector. Then there was a decrease in gas emissions, due to Covid-19 in the use of fuel in the transportation sector, but in 2021 until now there has been an increase caused by the energy sector and industrial activities. Based on this, this analysis focuses on government efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. In this analysis, using bibliometric analysis as a method used to analyse how trends and developments regarding research on greenhouse gases. The results of this analysis refer the government's real steps by using renewable energy such as solar energy and geothermal energy to reduce the effects of greenhouse gases.

Investigation of the Flue Gas and Condensate Compositions during the Combustion of Natural Gas and Methane-hydrogen Mixtures in a Condensing Boiler

Investigation of the Flue Gas and Condensate Compositions during the Combustion of Natural Gas and Methane-hydrogen Mixtures in a Condensing Boiler

Research on the Ignition Strategy of Diesel Direct Injection Combined with Jet Flame on the Combustion Character of Natural Gas in a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

In large-bore two-stroke diesel/nature gas dual-fuel marine engines, a certain quantity of diesel is injected into the cylinder to satisfy the full-power output engine rated power of the gas mixture. However, the ignition and flame propagation process based on the injection strategy of diesel direct injection combined with diesel jet flame on the ignition and combustion of natural gas is unclear, which directly affects the power and the thermal efficiency of engine and emissions. Therefore, this work numerically investigates the flame propagation characteristic under the strategy of the main and pilot diesel modes. The influence of the injection timing and proportion of diesel on combustion and emission performance are further analyzed. The results show that the influence of the injection timing of main diesel (MDIT) on the combustion process and emission performance is more obvious than that of the injection timing of pilot diesel (PDIT). The results indicate that the MDIT increased from −2°CA to −8°CA, the power increased by 316 kW, and the thermal efficiency improved by 1.5%. However, the CO2 emissions increased by 10.5 g/kWh, and the NOx emissions increased by 0.7 g/kWh. Additionally, an early PDIT is not conducive to the rapid organization of combustion, resulting in decreased engine power and thermal efficiency. Furthermore, it was found that the power improved by 50 kW and the thermal efficiency improved by 0.6%, with a decrease in the main diesel ratio (MDR) from 100% to 90%. Meanwhile, the CO2 emissions decreased by 4 g/kWh, although there was no obvious change in NOx emissions with the advance of MDR.

Analysis of Unburned Methane Emission Mechanisms in Large-Bore Natural Gas Engines With Prechamber Ignition

Abstract Although precombustion chambers, or prechambers, have long been employed for improving large-bore two-stroke natural gas engine ignition and combustion stability, their design predates modern analysis techniques. Employing the latest computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques, this study investigates the importance of temperature and chemistry for ignition of the main chamber, with an emphasis on eliminating unburned methane. The sensitivity of the ignition and complete combustion to main chamber air/fuel mixture homogeneity was also explored. This study compares the effect of purely thermal ignition, purely chemical ignition, and how their interplay can influence the complete combustion of methane in typical mixtures and in homogeneous distributions of fuel in the combustion chamber. The CFD results demonstrated that temperature and chemistry are equally important in the ignition mechanism, and combining the two phenomena is effective at igniting the main chamber. Reduction of residual methane in the main combustion chamber (MCC) is most effective when chemical intermediates and thermal ignition are combined. A rudimentary analysis of the effect of fuel/air stratification was also conducted, and it demonstrated that a dramatic reduction in methane emissions is observed for homogeneous mixtures. The flow field in the main combustion chamber was shown to create detrimental stratification of the fuel/air mixture, which inhibited complete combustion of the methane in the main chamber. By contrast, in the extreme case of a perfectly homogeneous distribution of both chemical intermediates and fuel in the combustion chamber, it is possible to completely eliminate unburned methane in the main combustion chamber.

Small modular nuclear reactors: A pathway to cost savings and environmental progress in SAGD operations

Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) offer a promising option for environmentally friendly bitumen recovery operations. The extraction of oil sands in Western Canada is vital for the economy, but traditional methods like Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In SAGD, steam generation, primarily fueled by natural gas combustion, is the main source of emissions. Given the imperative to reduce carbon intensity, less emissive recovery methods are needed to sustain production and economic viability in Canadian oil sands. Currently, there are limited non-carbon alternatives for steam generation in oil sands applications. The utilization of SMRs for steam generation presents a clean alternative. In this study, we examine the feasibility of employing SMRs in in-situ oil sands recovery operations. Through standardized economic metrics and sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate that integrating SMRs into SAGD operations eliminates GHG emissions significantly and can potentially outperform conventional natural gas-based steam generation in terms of net present value, under certain operational scenarios. Hence, our findings indicate that SMRs hold promise for decarbonizing oil sands recovery processes.

