Native Words Research Articles

Level of Adherence of the Islamic Citizenship Culture Elements ( ICCE ) : A Case Study of the Citizens of the City of Isfahan

The present study aimed to review the level of adherence of the citizens of the city of Isfahan to the Islamic culture, elements of descriptive method with the citizen - the collection is done. Statistical research community now includes all the citizens of the city of Isfahan to visit. The Statistical Society of using cluster sampling method of the selection of the 5 region, among a number of 380 million citizens as the sample size using the formula sampling Cochran were chosen. Tools for collecting information on the study questionnaire, researcher 3 forms: beliefs, values norms behaviors that was to determine the validity of the formal validity of research tools, content structure (operating analysis) was used for measuring instruments validation; using cronbach coefficient equal to 0.89 was estimated to analyze information on two levels of descriptive statistics includes (%; mean SD) at the level of inference include (factor analysis, sample t- test Tests of LSD). The findings showed honesty has the highest average ranking among the elements is the value of citizenship, as well as the of accountability conscience order something» has the highest load factor. The of and denies the public an average of the highest ranked among the behavioral elements of citizenship. The results also showed indicates level of adherence to the Islamic culture is a of the citizen component using the native words expressions rely on» «native food use» «abstain from speaking on the phone the tourist in regard to experience trips» «attending meetings to interpret Quran» Quran Hadith «maintain» «» «» «consult the people's goodwill, respect for the rights of animals (avoiding persecution. The spirit of Jihad martyrdom» «adherence to legal funds» «practical adherence to ethics (morality oriented course of conduct action) in the medium the other detected was above average.

The influence of loanwords on Norwegian and English stress

Rice (2006) presents a unified analysis of Norwegian word stress that applies equally to native words and to loanwords. In this analysis, stress is oriented to the right edge of the word, which suggests that the loanwords were responsible for changing what was originally a left-oriented grammar of stress. In this paper I consider a similar reorientation that took place in the history of English, also under the influence of Romance loanwords. Closer examination shows that the two cases appear to be different. Many loanwords of the sort that caused a change in Norwegian entered Middle English without causing any significant change in English stress. It was only in the Early Modern English period that the loanwords were able to impose a right-oriented stress pattern on English. Rice (2006) observes that the loanwords were able to change the Norwegian stress pattern without overtly contradicting the native words; that is, the loanwords could make a change only in aspects of the grammar where the native words were ambiguous. I argue that this principle also accounts for the English case.

Borrowings in Texts: A Case of Tanzanian Newspapers

We have observed that not only does borrowing feature in aural data; it is also prominent in written texts, specifically in newspapers. This paper examines the use of borrowed words found in issues of Tanzanian newspapers from 2007 to 2009. The study also sought views from newspaper writers through a qualitative and well structured questionnaire on reasons why they would prefer using borrowed English words to Kiswahili native words. The analysis of the questionnaire shows that sometimes Kiswahili words were either too lengthy or writers use English items as means of prestige, sophistication or even sometimes for stylistic purposes, among others. We also noted that although writers treat English items as Kiswahili, the Kiswahili class systems are not affected. Traces of evidences of spelling variations of these English borrowed items into Kiswahili confirm assertions made by other scholars in this field that most borrowed items are not standardized. Keywords : loanwords, nativization, newspapers, borrowing.

‘Spirituality’ Interpreted: A Case of Complex Lexical Borrowing in Japanese

Lexical borrowing is associated with emerging social needs. It provides a new word for a newly introduced idea or thing, replaces a native word adding trendiness or euphemism, allows ambiguity, etc. The noun supirichuaritī (‘spirituality’) and the adjective supirichuaru-na (‘spiritual’) present an intriguing case of borrowing in Japanese. Both emerged in the wider context of the ‘New Spirituality’ movements and culture in Japan. They began to be used in such professional fields as terminal care, psychology, and education in the 1990s. More recently the use of the word supirichuaru, in particular, has become trendy in the narrower context of a ‘spiritual boom’, in which it is often associated with ‘spiritualism’, and has come to refer to a range of interests and experiences associated with the boom. By drawing data from a wide range of discourse genres, this article elucidates the complexity of the borrowing processes. The article also argues that these Western loanwords, used in different subcultures with differing and often elusive meanings, are linguistic evidence, however ephemeral it may be, that reveals a common thread which runs through the current spiritual culture in Japan, where no native Japanese words have been able to take up the role.

