Natural Fluoride Area Research Articles

Variation in fluorosis and caries experience among Lithuanian 12year olds exposed to more than 1ppm F in tap water.

The aim of the present study was to analyze caries experience in relation to the occurrence of fluorosis in 12 year olds in a natural fluoride area. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 12-year-old lifetime residents (n = 301) of Klaipeda, Lithuania, where the natural fluoride content is 1.7-2.2 ppm F. Data collection included a clinical dental examination and an inquiry about toothbrushing habits. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria and described in terms of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)/decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) indices and decayed, filled surfaces (DFS) on selected proximal surfaces. Dental fluorosis was diagnosed according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index and categorized as none (TF = 0), mild (TF = 1-2), moderate (TF = 3-7), or severe (TF = 8-9). The χ(2)-, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression served for statistical analyses. A total of 34% of the 12 year olds studied had no signs of fluorosis, while the rest had mild (42%) or moderate (24%) fluorosis. Caries experience was negatively related to the presence of fluorosis. When present (TF > 0), the mean DMFT was 1.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 1.7) versus 2.6 (SD: 2.3) in the absence of fluorosis (TF = 0, P = 0.008). The corresponding mean DMFS values were 2.6 (SD: 3.1) versus 3.8 (SD: 4.3, P = 0.014). The presence of fluorosis associates with lesser caries experience in 12-year-old lifetime residents of an area with moderately-elevated natural fluoride.

Efficacy of Preventive Agents for Dental Caries

The effectiveness of fluoridation has been documented by observational and interventional studies for over 50 years. Data are available from 113 studies in 23 countries. The modal reduction in DMFT values for primary teeth was 40-49% and 50-59% for permanent teeth. The pattern of caries now occurring in fluoride and low-fluoride areas in 15- to 16-year-old children illustrates the impact of water fluoridation on first and second molars. The secular changes in caries in Hartlepool, a natural fluoride area in the North East of England, shows only a modest change between 1949 and 1989. Information on the pre-eruptive effects of water fluoridation has been reviewed, suggesting that fluoridation should start at birth to provide optimal protection to primary teeth. At 15 years of age, the maximum DMFS reduction in a fluoridated area was due about half to the pre-eruptive and about half to the post-eruptive effect of fluoride.

フッ化物局所応用ならびに飲料水中フッ素による永久歯う蝕予防効果の比較

The purpose of this study was to compare the caries prevalence and incidence between 6-year-old lifelong residents in a natural fluoride area (0.74-1.10ppm F: NF group) and participants in school-based fluoride mouthrinsing (FR group) or usage of SnF2 dentifrice (FD group). The FR group rinsed daily with 0.05% NaF solution for 3.5 years and the FD group used 0.41% SnF2dentifrice for 3 years beginning at the age of six.Mean DMFT in the NF group (n=58) from the age of 6 to 9 was significantly lower (p<0.05, p<0.01) than that of both the FR (n=78) and the FD group (n=73) at all of the ages examined. Only 1-year mean DMFT increments from the age of 6 to 7 in the NF group (0.24±0.67) were significantly different (p<0.01) from the FR group (0.67±0.98) and the FD group (0.71±0.89). No statistical differences of mean DMFT increments, however, were found between any pairs of study groups after 2 or 3 years from the baseline. Incremental DMFT rates on first molars in the NF group were significantly lower (p<0.05, p<0.001) than those in the FR or FD group both after 1 and after 2 years.The results of the present study demonstrate that lifelong residents in a natural fluoride area experienced significantly fewer caries than those who received topical fluoride application. However, the differences of caries increments between the FW group and the FR or FD groups diminished with the passage of time.

Anti-caries effect of a 2% Na2PO3F-dentifrice in a Danish fluoride area.

A 3-year experimental toothbrushing study was conducted in a natural fluoride area in Denmark to evaluate the anti-caries effect of a 2% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. In a previous report the results for the total population of 1,407 schoolchildren, representing a broad age-span (7-12 years), at the commencement of the study in 1970 were given. In the present report results are presented for two subpopulations of "8-year-olds" and "11-year-olds" at the commencement of the study. Differential analysis of the effect of the test dentifrice on defined types of surfaces for the two subpopulations is given. The evaluation was performed using both the conventional DMF-indices and the recently published ECSI-Index6. The evaluation showed that the test dentifrice had a valuable anti-caries effect in both age groups, above and beyond the effect of the waterborne fluoride. Proximal surfaces were affected most baneficially by the active agent both in relative and absolute terms. However, an appreciable caries-preventive effect was also found on the "pit and fissure" surfaces.