Application of hydrogen operated burners in the electric arc furnace

The steel making industry has one of the highest carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. The recycling route with the electric arc furnace (EAF) as the central aggregate emits less carbon dioxide in comparison to the blast furnace. Still, the EAF offers high potential for a reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions. One possibility is the substitution of natural gas by hydrogen in the auxiliary burners of the EAF. This substitution is investigated and analysed using a dynamic EAF process model. The model is able to simulate the combustion of natural gas as well as hydrogen. The differences in the operating conditions and properties by the hydrogen operated burners can be analysed in the results of the EAF process model.

Dual isotopic evidence of δ15N and δ18O for priority control of vehicle emissions in a megacity of East China: Insight from measurements in summer and winter

The source apportionment and main formation pathway of nitrate aerosols in China are not yet fully understood. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in Shanghai in the summer and winter of 2019. Water-soluble inorganic ions and isotopic signatures of stable nitrogen (δ15N-NO3−) and stable oxygen (δ18O-NO3−) in PM2.5 were determined. The results showed that NO3− was less important in summer (NO3−/SO42− = 0.4 ± 0.8), while it became the dominant species in winter (52.1 %). The average values of δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3− in summer were + 2.0 ± 6.1 ‰ and 63.3 ± 9.4 ‰ respectively, which were significantly lower than those in winter (+7.2 ± 3.4 ‰ and 88.3 ± 12.1 ‰), indicating discrepancies between NOx sources and nitrate formation pathways. Both δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3− were elevated at night, demonstrating that N2O5 hydrolysis contributed to the nocturnal nitrate increase even in summer. The contribution of the OH oxidation pathway to nitrate aerosols averaged at 70.5 ± 17.0 % in summer and N2O5 hydrolysis dominated the nitrate production in winter (approximately 80 %). On average, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion, natural gas burning, and soil emission contributed 50.7 %, 21.5 %, 15.9 %, and 11.9 %, respectively, to nitrate aerosols in summer, and contributed 56.8 %, 23.9 %, 13.6 %, and 5.7 %, respectively, to nitrate production in winter. Notably, natural gas burning is a non-negligible source of nitrate aerosols in Shanghai. In contrast to an inverse correlation between δ15N-NO3− and PM2.5, the value of δ18O-NO3− was positively correlated with nitrate concentration and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) in winter, suggesting that explosive growth of nitrate was driven by continuous accumulation of N-depleted NOx and rapid N2O5 hydrolysis under calm and humid conditions. To continuously improve air quality, priority control should be given to vehicle emissions as the dominant source of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai.

Petroleum Exploration in the Niger Delta Region and Implications for the Environment: A Review

Petroleum exploration and production in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, has been a significant source of revenue and foreign exchange for the country. Nevertheless, this industry has also been blamed for serious environmental pollution in the region. This review aims to shed light on the implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta region and the resultant environmental damage it has caused. One of the most severe consequences of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta is the frequent occurrence of oil spills. Due to aging infrastructure, poor maintenance, and criminal activities such as oil theft, pipeline spills have become a recurrent problem. Oil spills lead to the destruction of farmland, loss of biodiversity, poisoning of water sources, and widespread contamination of ecosystems. Petroleum exploration and production activities release substantial pollutants into the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to both human health and the environment. The burning of natural gas during oil production, also known as flaring, is particularly prevalent in the Niger Delta. This practice results in the emission of toxic gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide, contributing to climate change, respiratory diseases, and acid rain. Petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta has led to significant damage to forests and mangrove ecosystems. The destruction of these vital habitats has serious implications for species survival. Oil exploration activities often release harmful chemicals and wastes into the region's water bodies. These pollutants infiltrate the groundwater and surface water, leading to contamination that poses severe risks to human health and aquatic life. Contaminated water supplies have been linked to increased instances of skin diseases, as well as liver and kidney problems among the local population. The negative environmental implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta also have severe socioeconomic consequences. Displaced fishermen and farmers face declining livelihoods, while sporadic employment opportunities generated by the oil industry do not compensate for the long-term damage inflicted on the region.