Modeling of word translation: Activation flow from concepts to lexical items

Whereas most theoretical and computational models assume a continuous flow of activation from concepts to lexical items in spoken word production, one prominent model assumes that the mapping of concepts onto words happens in a discrete fashion (Bloem & La Heij, 2003). Semantic facilitation of context pictures on word translation has been taken to support the discrete-flow model. Here, we report results of computer simulations with the continuous-flow WEAVER++ model (Roelofs, 1992, 2006) demonstrating that the empirical observation taken to be in favor of discrete models is, in fact, only consistent with those models and equally compatible with more continuous models of word production by monolingual and bilingual speakers. Continuous models are specifically and independently supported by other empirical evidence on the effect of context pictures on native word production.

Umyuangcaryaraq “Reflecting”: Multidimensional Assessment of Reflective Processes on the Consequences of Alcohol Use among Rural Yup’ik Alaska Native Youth

Background and aims: Concerns in some settings regarding the accuracy and ethics of employing direct questions about alcohol use suggest need for alternative assessment approaches with youth. Umyuangcaryaraq is a Yup’ik Alaska Native word meaning “Reflecting.” Objectives: The Reflective Processes Scale was developed as a youth measure tapping awareness and thinking over potential negative consequences of alcohol misuse as a protective factor that includes cultural elements often shared by many other Alaska Native and American Indian cultures. This study assessed multidimensional structure, item functioning, and validity. Methods: Responses from 284 rural Alaska Native youth allowed bifactor analysis to assess structure, estimates of location and discrimination parameters, and convergent and discriminant validity. Results: A bifactor model of the scale items with three content factors provided excellent fit to observed data. Item response theory analysis suggested a binary response format as optimal. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established. Conclusion: The measure provides an assessment of reflective processes about alcohol that Alaska Native youth engage in when thinking about reasons not to drink. Scientific significance: The concept of reflective processes has potential to extend understandings of cultural variation in mindfulness, alcohol expectancies research, and culturally mediated protective factors in Alaska Native and American Indian youth.

Lyman's Law is active in loanwords and nonce words: Evidence from naturalness judgment studies

Lyman's Law is a general phonotactic restriction in Japanese which prohibits two voiced obstruents within the same morpheme. This law manifests itself, for example, in the blockage of Rendaku, a phenomenon which voices the initial consonant of the second member of a compound. Lyman's Law blocks Rendaku when the second member already contains a voiced obstruent. Lyman's Law has been formulated as a general phonotactic restriction against two voiced obstruents (Itô and Mester, 1986), and believed to hold only in native words, not in loanwords, because there are many loanwords that violate this restriction (e.g. [gaado] ‘guard’ and [bagu] ‘bug’: Itô and Mester, 2003, 2008).Building on Vance (1980), Tateishi (2003) and Nishimura (2003, 2006), however, this study shows that Lyman's Law is active even in loanwords, and nonce words more generally. In Experiments I and II, native speakers of Japanese judged Rendaku in nonce words to be less natural when it resulted in a violation of Lyman's Law. In Experiment III, native speakers of Japanese judged devoicing of real loanwords and nonce words to be more natural when devoicing was caused by Lyman's Law. Therefore, the three experiments, as a package, show that Lyman's Law is active both as a blocker and a trigger of phonological alternations. A general implication of this study is that a restriction with many lexical exceptions can still impact native speakers’ treatment of loanwords and nonce words, as predicted by theories that posit that constraints are violable (Legendre et al., 1990a,b; Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004).

The bridegrooms companion in Odia: A study in socio-cultural semantics

A few Odia (earlier Oriya) lexicographers have accepted /ma:rkuNDi/ as a native word with the following meaning: ‘a boy accompanying the bridegroom to the bride’s house for marriage.’ But interestingly this boy cannot be just any boy; but either the bridegroom’s brother or cousin. Thus, /ma:rkuNDi/ represents a special role in the Odia society. I intend to discuss the socio-semantic aspects of this word along with its synonym /kuilibara/ used in the northern Odia dialect. In fact, both these expressions represent a Munda custom verbalised through Dravidian words and used in Odia, a prominent Indo-Aryan language. Key words: Odia, Indo-Aryan, Munda, Dravidian, socio-semantics, convergence.

