Native Speakers Of Language Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ КОНЦЕПТА СМЕХ В РУССКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПОСЛОВИЦ, ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ И КОРПУСНЫХ ДАННЫХ)

Introduction. The concept of LAUGHTER is a significant linguocultural concept. The study of the axiological component in the meaning of the lexeme laughter as a key nomination of the concept LAUGHTER demonstrates the significance of this concept for Russian linguistic culture and contributes to the identification of invariant (universal) and specific (national) features in its content. The purpose of the article is to consider the value component in the structure of the concept LAUGHTER by analyzing the meaning of its representative – the lexeme laughter. Material and methods. The material for the analysis of the value component of the concept LAUGHTER in the national linguistic picture of the world was Russian proverbs, as well as data from lexicographic sources and the national corpus of the Russian language, in which the verbal marker of the concept appears – the lexeme “laughter”. Research methods: lexico-semantic, contextual, seme analysis, elements of linguoculturological and linguoconceptological analysis. Results and discussion. From the standpoint of subject correlation, laughter is short characteristic voice sounds that express various human feelings, from the point of view of conceptual correlation, laughter is a complex concept that correlates with reflection. The connotative component of the lexeme laughter is expressed in the seme appraisal. The specificity of the Russian national concept of laughter is the understanding of laughter as a way of expressing a contradictory assessment of someone else’s (including one’s own) actions, facts and phenomena of reality, from joy and fun to irony and ridicule. Laughter, in the view of native speakers of the Russian language, is a phenomenon whose axiological specificity lies in the property of ambivalence. Conclusion. The contextual analysis of the lexeme laughter as a nominee of the concept of the same name allows us to speak about the significance of the concept LAUGHTER for native speakers of the Russian language, since the lexeme laughter is used by the speaker as a means of assessing a particular situation. The value component of the LAUGHTER concept tends to vary: from a negative assessment of actions, facts, phenomena of reality to a neutral and positive one. The determining factors are the presence of subjective factors, as well as national-cultural and historical features of the development of the people. The national specificity of the concept LAUGHTER lies in the antinomy, paradoxical nature of the interpretation of laughter in the Russian language picture of the world.

Indian Sign Language Recognition Using Deep Learning Techniques

By automatically translating Indian sign language into English speech, a portable multimedia Indian sign language translation program can help the deaf and/or speaker connect with hearing people. It could act as a translator for those that do not understand sign language, eliminating the need for a mediator and allowing communication to take place in the speaker's native language. As a result, Deaf-Dumb people are denied regular educational opportunities. Uneducated Deaf-Dumb people have a difficult time communicating with members of their culture. We provide an incorporated Android application to help ignorant Deaf-Dumb people fit into society and connect with others. The newly launched program includes a straight forward keyboard translator that really can convert any term from Indian sign language to English. The proposed system is an interactive application program for mobile phones created with application software. The mobile phone is used to photograph Indian sign language gestures, while the operating system performs vision processing tasks and the constructed audio device output signals speech, limiting the need for extra devices and costs. The perceived latency between both the hand signals as well as the translation is reduced by parallel processing. This allows for a very quick translation of finger and hand motions. This is capable of recognizing one-handed sign representations of the numbers 0 through 9. The findings show that the results are highly reproducible, consistent, and accurate.

Социокультурный типаж «Марьиванна» в педагогическом дискурсе: особенности деструктивного поведения

The aim of the research is to characterize the precedent for pedagogical discourse type “Maryivanna” distinguished by socially significant features and recognizable by the native speakers of the Russian language by the specific characteristics of communicative behaviour. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that this type has not previously become a subject of study; the communicative personality of a teacher has not been considered from the standpoint of the theory of destructive communication. As a result, the “portrait” of the typified personality “Maryivanna” is presented, the signs of her destructive communicative behaviour are highlighted, and the conclusion is made about the prevalence of negative attitude towards the type on the part of the society.

«Дискурсная» языковая личность Ренатуса Картезиуса: пролегомены интерпретативной реконструкции

The paper aims to identify the general linguistic, general cultural and ethnocultural features of the linguistic personality of the XVII-century French philosopher René Descartes. Scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying the features peculiar to the discursive constructions of the national linguistic personality in line with the study of linguosemiotic mechanisms of special terms functioning, both in the space of a complete utterance and at the level of the main stock of the national language. The research findings have shown that there are both universal and national-cultural features in the French philosopher’s discourse and also have made it possible to find information about the national culture, worldview and mentality of native speakers of the national language at the level of the linguistic personality. The data obtained made it possible to identify particularities of René Descartes’s linguistic personality that are relevant for modern ways of overcoming crisis situations at the level of behavioural models of cognition and communication.