Effect of changes in the fuel type of thermal power plants on the spatial distribution and levels of PAH pollution in the Vorkuta agglomeration beyond the Arctic Circle

The paper is a study of the composition of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the snow cover of Vorkuta (Komi Republic) in the impact zone of the fuel and energy complex in 2017 and 2023. We have identified high aerotechnogenic pollution of the Vorkuta city and adjacent territories with PAHs during heating with fuel oil and coal, with a mean concentration of 301.6 ng/L (meltwater plus particles) and spatial distribution of 85.2 μg/m2. There is a significant decrease in PAH levels when the fuel for thermal power plants has been changed to natural gas, with a mean concentration of 26.1 ng/L (meltwater plus particulates) and spatial distribution of 4.9 μg/m2. The deposition areas of different PAH fractions are identified in the impact zones of Thermal Power Plants 1 and 2, the Central Boiler House and the urbanised areas of the Vorkuta agglomeration. 2-4-ring PAHs dominate in the emissions, accounting for 92–100 % of the sum of PAHs from coal/oil combustion and 66–93 % from natural gas combustion. The indicator ratios of PAHs in the snow cover of Vorkuta in both 2017 and 2023 indicate their predominantly pyrogenic genesis. The environmental risk coefficients of PAHs in the snow cover and their change from 2017 to 2023 are calculated. TEQ changed from 2.1 ng/L (mean) in the 2017 season to 1.7 ng/L (mean) in the 2023 season. The risk quotients have been reduced from moderate risk to low risk. Reconstruction of thermal power plants when replaced by more environmentally friendly fuel (natural gas) reduces the amount of atmospheric emissions of organic pollutants.

Design and eco-technoeconomic analysis of a natural gas cogeneration energy management center (EMC) with short-term thermal storage

This work proposes a non-islanded cogeneration energy management center (EMC) that can be used to displace grid-level natural gas turbine systems and natural gas combustion systems for heat. The design of the proposed EMC included a weighted multi-objective optimization aimed at minimizing: i) natural gas consumption; ii) capital costs; iii) utility costs; and iv) unmet thermal demand. The decision variables consisted of the existence and capacity of the equipment comprising the EMC, including: i) a natural gas boiler; ii) an internal combustion engine that generates heat and electricity; and iii) a hot water thermal storage system. Four resulting candidates EMC designs were then compared with the status-quo (SQ) in an eco-technoeconomic analysis; The SQ draws electricity from the grid and heating for dwellings come from natural gas boilers. Emissions at grid level change which alternative is favored. The findings showed that, for a system that serves 4–5 dense urban city blocks over a 20-year lifetime, the SQ system had cumulative levelized costs of 9.6 million USD for the final consumer, while the levelized costs of the EMC designs ranged from 12.9 to 15.1 million USD. In terms of emissions, the SQ emitted 959 tonnes of CO2eq per year, while the EMC system produced around 500 tonnes of CO2eq per year depending on the year, yielding a CCA varying between 364 and 653 USD/tonneCO2eq

Reducing carbon footprint in cities: Natural gas-based energy generation with zero CO2 emission

This work proposes a novel zero–CO2–emission energy system to meet thermal and electrical energy needs of the cities without emitting CO2 while using natural gas as a primary energy source. Since the system uses available technologies, it is envisioned as a part of transition towards net-zero sustainable economy. At the core of the system is production of hydrogen via pyrolysis of methane which has recently achieved technological maturity of industrial scale production. Natural gas combustion in a combined heat and power (CHP) unit produces electrical and thermal energy required by the city and by the energy system itself. CO2 produced by CHP is captured via MEA absorption and converted to methanol via synthesis with hydrogen while also producing carbon black. We consider different carbon reduction scenarios, urbanization levels, system operation conditions, operational costs, capital costs, and energy and material prices in evaluating the system. If such systems are deployed worldwide, subject to produced methanol being equal to the current demand (111 Million ton/yr), they would eliminate 44 Million t/yr CO2 emissions from existing methanol plants and 160 Millon t/yr CO2 emissions from standalone energy systems that provide heating and cooling for 40 Million people.