A study on the expression using Sin-Korean words with native Korean words

A study on the expression using Sin-Korean words with native Korean words

Origins of Glides and /ʃ/-Decomposition in Korean Loanword Phonology

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of grapheme in loanwords as well as native Korean, and decomposition of /ʃ/ of donor languages into Korean [sj] or [sw]. It is contended that at the context of post-/ʧ/, the synchronic orthographic and its partner in the earlier periods are spurious phonological constructs. By contrast, at the context of post-/s/ in Enlightenment Period (1880-1910), the emergence of yod is indeterminate in its phonological embodiment. Meanwhile, decomposition of input /ʃ/ involved with contemporary loanwords shows consistency of yod as a phonological construct. The analysis based on decomposition of /ʃ/ gains support from the view of disintegration of segments with dual places of articulation. Finally, for handling overapplication of decomposition as embodied as unetymological yod in loanwords like sofa [sjopha], sashi [sjasi], it is imperative to adduce another dimension in loanword adoption, i.e., alienation of loanwords from the native word stock.

Strangers to the Mother Tongue: Spenser's Shepheardes Calender and Early Anglo-Saxon Studies

This essay pays long overdue attention to E.K's glosses of native English words in Edmund Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender (1579). Spenser's practice of using native English words is indebted to the emerging discipline of Anglo-Saxon studies, especially to the methodology of Archbishop Matthew Parker and his scholars, who sought precedents in Anglo-Saxon legal and ecclesiastical sources that would support their progressive agenda to return to the model of the church in the English past rather than seek any new reformation of the contemporary church. Spenser in his poem seeks to show the interrelationship between doctrinal innovation and tradition through an allegorical use of the English language itself. By revealing the strange familiarity existing between Old English and the vernacular that E.K. calls the “mother tonge,” Spenser creates a rhetoric of linguistic estrangement in the Calender. He uses this unfamiliar history to satirical effect in his ecclesiastical eclogues in order to express veiled criticism of the Elizabethan Church.

A Study on the Aspects of Opposition and Transformation of Native Toponym Words and Sino-Korean Toponym Words in 《Songs of Flying Dragons》(龍飛御天歌)

A Study on the Aspects of Opposition and Transformation of Native Toponym Words and Sino-Korean Toponym Words in 《Songs of Flying Dragons》(龍飛御天歌)

Generalidades del Parque Nacional Volcán Irazú

The Irazú Volcano National Park was created on July 30th, 1955. Its name probably comes from a native word “Istarú”, which means Thunder and Earthquake Mountain. This National Park has two scenic areas: The Craters area and Prusia area. Visitors can enjoy trails and do recreational activities. Irazú summit (3432 m a.s.l.) offers a variety of attractions: volcanic landsforms (craters, crater lakes, cones), and elsewhere it is possible to find species common of subalpine paramo elevations.

Intra‐ versus inter‐talker effects in multi‐talker perceptual training.

Learners of non‐native speech sounds benefit from intensive multi‐talker training [e.g., Logan et al. (1991), Yamada (1993), and Bradlow et al. (1999)]. This training is thought to produce highly generalized perceptual learning and result in long‐term modifications of the perceptual system. However, it is unclear whether the multi‐talker benefit is due to inter‐talker variation, to intra‐talker variation, or to some combination thereof. In this experiment intra‐talker (style) variation was fully crossed with inter‐talker variation. 48 subjects were trained in one of four set stimuli [(1) single‐talker single‐style, (2) single‐talker dual‐style, (3) dual‐talker single‐style, and (4) dual‐talker, dual‐style]. Stimuli were nonsense words composed of either all native sounds or containing non‐native speech sounds (⌊y⌋ or ⌊x⌋) presented with randomly paired nonsense shapes (fribbles). Subjects were probed at each quartile of the training to monitor learning of fribble names (correct versus incorrect fribble‐name pairing). Subjects were then tested in a generalization task with new talkers. Results of this experiment indicate an important role for intra‐talker variation in the ability of learners to generalize to novel exemplars of trained words. This result holds for both types of stimuli: nonsense native and nonsense non‐native, indicating that multitalker training benefits extend to native word learning.

