Survival Of Nation Research Articles

Politics of State Survival and the Dilemma of Nation-Building in Post-Independence Nigeria

The prevalence of a fractionalized international environment coupled with the fractured African geopolitical landscape and Nigeria's colonial antecedents laden with myriad unresolved structural challenges during the emergence of Nigerian statehood provided the vortex of post-colonial state survival inclination for the country. The above is usually associated with a typically hugely populated and ethno-culturally heterogeneous society, and it renders the country fatigued with the burden of nation-building. Thus, the twin-challenges of state-survival and nation-building have occupied and dominated the political and socio-economic affairs of post-independence Nigeria. The notion of state survival is a realist paradigm which compels nation-states to use all the instruments at their disposal to seek the retention of their national identity within the precarious and predatory international system. Nation building, on the other hand, entails the process of forging a common identity and a sense of national empathy, shared values, and cultures constituting a state. This paper contends that while the pursuit of state survival is propelled by the external environment in which Nigeria emerged and intricately subsists, the structural challenges inherited at independence, no doubt raised the task of nation-building. As complimentary as the two challenges featured and influenced the nation's policy commitments towards the local and international environments, a cursory examination of Nigeria's socio-economic and political trajectories since independence reveal that state survival has often been aggressively pursued at the expense of nation-building resulting into structural volatility which inadvertently threatened the nation's survival prospects. The position of this paper is that efforts should be made to balance these two ultimate challenges in the quest to reposition Nigeria towards the path of greatness.

INCREASING ADOLESCENT LEGAL AWARENESS ABOUT EMERGENCY PREVENTION OF DRUGS ABUSE IN THE YOUNG GENERATION AT THE AL-MA'UN SHELTER HOUSE, BENGKULU CITY

The spread of drugs is almost unavoidable. Given that almost the entire world's population can easily get drugs from irresponsible people. Today, drug abuse has reached an alarming situation that has become a state problem. This is very concerning because victims of narcotics abuse in Indonesia have recently tended to increase and include limited groups of people who can afford it and penetrated the underprivileged community and involve children or young teenagers, something that is somewhat difficult. It's worrying considering that they are the generation that hopes to continue the nation's survival in honor. As one of the efforts to prevent drug abuse among the younger generation at Al-Ma'un Shelter Bengkulu, the PPM team intends to educate and increase understanding of the children of the Al-Ma'un Shelter also children's parents. Regarding drug abuse among young people. With the proposed community service, it is hoped to increase education and understanding and legal awareness of the children of the Al-Ma'un Shelter in Bengkulu City as a form of child protection.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN DAN PEMOTONGAN PPh PASAL 21 KARYAWAN TETAP PADA PT. TELAGA BAKTI PERSADA TERNATE

Taxes are an important component for the government in carrying out state activities in Indonesia, since the financing of routine expenditures as well as government development is largely derived from the tax sector. as it is known that tax revenue plays a vital role since the revenue from the oil and gas sector has decreased. The government in this case the Directorate General of Tax (DJP) always wanted to perform the task in terms of collecting tax revenue so that the nation's survival is maintained. Therefore, the Directorate General of Tax (DJP) is trying to get the tax collection in Indonesia on target by always trying to improve the service by updating the rules of tax collection that meet the requirements of justice, juridical, economic, financial and simple. This study aims to analyze the calculation and withholding of Article 21 Income Tax on the salary of PT. Telaga Bakti Persada Ternate whether it is in compliance with the provisions of the Taxation Law. No. 36 of 2008 Income Tax Income. This research uses Descriptive Research Method. The results of the research can be concluded that the calculation and withholding of income tax article 21 Income Tax on permanent employees of PT. Telaga Bakti Persada Ternate has done calculations and deductions in accordance with the provisions of the current law.Keywords: calculation and deduction of income tax PPh article 21, income tax, receipt income tax PPh article 21, accounting, income tax article 21, Tax Regulation.