Numerical studies of a water-cooled premixed burner for low NOx combustion of natural gas

Natural gas, known for its high combustion efficiency and low CO2 emissions, is experiencing a significant increase in both market share and application range. Despite these advantages, there are also challenges emerged during the combustion process, including occurrence of high flame temperature, difficulty in controlling nitrogen oxide emissions, combustion instability, and a tendency to backfire. To address these issues and achieve clean and stable burning, a novel 14 MW water-cooled pre-mixed burner has been developed. In-depth simulations are conducted to assess the impact of various structural and operating parameters on combustion and pollutant emission characteristics. Results indicate that the combustion temperature follows a “W" shape with height of the low cooling component while its width governs combustion stability. Gas inlet spacing influences the flame center position and anti-backfire performance. The flare angle of gas channels determines the minimum ignition energy of the mixed gas fuel which affects ignition point and flame center position. Although large height of high cooling component contributes to low NOx emissions at the gas outlet, the resultant low temperature is undesirable for combustion stability. Further examinations of operating parameters through simulations reveal that combustion temperature initially decreases and then increases with excess air coefficient, while a significant decrease is noted with lower operating load. The premixed water-cooled technology could achieve low-NOx emissions to 2.89 mg·Nm−3 with the combustion temperature controlled at 1642K. This study provides valuable data for the design of low-NOx gas burners, serving as a reference for achieving clean and stable combustion of gas fuel.

Acoustic Design Parameter Change of a Pressurized Combustor Leading to Limit Cycle Oscillations

When aiming to cut down on the emission of nitric oxides by gas turbine engines, it is advantageous to have them operate at low combustion temperatures. This is achieved by lean premixed combustion. Although lean premixed combustion is a proven and promising technology, it is also very sensitive to thermoacoustic instabilities. These instabilities occur due to a coupling between the unsteady heat release rate of the flame and the acoustic field inside the combustion chamber. In this paper, this coupling is investigated in detail. Two acoustic design parameters of a swirl-stabilized pressurized preheated air (300 °C)/natural gas combustor are varied, and the occurrence of thermoacoustic limit cycle oscillations is explored. The sensitivity of the acoustic field as a function of combustion chamber length (0.9 m to 1.8 m) and reflection coefficient (0.7 and 0.9) at the exit of the combustor is investigated first using a hybrid numerical and analytical approach. ANSYS CFX is used for Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) numerical simulations, and a one-dimensional acoustic network model is used for the analytical investigation. Subsequently, the effects of a change in the reflection coefficient are validated on a pressurized combustor test rig at 125 kW and 1.5 bar. With the change in reflection coefficient, the combustor switched to limit cycle oscillation as predicted, and reached a sound pressure level of 150 dB.

Effect of Variable-Nozzle-Turbocharger-Coupled Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Natural Gas Engine Emissions and Collaborative Optimization

Equivalent combustion natural gas engines typically utilize exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems to tackle their high thermal burden and NOx emissions. Variable nozzle turbochargers (VNT) can increase the engine intake and EGR rate simultaneously, resulting in NOx reduction while ensuring robust power performance. Using a VNT along with engine bench testing, the impact of VNT- and EGR-coordinated control on the performance and emissions of equivalent combustion natural gas engines was investigated under different operating conditions. Subsequently, multi-objective optimization was performed using a support vector machine. The results demonstrated that the use of VNTs in equivalent combustion natural gas engines could bolster the capacity to introduce EGR under several operative conditions and extend the scope of EGR regulation, thereby decreasing the engine’s thermal burden, improving fuel efficiency, and curbing emissions. Owing to the implementation of a multi-objective optimization method based on a support vector regression model and NSGA-II genetic algorithm, VNT and EGR control parameters could be optimized to slightly improve the economy and significantly reduce NOx emissions while maintaining the original engine power performance. At 20 operating points optimized for validation, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and NOx decreased by 0.94% and 47.0%, respectively, and CH4 increased by 3.7%, on average.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COGENERATION PLANTS BASED ON HEAT ENGINES WITH THE THERMOCHEMICAL METHOD OF CLEANING THEIR EXHAUST GASES