Experience Experimental Research Socially Significant Concepts in Modern Russian Language Consciousness (Concept DEMOCRACY)

An experimental research of the reception features of socially significant concepts in the linguistic consciousness of modern native speakers of the Russian language is described on the example of the concept DEMOCRACY. The results of a comparative analysis of the semantic content of this concept based on the materials of dictionaries and the results of a chain associative experiment are presented. It is shown that on the basis of lexicographic interpretations of the word democracy as a basic representative of the concept of the same name, eight significant cognitive features of the concept can be identified. The procedure for verifying the identified cognitive features through a chain experiment made it possible to detect significant conceptual and connotative-evaluative innovations in the semantic content of the DEMOCRACY concept in comparison with the results of the analysis of lexicographic sources. Reflexes of the negative-evaluative perception of this concept were found in the linguistic consciousness of the speakers of the modern Russian language, associated with ideas about the imaginary nature, the illusory nature of this concept for the Russian world, the manipulative nature of its discursive implementation, etc. It is concluded that the negative-evaluative reception of this concept in the modern Russian linguistic consciousness is associated with its inorganic nature, with psychological and cultural alienation in relation to the traditionally Russian models of linguistic conceptualization of the world.

Translation and the Second Language Learner: Examining English Language Usage among Students of Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria

This paper examined, using students of Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria as case study, translation as a significant phenomenon in the Igbo language native speaker’s use of English as a second language. The purpose was to identify the manners of such translation, and the possible motivations. A total of two hundred and four (204) students admitted into the School of Health Technology of the University for the 2020/2021 academic year formed the sample population. The method of data collection was purposive as the authors paid particular attention to instances of direct translation as they manifested in the students’ discussions and interactions. The students were not subjected to any form of controlled environment, but rather, the authors as lecturers of the selected students engaged in direct observation of the students in their social interactions as well as formal class discussions. The items of expressions extracted as data were subjected to evaluation with the aim of identifying incidences and manner of direct translation from Igbo language structure to the English language structure, as well as their possible sources of motivation. Thus, the method of data analysis was qualitative. The paper adopted the theoretical approach of word-for-word translation or metaphrasing. The findings of the paper include that the affected students think in the source language (SL) before translating their thoughts into the target language (TL). What is experienced as TL structures follows from the SL structures that exist in the mental resources of the students. The paper, therefore, concludes that direct translation can be deceptive to the second language learner because it may not contain obvious instances of structural rule deficiency but can be faulted along functional lane, where it manifests instances of redundancy, and vocabulary deficiency. Consequently, the authors recommend among others that the L2 teacher should extend his/ her teaching efforts towards identifying the possible motivation a student’s direct translation in order to guide him or her out of it, especially, the students who may need the language beyond its L2 environment, or beyond mere language of social expression.

Aging Affects Subcortical Pitch Information Encoding Differently in Humans With Different Language Backgrounds.

Aging and language background have been shown to affect pitch information encoding at the subcortical level. To study the individual and compounded effects on subcortical pitch information encoding, Frequency Following Responses were recorded from subjects across various ages and language backgrounds. Differences were found in pitch information encoding strength and accuracy among the groups, indicating that language experience and aging affect accuracy and magnitude of pitch information encoding ability at the subcortical level. Moreover, stronger effects of aging were seen in the magnitude of phase-locking in the native language speaker groups, while language background appears to have more impact on the accuracy of pitch tracking in older adult groups.

L1 Grammatical Gender Variation through the Representation in the Lexicon

In most studies on gender processing, native speakers of the same language are treated as a homogeneous group. The current study investigates to what extent an ongoing change in the gender system of Norwegian (a development from three to two genders, involving the loss of feminine) may be reflected in processing. We carried out a gender decision task in which speakers were presented with 32 nouns of each gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and asked to select the corresponding indefinite article. Based on these results, we identified three different groups: three-gender speakers, two-gender speakers, and an unstable gender use group that used feminine gender to varying degrees. This division corresponded with clear differences in RTs, the two-gender speakers being faster overall with no difference across conditions, the three-gender group being slower with masculine, and the unstable group being slower with both masculine and feminine. Thus, our results indicate that native speakers of the same language can in fact have different underlying representations of gender in the lexicon.