Dramatizing War: George Packer and the Democratic Potential of Verbatim Theater

Times of war are often times when democratic debates are under siege. The apparent necessity to ward off an enemy and secure the nation's survival can trigger a state of exception: a partial suspension of crucial democratic rights and practices for the sake of national security. The purpose of this essay is to examine the potential and limits of theater to offer an alternative forum for public debate in contexts where freedom of speech is limited. To do so, the authors systematically analyze the content and context of one play: George Packer's 2008 award-winning play, Betrayed. Through their analysis, they make two key arguments about the democratic potential of theater. First, that theater has the potential to sidestep political censorship during a time of war. And second, that theater can give voice to a multitude of real characters and under-represented perspectives.

The Manhattanville Music Curriculum Program: 1966–1970

The Manhattanville Music Curriculum Program (MMCP) was a major curriculum reform effort in the United States during the 1960s, a decade characterized by curricular innovation and experimentation. The direct impetus for this unique education reform movement was the 1957 launch of the world's first successful space satellite, Sputnik I, after which education came seen as vital the nation's survival during the Cold War with the Soviet Union. In response this perceived national crisis, for the first time in history the federal government began support public school education, partially by funding large curriculum reform projects. During this period of unprecedented financial support, diverse groups formed alliances and made concerted efforts improve the existing school curricula. MMCP was launched at a time when government involvement and support for arts education had just reached its highest point, in the wake of the Kennedy Administration's interest in and support for the arts and the enactment of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965). MMCP received the largest federal grant, before or since, in the field of music curriculum development: a sum of $221,000 from the Arts and Humanities Program (AHP) of the U.S. Office of Education. The founder and director of the project Ronald B. Thomas was a faculty member at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart in Purchase, New York. The project brought together prominent musicians, educators, and institutions which put innovative educational ideas into practice. Despite the fact that the MMCP is considered one of the major projects in contemporary American music education history, only one large-scale historical study on the project has been completed. An article on the beginnings of MMCP (1957-1966) based on that larger study has been published. The current paper, the second monograph drawn from the larger study, traces the development of the MMCP from 1966 1970. (1) Chronological Description and Implementation: 1966-70 The primary goal of the MMCP was develop an alternative music curriculum for grades K-12. The objectives of the project, listed in the contract with the U.S. Office of Education, included: (1) to prepare a curriculum guide and related materials designed for the primary through the high school years, all using discovery approaches; (2) to develop a meaningful sequence of basic musical concepts in terms of the children's understanding; and (3) to more closely unify philosophies and directions of all areas and levels of music learning through the development of a spiral-type curriculum. (2) Thomas invited twenty-two expert consultants, including musical performers (seven), music educators (seven), and general educators (eight). The practicing musicians were involved in cutting-edge fields ranging from electronic music jazz. A significant feature of the program was the preponderance of composers, including Lionel Nowak, Henry Brant, Charles Wuorinen, and James Tenney. (3) A prominent music educator, Robert A. Choate of Boston University, directed the program during the months of July and August 1966. Other major figures involved were Edwin E. Gordon and George H. Kyme, both in the area of program assessment, and several curriculum specialists from the field of education. The project also involved thirty-eight school teachers and administrators, called teacher-consultants, for a total of sixty professionals. (4) The new music curriculum was developed in three phases: extensive experimentation through pilot testing, extended pilot testing, and final revisions. (5) Phase One (1966-67): Extensive Experimentation The first formal year of the program began with a five-week summer workshop at Manhattanville College in 1966. This workshop served as a planning and training session for nineteen teachers from the greater New York area. The workshop faculty was Choate, Thomas, Nowak, and Brant. …

Inequality for the Greater Good: Gendered State Rule in Singapore

The Singapore state, in response to demographic trends of later marriage and lower fertility, has put in place numerous institutions aimed at “protecting” the family as a unit. In their effects, many of the policies place disproportionate burdens on women, particularly insofar as the policies reproduce “traditional” gendered divisions of labor within the household at the same time that they encourage women to participate in the formal workforce. We might expect the contradictory demands placed on women and the gender inequalities embedded within the state's policies to lead to resistance and/or expressions of displeasure — in ways that could undermine the state's legitimacy — but the policies seem instead to be integral to and enhancing of the state's capacity for rule. This article shows that gendered family policies reproduce state power through three interconnected mechanisms: they establish regular relationships between state and society; articulate particular identities and interests of Singaporeans as members of families, thereby undercutting gender and ethnic identities; and give content to notions of “tradition” and “modernity” that solidify the state's claim to being the only agent able to balance the twin tensions that are at the core of the nation's survival.