The article presents the results of research aimed at improving the economic and environmental characteristics of cogeneration plants based on heat engines (ICE, GPE, GTU), with a thermochemical device for the neutralization of harmful components of its waste gases, and a boiler-utilizer (BU). The neutralization process takes place in a layer of red-hot carbon material and a gaseous medium, which includes: methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The effectiveness of the proposed process was investigated both analytically, using specialized computer programs for energy management, and experimentally, by a special laboratory device, which made it possible to simulate in a wide range of temperatures (500...1000°C) how the products of natural gas combustion (the base fuel for the GPA and GTU), with a defined coefficient of excess air (oxygen), as well as the concentration of CO and NOx in their composition. The primary task of the experimental study was to determine the effect of temperature on the neutralization of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in natural gas combustion products. The results of the studies (in the considered temperature range of 750...950℃) showed the possibility of reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides by 2.5...3 times, and the concentration of carbon monoxide by almost 5 times. At the same time, it was established that the efficiency of NOx neutralization at the considered temperature range does not change significantly (within 10%), which makes it possible to carry out the neutralization process at a temperature of 750...780℃ and reduce the energy cost. The final neutralization of the exhaust gases of the engine and the utilization of their thermal potential is carried out in the boiler-utilizer. The placement of the thermochemical device in front of the boiler-utilizer, on the one hand, changes the thermal characteristics of the cogeneration plant to direction of increasing its heat loads, and on the other hand, increases the maneuverability of the plant, providing possibility of independent change of electrical and thermal load. In addition, the use of solid fuel with its gasification in the device allows not only to neutralize the harmful components of the engine's exhaust gases, but also to provide a partial replacement of natural gas in the engine and the boiler - utilizer with a corresponding reduction of thermal and harmful emissions in to the environment.

Numerical simulation on combustion characteristics of methane/hydrogen blended fuel for non-premixed conical bluff body burner

Blending hydrogen into methane impacts flame stability, morphology, and pollutant emissions. This study, set against the backdrop of hydrogen-enriched natural gas combustion technology, employs a non-premixed coaxial burner with conical bluff body to create recirculation zones for flame stabilization. Combining EDC and GRI-Mech 3.0, the research fills in the gap of effects of hydrogen blending ratio (0–100%) and equivalence ratio vary (0.4–1.4) within a wide range. Keeping equivalence ratio and fuel volume flow rate as constants, as increasing hydrogen blending ratio, the mean velocity in the chamber decreases, the size of vortex structure located in outer recirculation zones reduces, and the flame length is shortened, illustrating the reaction zone shifts to chamber inlet. Furthermore, when Ф = 1.4, average temperature and temperature uniformity are averagely larger 59.82% and 4.21% than that under Ф = 0.4. The CO2 emission at XH2 = 80% is 54.70% averagely lower than that at XH2 = 0%, but peak concentration of NO increases.

Research on test method of multi-channel ultrasonic wave detection for gas well injection volume

In the early stage of natural gas extraction, the fracturing and blowout process is often used to obtain stable production. However, during the fracturing process, natural gas combustion is frequently directly released, which causes significant pollution to the environment and a waste of resources. In order to measure the flow rate of the gas-liquid mixture in the process of gas well blowout, a multi-channel velocity measurement model is established. The multi-channel sensor structure is designed based on an analysis of the gas well blowout process and fluid configuration simulations. The influence of pipe diameter on the flow characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow was analyzed by FLUENT software. The simulation results show that the distribution of flow velocity in a gas-liquid two-phase flow tube is not uniform, the flow velocity of different flow layers is different, and the stratification phenomenon is more obvious with the increase of pipe diameter, highlighting the necessity of multi-channel measurements. Therefore, we developed a gas-liquid two-phase flow velocity measuring device. The experimental results demonstrate that accurately describing velocity in the tube can be achieved by measuring velocities in different channels using the gas-liquid two-phase flow velocity measurement device.