Речевые ошибки как фактор деструктивного диалога в деловой речи

The purpose of the study is to identify factors that reduce the effectiveness of written business speech based on the analysis of regional and federal official texts. The paper examines the features of modern business discourse and speech behaviour of native speakers of the Russian language in the official environment, analyses the causes of communicative failures and typical mistakes made in texts of the official style. Scientific novelty of the study lies in carrying out a comprehensive analysis of texts produced by organisations of the Siberian Region and Federal Laws of the Russian Federation. As a result, it has been proved that speech errors, being a key factor in the destructive dialogue of communicants, significantly reduce the quality of business interaction between the senders and recipients of information both at the regional and federal levels.

The precedent name V.I. Lenin in the Russian cultural space

The relevance of the article lies in the need to identify the socio-cultural and national semantic components of the precedent name Lenin in the cultural space of Russian language native speakers. Studying precedent names is a key to describing and identifying cultural and national values of native speakers of a particular language. The purpose of the research is to consider and identify the cultural and national features of the perception and understanding of the name Lenin by native speakers of the Russian language. To achieve the research goal, descriptive and statistical methods, methods of observation, psycho-semantic and linguistic-cultural analysis were used. The material for the analysis was provided by etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries of the Russian language, the data of free association experiments from Russian Associative Dictionary, Siberian Associative Dictionary, the Russian Regional Thesaurus Dictionary, contexts with the name Lenin from modern Russian media, selected from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The novelty of the study is that it is for the first time that the semantics of the proper name Lenin in the Russian language is described, an associative field for the stimulus Lenin in the Russian language consciousness is constructed, cultural and national peculiarities of perception and understanding of the given name in the texts of modern Russian mass media are considered and identified, socio-cultural and national semantic components of the precedent name Lenin in the cultural space of Russian speakers are identified. The scientific significance of the research lies, on the one hand, in a preliminary attempt to apply linguoculturological and psycholinguistic approaches to analyzing precedent names in the Russian cultural space, and on the other hand, in the possibility of using the material in teaching theoretical courses of cultural linguistics, psycholinguistics and media linguistics, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of intercultural communication.

The Correlation between Internet- Based Learning and L2 Motivational Self System

These present study aims are to find out the students’ L2 motivational self-system and the correlation between e-learning and L2 motivational self-system of English department students. This study was conducted in a private University in East Java, Indonesia. This study used a quantitative research design. L2MSS questionnaire and e-learning questionnaire were distributed to collect data from students, and the data were analyzed with the statistical method of Pearson's correlation coefficient. The findings show that the sub-factors of students’ L2MSS, namely the instrumentally –promotion, have the highest mean (M = 72.03, SD = 8.87). It means that the students do some efforts to achieve the goal in learning English for their future to get a better job and more money. While, the Integrativeness has the lowest mean (M = 16.25, SD = 1.66), which means the students have less effort in studying culture, and art of native speakers of the target language. In addition, the Pearson correlation output shows a positive correlation between e-learning and L2 motivational self-system even though with moderate correlation. The relationship between internet-based learning and students’ motivation is a fundamental factor that needs to be studied to improve the quality of teaching because technology is an essential part of higher education. It is suggested that further research explore more about the students L2MSS in other areas with different characteristics, using a mixed-method approach.

Comparative Analysis of Communicative Behaviors of Russian and Pakistani Societies for Effective Learning of Russian Language

The communicative behavior of people is one of the main concerns of linguistics, which is an established branch of knowledge in the context of intercultural communication. This research paper aims to examine some important features of the communicative behavior of the Russian and Pakistani societies. Interviews were conducted with survey participants who were well aware of Russian and Pakistani norms, culture, and languages. The methodological principle of the contrast of the description of communicative behaviors of both communities was followed, which allowed the most reliable identification and description of both similar and dissimilar signs of the communicative behaviors. Aset of norms and cultural specifics are also identified,which are very important to follow in each culture.Understanding the communicative behavior of both cultures helps improve communication competence and reduces aggression and conflict during communication among native speakers of both languages, especially students studying in exchange programs in both countries.