Non-alignment on the Racial Frontier: Zambia and the USA, 1964–68

Careful examination of relations between Zambia and the USA during Lyndon Johnson's presidency, based on archival research in both nations, provides valuable insights into their often very different perspectives in the midst of the Cold War. The Johnson administration at times sympathized with Zambia but dismissed southern Africa as a low priority in the confrontation with communism, whereas Kenneth Kaunda feared for his nation's survival on the racial frontier and desperately needed help, but insisted on a non-aligned foreign policy nonetheless. American officials questioned Zambian policy decisions such as accepting Chinese aid and opposing non-proliferation as naïve or irrational; however, from his perspective, Kaunda was upholding national security and resisting superpower hegemony.

Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy (review)

Reviewed by: Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy Jørgen Ørstrøm Møller Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy. By N. Ganesan. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover: 179 pp. This book forms part of the "Politics in Asia" series formerly edited by Michael Leifer with an impressive and long list of previous publications. The present volume by N. Ganesan deals with Singapore's foreign policy since the birth of the republic in 1965. It falls naturally into six main parts even if the book itself does not use this procedure in its organization. Part one deals in general terms with international relations theories and small states (Chapter 1), and the organizational set-up of Singapore's foreign policy focusing on Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chapter 2). Part two describes Singapore's foreign policy in the two decades immediately following independence in 1965 within the context of the Cold War, and how that ideological framework of bipolarity defined and shaped the republic's foreign policy orientation (Chapters 3 and 4). Part three offers an analysis of Singapore's relations with its two neighbours, Malaysia and Indonesia (Chapters 5 and 6), while part five addresses economic and defence policies (Chapter 7). Chapter 8 is the conclusion. The book is well organized and well researched — and many readers will appreciate the almost meticulous work that went into the preparation of appendices, which are very informative and useful to the general reader, especially if he is interested in understanding Singapore's foreign policy. The author is comfortable in his general analysis and is not given to jumping to conclusions. He knows his subject and writes on a solid foundation of documented facts. In his short introduction the author categorically states that foreign policy is an extension of domestic policy. He is to be commended for doing so. Many foreign policy analysts forget what the former speaker of the US House of Representatives, Tip O'Neil, once so unequivocally stated: "all politics are local". This dictum applies as much to Singapore as it does to the United States. The author argues: Singapore's existence and success derive in part from the PAP's success in the domestic political arena and in part from skilful management of a well-defined foreign policy with clearly identifiable goals and issues. A clear core of realist self-reliance is layered with the domestic demands of a competitive trading state that requires a liberal international trading regime. (p. 2) This is a very succinct observation of Singapore's foreign policy. [End Page 164] The chapters on Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs are interesting as is the chapter on the early days of the country. Once more it is brought to the attention of the reader how vulnerable Singapore was in its early days and how precarious the situation was or might have turned out to be if circumstances had been a bit different. The sensitive issues of seceding from Malaysia and the uncertainties of whether Malaysia would contemplate untoward measures, as well as the uncertainties arising from Indonesia's Konfrontasi under then President Soekarno are described and analysed with a high degree of objectivity, which does credit to the author. The same goes for the chapter on Singapore's Cold War and post–Cold War policy output. There is much to learn for people not having lived during these sometimes nerve-racking years characterized by an unpredictable and threatening political climate. It was difficult to know who your enemy could be, how reliable your partners and allies were — and the American withdrawal from Vietnam followed a few years later by the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia cast a long shadow of non-transparency over foreign policy. Decisions that now look seemingly straightforward were at that time extremely difficult and would have put the nation's survival at stake if policy-makers got them wrong. For a small and newborn nation-state like Singapore these were dangerous waters to navigate in, but as the book shows, the navigators were up to the task and got it right. The two chapters on Singapore's relations with Malaysia and Indonesia are useful reading as...