Experimental investigation of hydrogen enriched natural gas combustion with a focus on nitrogen oxide formation on a semi-industrial scale

Combustion of hydrogen-enriched natural gas is a valuable short-term strategy for reducing CO2 emissions from high temperature industrial heating. This paper presents several experiments on combustion characteristics and the formation of nitrogen oxides. The experiments included hydrogen contents up to 100% and fuel heat inputs up to 75 kW. Water-cooled lances were used to influence the furnace temperature. The analysis includes the distribution of furnace temperatures, the composition of flue gas, the cooling capacity of the lances under steady-state operating conditions, and OH*-chemiluminescence imaging of the near burner region. The presented results demonstrate the dependence of furnace conditions and NOX formation on various factors, such as different air inlet fluxes, furnace temperature, and fuel composition, for constant heat inputs. Efficiency increased by up to 5.5% and significant changes in flame shaped along with a maximum increase in NOX emissions when comparing natural gas to hydrogen was measured at 167%.

Cofiring of renewable biodiesel fuels inside natural gas flame for enhancement of thermal properties of flame and NOx reduction

AbstractThis study investigates the co‐combustion of palm oil biodiesel fuel, as a renewable alternative for diesel fuel, inside natural gas flame to enhance the flame thermal specifications and NOx reduction. A power natural gas burner with a maximum heat capacity of 418,400 kJ/h was installed at the inlet of a laboratory furnace and biodiesel fuel was injected inside natural gas burner with a 100 μm in diameter solid cone nozzle. Flame temperature, thermal radiation, Infrared radiation, and CO, CO2 and NOx emission were measured. The results revealed that biodiesel injection increases the flame size and turns the non‐luminous blue flame into yellow‐colored flame. Furthermore, higher flash point and Sauter Mean Diameter of biodiesel promote the thermal decomposition of fuel droplets and increase the concentrations of Intermediate Soot Particles in the flame which in turn increases the flame emissivity coefficient and consequently flame thermal radiation. Also, the oxygen content of biodiesel fuel has an important role in the complete combustion of Intermediate Soot Particles to CO2 which increases the heat release of biodiesel combustion and raises the flame temperature. The average enhancement in thermal radiation and flame temperature were 5.6% and 43.38%, respectively. Finally, although biodiesel injection increases the flame temperature, it also increases the flame surface reaction and eliminates the hot spot region in the flame. Therefore, the rate of heat generation per unit volume of flame decreases and this decreases the rate of NOx emission as much as 10.84%.

Quantifying flare combustion efficiency using an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer

ABSTRACT Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging Fourier transform spectrometers (IFTSs) are a promising technology for measuring flare combustion efficiency (CE) and destruction removal efficiency (DRE). These devices generate spectrally resolved intensity images of the flare plume, which may then be used to infer column densities of relevant species along each pixel line-of-sight. In parallel, a 2D projected velocity field may be inferred from the apparent motion of flow features between successive images. Finally, the column densities and velocity field are combined to estimate the mass flow rates for the species needed to calculate the CE or DRE. Since the MWIR IFTS can measure key carbon-containing species in the flare plume, it is possible to measure CE without knowing the fuel flow rate, which is important for fenceline measurements. This work demonstrates this approach on a laboratory heated vent, and then deploys the technique on two working flares: a combustor burning natural gas at a known rate, and a steam-assisted flare at a petrochemical refinery. Analysis of the IFTS data highlights the potential of this approach, but also areas for future development to transform this approach into a reliable technique for quantifying flare emissions. Implications: Our research is motivated by the need to assess hydrocarbon emissions from flaring, which is a critical problem of global significance. For example, recent studies have shown that methane destruction efficiency of flaring from upstream oil may be significantly lower than the commonly assumed figure of 98%; work by Plant et al., in particular, suggest that this discrepancy amounts to CO2 emissions from 2 to 8 million automobiles annually, considering the US alone. Similarly, the international energy agency (IEA) estimates a global flare efficiency of 92%,which translates in 8 million tons of CH4 emitted by flares in 2020. Highlighted by these studies and supported by the World Bankinitiatives toward zero routine flaring emissions, there is an urgent need for oil and gas industry to assess their flare methane emission, and overall hydrocarbon emissions. At the very least, it is critical to identify problematic flare operating conditions and means to mitigate flare emissions. Focusing on remote quantification of plume species, the measurement technique and quantification method presented in this paper is a considerable step forward in that direction by computing combustion efficiency and key components for destruction efficiency.