The transformed semantics of the verbalizers of the ethical concepts “Love” - “Mercy” - “Chastity” - “Virtue”

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to identify semantic shifts of ethically significant concepts and their semantic distortion in the minds of Russian language native speakers in order to create an up-to-date picture allowing to understand the level of spiritual and moral values and the preservation of the Russian mentality among modern youth. The purpose of the study is to trace the changes in the meanings of the dominant verbalizers of the ethical concepts Love, Mercy, Chastity, Virtue and to determine the impact of these changes on the linguistic and cultural consciousness of modern native speakers. The authors used comparative-historical method, E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarovs method of allocating semantic shares, questioning, cognitive interpretation, etc. The research was conducted on the material of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language of different periods and the Church Slavonic language, associative dictionaries and data from sociolinguistic surveys. The article defines the ethical semantic shares of these concepts, establishes their connection with the Orthodox worldview. The ideas of modern students about the selected ethical concepts are studied, transformations in their understanding and evaluation are indicated.

IMPERATIVES IN KEO LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Imperative sentence is a sentence that request the person we are speaking with to do or not to something. Imperative is also found in local language like Keo language. The purpose of this study was to find out the types and functions of imperative found in Keo language used by Uluwagha community in daily conversation using the theory of Hornby (1976) and to analyze about imperative sentence adopted the method issued by Dorney 2007. The study used descriptive qualitative. There were some steps that the writer used to analyze the data. First step was interviewing the informants who were native speakers of Keo language. The second was to translate imperative sentences into Keo language in English and the last was to make the conclusion. The results of the study show that there are two types and six functions of imperative found in Keo language. They are positive and negative imperatives. 

Повышение эффективности работы волонтеров – носителей языка по поддержке русского языка как иностранного за рубежом

The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of native speakers and existing programs in order to identify the most effective and efficient methods and forms of their work and support from sending organizations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation and description of the principles of selection and training of native speakers abroad, for the first time the advantages and disadvantages of programs to promote the language abroad by native speakers (volunteers, language assistants) have been scientifically studied. The article provides an analysis of the disadvantages and advantages of programs to attract native speakers and substantiates the principles of organizing a federal program to attract volunteers - native speakers for teaching the Russian language. The implementation of the study as a whole is aimed at a significant increase in the efficiency of the work of native speakers of the Russian language abroad. The experiment was conducted on a project of Russian speakers from the Gorno-Altai State University in Western Mongolia in 2018-2019. As a result the framework of the Federal Volunteer Program for the Promotion of the Russian Language abroad with the native speakers is presented.

Phraseological translation of specialized speech: contrastive analysis of sports press in Russian and Spanish

This article discusses one of the most relevant topics from the point of view of translation: collocations in the sports press. The reason why this field was chosen is due to the great interest of linguists to include new words in dictionaries due to the influence of other areas of the language and the spread of sports in society. The result of the observed processes is that even native speakers of the Russian language find it difficult to read and understand sports news, and for foreigners interested in sports, these features of the sports press may present insurmountable difficulties, since the actual sports vocabulary is present in textbooks and dictionaries is limited. The analyzed corpus does not have the representative power inherent in large national and parallel corpora, however, this study has revealed several interesting phenomena and outlined ways to further study sports discourse: further study of collocations and productive models based on the material of large Russian and Spanish language corpora, Yandex search engines, blogs and other lexicographic online tools is of undoubted interest. In the process of assimilation of collocations, difficulties arise, since stable phrases are always difficult and impossible to predict. During the study, we saw that usually the components of combinations in one language do not coincide with other languages, since there is an influence on the language of the culture in which their own use of metaphors manifests itself. The compilation of multilingual educational dictionaries and the identification of productive collocation models can significantly expand the field of mastering the Russian language by foreigners and develop skills in predicting the meanings of unfamiliar words and collocations when getting acquainted with different types of discourse.