The Commencement of the Manhattanville Music Curriculum Program: 1957–1966

The period extending from the late 1950s through the 1960s was an era of intensive curriculum reform in United States education history. (1) This period featured an alphabet soup of new curriculum projects in various school subjects: the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS), the Chemical Education Materials Study (CEMS), the Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC), the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), and, in music: the Contemporary Music Project (CMP) and the Manhattanville Music Curriculum Program (MMCP). (2) These new curricula were tested, re-tested, and revised in participating schools. Summer institutes and in-service programs were held to train teachers in the use of new materials and methods. This extensive education reform movement swept through many school subject areas and across the nation. (3) The Manhattanville Program was a major music curriculum reform project undertaken during the 1960s. Contemporary observers view the MMCP as one of the pivotal events in American music education history during the second half of the twentieth century. (4) Nevertheless, no major historical studies of the MMCP have been undertaken to date. All the extant research on the MMCP has been in the form of empirical studies on the effects of local, small-scale applications of MMCP principles and strategies. (5) This study constitutes a first attempt to document some of the history of the MMCP beyond its treatment in general surveys of American music education history, and focuses on an examination of the circumstances and major events that gave impetus to the formation of the MMCP. Involvement of the Federal Government The federal government played a significant role in the school reform movement. The direct impetus for the government's involvement was the Union's launching of the world's first space satellite, Sputnik I, in October 1957. The Soviet Union's triumph in space technology panicked the American people, and public education immediately fell under heavy criticism. Education came to be seen as a matter of the nation's survival in the cold war competition between the Union and the United States. Education reform became one of the most critical concerns of the nation during this post-Sputnik period. (6) Although the U.S. Constitution gives the states responsibility for education, during this period the federal government began to provide strong support for education reform in the form of financial support through educational legislation, beginning soon after the Sputnik event with the National Defense Education Act. During the five-year period 1963-1968, the U.S. Congress enacted twenty-four major pieces of educational legislation. As a result, more substantial funds than ever before were distributed to support education. (7) After Sputnik and until 1963, the federal government directed funding exclusively to the fields of mathematics, science, and modern foreign languages. Arts and humanities education was excluded from federal funding. There was no federal support for summer training for teachers in the arts, although the National Science Foundation sponsored approximately 416 summer institutes for high school teachers of mathematics, physics, and biology in the summer of 1962 alone, and the U. S. Office of Education financed eighty foreign language programs in the same summer. (8) This state of affairs in education curriculum reform took a turn in 1962 when the Kennedy administration established the Cultural Affairs Branch, a precursor of the Arts and Humanities Program, within the Office of Education. Kathryn Bloom was appointed as director. The branch consisted of two staff members, both in the Office of Education: Harold Arberg, a music education specialist, was appointed as the first arts specialist and Richard Grove was appointed museum education specialist. (9) This was a landmark event because for the first time arts education received official recognition within the federal government. …

Developing a Thinking Culture within the Singaporean University Context

This paper addresses the recent initiatives by the Singapore government to foster a thinking culture within the students in the local universities. Based on recent research on learning theories, critical and creative thinking, emotional intelligence, and the development of initiatives set by the local government, we have made suggestions for changes in the infrastructure and curriculum in the university. We emphasize the notion of creating a culture of thinking within the primary, secondary, junior college, and tertiary education, before students can be enculturated to think and learn in the university context. The significance of promoting thinking and learning is discussed and how such skills and dispositions would be of imperative significance to the nation's survival and growth towards a developed status. Descriptors: Critical thinking; creative thinking; thinking skills; tertiary institution; curriculum design.

