Native Grain Research Articles

Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-1) against blackgram and sesame root-rot disease.

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pfl, effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina , the pathogen causing dry root-rot in blackgram and sesame. Application of Pf1 as seed treatment (10g / kg seed) followed by soil application (2.5 kg / ha) against root rot effectively supported higher plant growth, better native Rhizobium nodulation and grain yield. Sclerotial number and root rot incidence were also greatly reduced. The rhizosphere soil recorded a higher number of Pf I population.

A comparative map of wild rice (Zizania palustris L. 2n=2x=30)

We present the first genetic map of wild rice (Zizania palustris L., 2n=2x=30), a native aquatic grain of northern North America. This map is composed principally of previously mapped RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) genetic markers from rice (Oryza sativa 2n=2x=24). The map is important as a foundation for genetic and crop improvement studies as well as a reference for genome organization comparisons among species of Gramineae. A comparative mapping approach with rice is especially useful because wild rice is grouped in the same subfamily, Oryzoideae, and no other mapping comparison has yet been made within the subfamily. As rice is the reference point for mapping and gene cloning in cereals, establishing a consensus map within the subfamily identifies conserved and unique regions. The genomes of wild rice and rice differ in total DNA content (wild rice has twice that of rice) and the number of chromosome pairs (wild rice=15 versus rice=12). The wild rice linkage map reported herein consists of 121 RFLP markers on 16 linkage groups spanning 1805 cM. Two linkage groups consist of only two markers. Colinear markers were found representing all rice linkage groups except #12. The majority of rice loci mapped to colinearly arranged arrays in wild rice (92 of 118). Features of the map include duplication of portions of three rice linkage groups and three possible translocations. The map gives basic information on the composition of the wild rice genome and provides tools to assist in the domestication of this important food source.

High-T/sub c/ thin-film magnetometer

The authors have constructed and tested high-T/sub c/ magnetometers by coupling a high-T/sub c/ thin-film superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to two different high-T/sub c/ thin-film flux transformers. The SQUID was made from Tl/sub 2/CaBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8+y/ films grown on MgO, with junctions consisting of native grain boundaries. The flux transformers were made from YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/, and each had ten-turn input coils and a single-turn pickup loop. The first transformer, which was patterned with a combination of shadow masks and photolithography, yielded a magnetic field gain of about -7.5, functioned up to 79 K, and gave a magnetic field sensitivity B/sub N/ (10 Hz) approximately= 3.1 pT Hz/sup -1/2/ at 38 K. The second transformer, which was patterned entirely by photolithography, yielded a gain of about -8.7 functioned up to 25 K, and had a sensitivity B/sub N/ (10 Hz) approximately=3.5 pT Hz/sup -1/2/ at 4.2 K. In both cases, the limiting noise arose in the SQUID.

Additional toxic, bitter saponins from the seeds of Chenopodium quinoa.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is an important Native American food grain. Prior to consumption, the seeds must be washed with H2O to remove bitterness and improve nutritive value. From the warm-H2O extract of quinoa seeds from Mexico, saponins 1-4 were isolated by monitoring the fractionation with brine shrimp lethality and a taste test for bitterness. By chemical, spectral, and enzymatic methods, 1-4 were identified as glycosides of oleanolic acid. Saponin 4, 3-O-[(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)(1----3)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6-O -methyl ester]-oleanolic acid, is a new natural compound.

Techniques to preserve soluble surface components in birch pollen wall: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.

The exine of birch pollen was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in the native state and after fixation in different aqueous fixatives: glutaraldehyde + OsO4; glutaraldehyde + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) + OsO4; glutaraldehyde + cuprolinic blue (CB); and periodate + lysine + paraformaldehyde (PLP). The native pollen exine showed a thin (3-5-nm) border of electron-dense material lining the tectum and electron-dense material within microchannels and bacula cavities. Fixation with the addition of CPC resulted in a voluminous surface coat surrounding the pollen grain, but empty microchannels and bacula cavities. After fixation with the addition of CB, there was a thin surface coat, whereas microchannels and bacula cavities were partially filled with electron-dense material. The other fixatives led to empty microchannels and bacula cavities. There was no surface coat on the pollen grain. However, after all fixation procedures, a thin electron-dense border of the tectum remained visible. Concerning the electron-dense material filling microchannels and bacula cavities in the native pollen grain, the results obtained in the present study suggest that it is either completely lost (after conventional and PLP fixation) or, after fixation with a precipitating additive, partially (CB) or completely (CPC) solubilized and precipitated on the surface of the pollen grain as a surface coat.