Caries‐preventive effect of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate in a natural fluoride area in Denmark

abstract A 3‐year, unsupervised, toothbrushing study with a double‐blind, controlled design was conducted to evaluate the caries‐preventive effectiveness of a 2 % sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice among 1,407 7‐ to 12‐year‐old children residing in an optimal, natural fluoride (= 1.2–1.4 parts/106) area of Denmark. With the initial caries lesion as a differential, two levels of clinical caries diagnosis were applied in the quantitative evaluation of the effects. A comparison of the monofluorophosphate dentifrice with a null control dentifrice indicated that its use at home, coupled with regular motivation by home visitors, conferred about a 30 % reduction in dental caries increment over a 3‐year period, beyond those anticariogenic benefits assumed to have been provided by the waterborne fluoride.

Gingival recession in tooth types in high fluoride and low fluoride areas.

The prevalence of gingival recession in individual teeth in 1,884 dentate adults, aged 15–65 years, continuously resident in the natural fluoride area of Hartlepool (1·5–2·0 ppm F) was compared with that found in 2,015 dentate adults from the low fluoride town of York (0.15–0.28 ppm F). In each tooth type, gingival recession increased steadily with age. A distinctive pattern of gingival recession was observed in each community. Mandibular incisors showed the highest prevalence of gingival recession, followed by maxillary first molars, mandibular first molars, premolars, maxillary second molars, mandibular second molars and canines. Maxillary incisors showed the lowest prevalence of gingival recession. There was an extremely high correlation between Hartlepool and York data, for each group of teeth. It was therefore concluded that fluoride in drinking water, at least up to 2 ppm F, has no effect on the pattern of gingival recession in adults.

Gingivitis and gingival recession in adults from high-fluoride and low-fluoride areas

The prevalence of gingivitis and gingival recession in 1884 dentate adults, aged 15–65 yr, continuously resident in the natural fluoride area of Hartlepool (1.5–2.0 ppm F.) was compared with that in 2015 dentate adults from the low-fluoride town of York (0.15–0.28 ppm F.). The measurement of gingivitis was restricted to the anterior labial gingival sites, after the method described by Jackson (1965). The prevalence of gingivitis did not vary with increasing age. Therefore, data for all age groups were combined. Eighty nine per cent in Hartlepool and 87 per cent in York had one or more gingival sites inflamed. In both communities, the slightly higher prevalence of gingivitis in males than in females disappeared when only those with good oral cleanliness were considered. In Hartlepool, the site prevalence of gingivitis was 37.2 per cent and in York 35.4 per cent. In those with good oral cleanliness, the site prevalence of gingivitis was 21.8 per cent in Hartlepool and 19.8 per cent in York. The maximum divergence between the two communities was 0.4 gingival units. No sex difference in the prevalence of gingival recession was observed in either community. Therefore, data for males and females were combined. In Hartlepool at 15–19 yr of age, 3.0 per cent were affected by gingival recession; at 60–65 yr, virtually 100 per cent were affected. The trend with age in York followed exactly the same pattern as that observed in Hartlepool. The percentage of teeth with gingival recession also increased steadily with age. In Hartlepool at 15–19 yr of age, 0.2 per cent of teeth had gingival recession. At 60–65 yr, 66.7 per cent of teeth were affected. The corresponding values in York were 0.2 per cent and 63.8 per cent. No significant differences were observed between Hartlepool and York data. It was concluded that fluoride in drinking water, at least up to the level of 2 ppm, has no effect of clinical significance on the prevalence of gingivitis or gingival recession in adults.

Effectiveness of a SnF2-Ca2P2O7 dentifrice on dental caries in children whose teeth calcified in a natural fluoride area II. Results at the end of 24 months

Caries reductions of 30 and 35 percent were found among children who used the stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. The results of this study at the end of 24 months are further evidence that use of a stannous fluoride dentifrice adds to the cariesreducing effect of fluoride in the water supply.

Effectiveness of SnF2-Ca2P2O7 Dentifrice on Dental Caries in Children Whose Teeth Calcified in a Natural Fluoride Area I. Results at the End of 12 Months

Effectiveness of SnF2-Ca2P2O7 Dentifrice on Dental Caries in Children Whose Teeth Calcified in a Natural Fluoride Area I. Results at the End of 12 Months

Effect on dental caries in children in a natural fluoride area of: Combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution and a dentifrice

Effect on dental caries in children in a natural fluoride area of: Combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution and a dentifrice

Challenge of preventive dentistry

Eight hundred and ten children, 6 to 14 years old, from three different cities in Indiana, differing principally in the fluo­ ride content of the communal water sup­ plies, received dental examinations. D if­ ferences in the incidence of caries were pronounced. The failure of children liv­ ing in a natural fluoride area to see the dentist at an early age, as is done in non­ fluoride areas, may have a harmful effect on the adult dentition. Dental schools should re-evaluate their teaching pro­ grams to prepare the young dental grad­ uate to meet the demands for dental service encountered in an area where multiple principles of preventive den­ tistry are practiced. More attention should be given to periodontal therapy and interceptive orthodontics.

Urinary excretion of fluoride by children aged two through five years using a stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice in a natural fluoride area and a nonfluoride area

Urinary excretion of fluoride by children aged two through five years using a stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice in a natural fluoride area and a nonfluoride area