Mastering Space. Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy

For over two hundred years the domination of some countries by others has been intrinsic to international relations, with national economic and political strength viewed as essential to a nation's survival and global position. Mastering Space identifies the essential features of this state-centredness and suggests an optimistic alternative more in keeping with the contemporary post-Cold War climate. Drawing on recent geopolitical thinking, the authors claim that the dynamism of the international political economy has been obscured through excessive attention on the state as an unchanging actor. Dealing with such topical issues as Japan's rise to economic dominance and America's perceived decline, as well as the global impact of continued geographical change, the book discusses the role of geographical organization in the global political economy, and the impact of increasing economic globalisation and political fragmentation in future international relations. The authors identify the present time as crucial to the global political economy, and explore the possibilities of moving the world from mastering space to real reciprocity between peoples and places. John Agnew is a Professor of Geography at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University. Stuart Corbridge is a lecturer in Geography at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College.

Winged Defense: Airwar, The Law, and Morality

For centuries man has attempted to soften war's effects through moral and legal strictures. Nonetheless, when a nation's survival is at stake, laws and morals are often forgotten. That happened in World War II, and strategic bombing was singled out as being particularly horrible. Unfortunately and for various reasons, attempts to legislate war since then have met with little success. This article argues that the West has not employed airpower either illegally or immorally, and that airwar is not more inhumane or indiscriminate than other forms of war. In fact, as aerial weapons have become increasingly precise, they have acted to dramatically decrease civilian casualties and collateral damage. Rather than attempting to restrict air weapons, which has been the thrust of a number of legal efforts, jurists should instead concentrate on limiting those weapons and means of warfare that are considerably more deadly and destructive.

Modem Chinese Drama and Its Western Models: A Critical Reconstruction of Chinese Subjectivity

The formation and development of modem Chinese spoken drama in the first half of the twentieth century has been intrinsically connected with the profound social and historical transformation of China through traumatic contact with the West. The Opium War in 1840, waged by the British government upon the Chinese Qing dynasty (1644- 1912) with the purpose of making China into a market for British capitalists, led to the Treaty of Nanjing, signed by defeated China in 1842, which legitimized British encroachment upon the Chinese economy and its political sovereignty. Other imperialist powers, such as France and Germany, followed this example; and by 1900, western industrial countries had established claims in 13 out of the 18 provinces of China. Confronted with this situation, some of China's educated elite became acutely aware of the immediate dangers to the nation's survival; leading Chinese writers were forced to recognize first, the necessity to appropriate significant aspects of western science, technology, and ideas, and second, the urgent need to reform China's dynastic political system to meet the demands of self-defense. For the purpose of promoting such a national reawakening, Kunqu (a type of Chinese opera from the South), Peking Opera, and various other Chinese traditional dramatic and ballad forms were used, among other types of media, to convey a sense of crisis and embody the message of reform.

Training in clinical pharmacology.

Clinical pharmacology is only one of many disciplines whose jugular vein has just been slashed by the myopic budgetary decisions of the Nixon administration. The belief that military spending is more crucial to our nation's survival than support of science or the handicapped or the poor is one that strikes many of us as a philosophy of despair.

Energy and the Environment: ABSTRACT

Man's conversion of natural resources to usable forms of energy has resulted in control and modification of segments of the landscape and environment; free movement over the earth, across the seas, and in the sky; and penetration of the solid earth, the oceans, and outer space. The search for energy resources has despoiled segments of the landscape and conversion of fossil fuels and atomic materials to energy has contributed to pollution of the atmosphere, waters, and rocks of the earth. The exponential increase in energy requirements has brought the U.S. to the verge of a crisis not hitherto experienced by the nation. Factors contributing to the situation are (1) lack of a clearly defined, objective, realistic national energy policy; (2) restrictive, unrealistic price controls which inhibit or eliminate much of the financial incentive for exploration for new reserves; and (3) recently, vigorous opposition and actions designed to protect the environment. The earth's landscape and environment have been transients throughout geologic history. Man has accelerated the natural transformation in many cases but decelerated it in others. Man has used science, engineering, and technology to create, as well as to destroy. Realistic and enforceable regulations and laws should be enacted which will permit and encourage exploration and development of energy resources. The ensuing benefits would more than counterbalance the necessary modifications and redesign of the landscape and environment. The national health and welfare--possibly even the nation's survival--are at stake! End_of_Article - Last_Page 1901------------

The Relative Irrelevance of Moral Norms in International Politics

The Relative Irrelevance of Moral Norms in International Politics