Against the Native Grain: The Japanese Novel and the “Postmodern” West

Research Article| July 01 1988 Against the Native Grain: The Japanese Novel and the “Postmodern” West Masao Miyoshi Masao Miyoshi Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google South Atlantic Quarterly (1988) 87 (3): 525–550. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-87-3-525 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Masao Miyoshi; Against the Native Grain: The Japanese Novel and the “Postmodern” West. South Atlantic Quarterly 1 July 1988; 87 (3): 525–550. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-87-3-525 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsSouth Atlantic Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1988 by Duke University Press1988 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The protein inhibitors of amylases and peptidases isolated from cereal grains

The peptidase and amylase inhibitors were isolated from rye and preliminarily purified to investigate some of their properties. It was shown, that both are of albumin character despite the acetic acid solubility of the former. They are not active against the native cereal grain peptidases or amylases (rye, wheat, triticale) but the latter inhibited the animal (hog pancreas, man salivary) and bacterial (Thermamyl, NOVO) alpha-amylases. In the long-term experiments on various rye genotypes there was shown, that the peptidase inhibitor level was rather differentiated between them, but more stable as concerns particular ones. On the other hand the level differentiation of alpha-amylase inhibitor between the genotypes was rather small, but that of climate much more significant.

Optical confinement type a-Si: H solar cell using milky tin oxide on glass

The new structure of optical confinement Type a-Si: H solar cell using milky tin oxide on glass (MTG) is proposed. This structure has a native textured large grain size tin oxide film and a core-clad structure like an optical fiber or optical waveguide. The conversion efficiency of 10.26 percent with J sc = 22.3 mA/cm2was achieved in this structure.

Panicum sonorum in Sonoran Desert agriculture

Evidence of prehistoric domestication of plants native to southwestern United States is rare. Presented here are archaeological, historic and contemporary ethnobotanical data suggesting that a native grain, Panicum sonorum,was harvested, sown and culturally selected in the Sonoran Desert Region. This indicator crop, other new clarifications of indigenous crops, and water management practices all point to the distinctiveness of the region’s agricultural complex. As redefined here, the Sonoran Desert Agricultural Region is diverse in both native crops and in cultivars of introduced crops originating elsewhere.

Social Conflict and the Grain Supply in Eighteenth-Century France

Social Conflict and the Grain Supply in Eighteenth-Century France In the history of hunger, of grain distribution, and of governmental policy toward the grain trade, the eighteenth century represents a universally acknowledged milestone in Western Europe. For France, it is the century which saw the disappearance of dramatic periods of starvation, sometimes accompanied by plague, which periodically caused sizable cutbacks in demographic performance. In Goubert's graphic phraseology, the courbe tourmentee of the seventeenthcentury mortality graph was replaced by a courbe sereine in the eighteenth. The net result was a sustained population growth at the national (if not invariably at the local) level. The reasons for this trend have been variously attributed to a change in climatic performance from conditions which had previously jeopardized grain yields to better communications and centralized administration, which permitted more effective grain distribution to localities facing acute shortage.1 The focus of this article is not on the reasons for, but rather on the fact of, growth. There were by the most conservative estimates 5 to 6 million more mouths to feed in I789 than there had been in I720. Moreover, this growth occurred, as far as has yet been ascertained, without any increase in native grain production to match it. North of the Loire, in limited enclaves, some increase has been detected. Significant economic growth did occur in wine production and textile development which permitted an international trade in Baltic and Levantine wheat. Notwithstand-

Use of feed with different methods of soybean processing with sunflower cake in young pigs feeding