The Harmony between Native Korean Words and Sino-Korean Words

The Harmony between Native Korean Words and Sino-Korean Words

Los vencedores: Historia del pueblo mapuche en la época colonial

Los vencedores: Historia del pueblo mapuche en la época colonial

Disjunctive Lexical Stratification

In many languages, loanwords allow patterns that are absent in the native phonology. The phonotactic requirements for loanwords may thus be less restrictive than the ones for the native vocabulary. For instance, native items in Turkish only have voiceless obstruents in codas, while both voiced and voiceless obstruents are found in loanword codas (Inkelas, Orgun, and Zoll 1997). The opposite pattern, in which loanwords only allow a subset of the structures attested in native words, is cross-linguistically rare but attested (Nadasdy 1989, Kawahara, Kohei, and Ono 2003, Kenstowicz 2005). For example, in Latvian, [ae] can only occur in native words, but not in loanwords, where it is replaced by [e], for example, [manxetena] ‘Manhattan’ (Gelbart 2005). Here, I present the third type of language, in which the sets of native and foreign phonotactic patterns are disjunctive. In Slovenian, there is no overlap between the sets of front vowels appearing before tautosyllabic [R] in native words and in loanwords. Thus, loanwords in Slovenian are more exceptional with respect to native words than previously thought possible. The Slovenian data have implications for the theory of exceptionality. Since the advent of Optimality Theory, exceptional loanword patterns have been modelled using either cophonologies (Inkelas, Orgun, and Zoll 1997, Anttila 2002, Inkelas and Zoll 2007) or indexed constraints (Ito and Mester 1995b, 1999, 2001, Pater 2000, 2007, to appear). Cophonologies allow independent constraint rankings for different groups of words (lexical strata). Indexed constraints, on the other hand, are limited in their domain of application to a particular set of morphemes. Pater (2007, to appear) argues that indexed constraints are more restrictive than cophonologies. The crucial difference between the theories is

Efficiency in lexical borrowing in New York Spanish

One manifestation of a general drive for efficiency in communication is the tendency to shorten high-frequency words and phrases. In situations of language contact, the drive for efficient communication is intensified. The demonstration of efficiency hinges on the simple observation that not all the words of a receiving language are displaced, and on the detailed observation of which words are retained and which are replaced by loanwords. Many loanwords fill a conceptual gap, but many do not; this study focuses on the latter. It is proposed that these loanwords instantiate efficiency in language behavior, as the borrowing process replaces comparatively longer words with comparatively shorter ones. On average, the length difference between displaced native words and borrowed loanwords is much higher than that between retained native words and potential loanwords that were not borrowed. To investigate this process of selective borrowing driven by efficiency, English lexical insertions were extracted from the spoken Spanish of bilingual Latinos in New York and compared with two control corpora. These results indicate that the lexical borrowing process targets pairs of words that result in especially large savings in word-length and spares those where borrowing would produce little or no savings, demonstrating that efficiency is a significant factor in explaining borrowing behavior.

Terminal letters, phonemes, and morphemes in Spanish gender assignment

Much research establishing phonemic bases for grammatical gender assignment in Spanish nouns relies on straightforward word counts, some of them rather small, and does not examine the characteristics of individual words. No distinction is made between native Spanish words and loanwords, or between terminal letter, terminal phoneme, and terminal morpheme. As a result, some useful generalizations are lost, and others, less useful, have been accepted as true and repeated over and over. When large amounts of data are examined in detail, it becomes clear that in many cases noun ending does not serve to establish a significant statistical pattern with respect to gender assignment. However, some very large groups of words share some very productive terminal morphemes, which are invariably masculine or feminine. Sorting out noun ending from terminal morphemes makes it much easier to identify patterns of gender assignment in a system that is otherwise quite random and arbitrary.

A Study on the Process of Sino-Korean Translation of Native Toponym Words and the Aspects of Coexistence and Opposition of the Two Types of Toponym Words

A Study on the Process of Sino-Korean Translation of Native Toponym Words and the Aspects of Coexistence and Opposition of the Two Types of Toponym Words