Meteorological metaphors of “atmospheric electrical and sound phenomena” in the English and Kazakh languages

Relevance of research stems from the lack of knowledge of pecularities of the meteorological metaphor in the English and Kazakh languages as well as from the present-day trends of the linguistics development on the basis of the modern achievements of philological science and philological research approaches, general tendency of the modern scientific paradigm and its interest in language issues, culture and cognition. It’s common knowledge that metaphorization is one of the essential ways of understanding, comprehension and categorization of reality and its further representation in the language and in the minds of native speakers of a particular language. In the context of globalization striving to standardize and make cultures vanish, this objective solves an issue of preserving the national identity that is in full embodied in linguistic metaphors, metaphoricity of language – “historical memory, spirit of the nation”. In the research work we classify various metaphoric images being part of terms, figurative meanings, idioms, the so-called meteo-phraseological units or lexico-phraseological metaphoric units relating to the meteorological thematic group of words as a meteorological metaphor in a very broad sense. The following methods of research were used with a view to accomplishing the thesis objectives: structuralsemantic analysis, continuous sampling method, word definitions analysis method with the use of the component analysis elements, descriptive method and interpretation method, comparative method. Meteorological metaphor in two languages has phraseo-forming characteristics: meteorological metaphors in the form of prepositional structures prevail in the English corpora while meteorological metaphors in the Kazakh language have a word-forming nature. Verbal, substantival and adjectival metaphorical structures in the English and Kazakh languages showed both similar and different metaphorical values, which confirms the universal nature of perception of the meteorological phenomena having no equivalents or insufficiently meeting the English language requirements. Such meteorological phenomena have specific metaphorical values unified with positive, negative and neutral connotative contents. Key words: metaphor, meteorology, national identity, structure, semantics

НЕСКРОМНОЕ ОБАЯНИЕ АНГЛИЦИЗМОВ: МАГНЕТИЗМ ТЕМНЫХ СЛОВ

Statement of the problem. Problems related to lexical borrowings invariably arouse the interest of linguists. Probably, both the possible reasons for borrowing and their socio-cultural consequences are particularly attractive for studying. Therefore, it is urgent to study the factors contributing to the readiness of the language community to unconditionally accept borrowings from the Anglo-American and their active use. The purpose of the article is a socio-cultural analysis of borrowings, their semantic and pragmatic status in the Russian language. To achieve the goal, discursive, linguoculturological and semantic methods of analysis were used. Research results. One of the catalysts of the above-mentioned turbulent process is the impenetrability of the internal form of a foreign word for most native speakers of the Russian language. Such lexemes often become the germs of new myths channeled through the media and used to manipulate public consciousness. Conclusions. Today’s features of the borrowing process speak of their proximity to traditional verbal magic. Public speech of representatives of the Russian ruling stratum act as a serious impulse encouraging the use of Anglicisms instead of semantically adequate Russian words.

Mapoyo language revitalisation at risk: when variation leads to uncertainty

ABSTRACT Mapoyo, a Carib language of Venezuela with only one native language speaker, is very close to becoming dormant. Recent interest in the revitalisation of the language has led to classes being imparted in the elementary school and to teachers trying to learn the language and to reinforce it in the school. However, in 2013 when there were 3 speakers left, variation within and among them has led to uncertainty among the language learners which in turn has led to diminishing use. I argue, based on observations in the community and interviews with the teachers, that a ‘standard language ideology’ is putting Mapoyo language revitalisation at risk and that therefore any revitalisation project needs to address ideological domains as well as pragmatic concerns.

A preliminary fMRI study of relative clause in comprehension among native and non-native Malay language speakers

This study investigates (a) whether there is a functional neural activation at the frontal and temporal brain regions during the comprehension of Malay relative clause (RC), and (b) the differences in the activated areas among native (L1) and non-native (L2) Malay language speakers. The subject relative clause (SRC), object relative clause (ORC), and subject-verb-object (SVO) were used as the study stimuli. Participants were asked to do a sentence-picture matching task during an fMRI measurement. The random-effect analysis (RFX) using two-way ANOVA was conducted for the fMRI data. The main effect of the group at the puncorrected < 0.001, cluster size > 20 voxels found that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had activated frontal and temporal brain regions in L1 and L2. The multiple comparisons of L1>L2 showed a significant difference left-lateralised in the temporo-parietal region. While for L2>L1, the significant activations were indicated as distributed to the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions that lateralised to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: The findings suggested that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had caused the activation at different brain regions amongst L1 and L2 groups. It was also found that both L1 and L2 groups showed their preference in SRC, the mean reaction time showed that they had a faster reaction time to comprehend SRC than ORC. The findings from this study can also be applied in clinical language intervention, and it is expected to benefit children and adults with speech and language disorders.