Purpose. To study the effectiveness of the use of feed mixtures for pigs, which include native cereals and products of processing of soybeans and sunflower and their impact on fattening and meat qualities of pigs. Methods. Use, comparison, zootechnical and biometric analysis. Results. The results of the use of feed mixtures, which include native grain of cereals and products of soybean and sunflower processing, and their influence on fattening and meat qualities of pigs are given. It was found that the use in the diets of pigs of experimental groups with soybean meal in the amount of 14.2% and expanded soybean in the amount of 14.8% in the structure of the diet, provides an average daily gain of animals, in general, for the entire fattening period, within 694 and 684 g, which is higher, respectively, by 29 and 19 g compared to the control group, which was fed with sunflower meal in the amount of 17%. At the same time, feed costs per 1 kg of the weight gain were 3.45 and 3.53 feed units, which is less by 0.61 and 0.53 feed units compared to control. According to the results of control slaughter, the best animals were those that consumed soybean meal and expanded soybeans. The difference in terms of slaughter yield (72.1± 0.48 and 71.5± 0.24 %) was 2.1-1.5% respectively. The results of the tasting evaluation of meat and broth show that the best overall qualities of meat samples had the animals fed with soybean products, with average scores of 4.7 and 4.8 points. The highest overall score of the meat broth was obtained by the samples of broth of the IV experimental group of the pigs (5.0 points), the composition of which included expanded soybeans. Conclusions. The results of the research proved high efficiency of soybean products (defatted soybean meal and full-fat soybean deep hydrothermal treatment) in feeding pigs, which help to increase animal productivity and product quality and reduce feed costs per 1 kg of weight gain.

The grain chenopods of the tropical American highlands

A general review, incorporating many new observations, of the American grain chenopods is given. The species areCh. quinoa (Quinoa),Ch. nuttalliae (Huauzontle) andCh. pallidicaule (Canahua); the first two are related tetraploids (2n = 36), and the third is a quite distinct diploid. Huauzontle is Mexican, and the other two are Andean plants. Brief surveys of systematics, biology, cultivation and utilization of the three species are given. Quinoa is the principal native grain of the high central Andes and is still of considerable local importance.

The configuration and packing of the chain molecules of native starch as derived from X-ray diffraction of part of a single starch grain

To elucidate the crystal structure of native starch, an X-ray fibre diagram of the substance is indispensable. On account of the smallness of the starch grains and the radial orientation of their crystallites, the usual techniques for X-ray diffraction are unsuitable for obtaining such a diagram from the grains. For that purpose a micro-technique enabling part of a grain to be irradiated by a narrow X-ray pencil is required. By means of a new micro-method for X-ray diffraction 3, 6—not described in this communication —a fibre diagram of a native starch grain could be obtained for the first time from part of a starch grain of the large type occurring in the orchid Phajus grandifolius. This result and the conclusions drawn from the diagram were published briefly in earlier papers 1, 2. The present paper is a more detailed account, and at the end an answer is given to the remarks made by Rundle 5 with regard to the above-mentioned papers. The fibre diagram obtained yields conclusive evidence that in starch grains, according to the assumptions made on the basis of their optical behaviour, the chain molecules are oriented radially. The powder diagram of Phajus starch is almost identical with that of potato starch. Its crystalline modification is therefore the B-modification according to Katz and Van Itallie 7. The fibre diagram obtained may be indexed provisionally on the basis of an orthorhombic unit cell with axes:: a = 9.0 A ̊ , b ( fibre period) = 10.6 A ̊ , c = 15.6 A ̊ . The dimensions of a and c axes are slightly different from those calculated by Rundle et al. 4 from a fibre diagram obtained from artificial threads of the amylose fraction of native starch yielding the same—but possibly on account of this difference not quite the same—X-ray spacings as native starch in the B-modification. The difficulty of understanding the fibre period from a chain of α-glucose residues, already mentioned by Rundle et al. 4, has been discussed. It appears that the period can be understood without any difficulty from a spiral chain with three α-glucose residues per turn, whereas important objections can be raised against the configuration with two glucose residues per period proposed before by Rundle et al. 4, and independently by the present author in 1946 1. Also spiral configurations for starch with six glucose residues per turn, as proposed by Hanes 15, Freudenberg et al. 14 and Caesar and Cushing 13 cannot be present in native starch in the B-modification. It is shown that four different spiral configurations of chains with three α- d-glucose residues per turn can be built up. A spiral configuration with three glucose residues per turn not only explains the fibre period, but also the hexagonal ratio of the axes in the basal plane of the provisional unit cell and the intrinsic birefringence of starch grains mentioned by Frey-Wyssling 17. The spiral chains cannot be packed in the provisional unit cell in such a manner that the X-ray density is consistent with observed experimental densities of native starch. Therefore, and on account of the hexagonal ratio of the axes in the basal plane, a hexagonal unit cell is suggested with a = 18 A ̊ and b = 10.6 A ̊ , through which 18 chains are running; i.e. the cell contains 54 glucose residues and water molecules. The X-ray density of such a packing is consistent with observed densities of starch grains.