National Labor Force Research Articles

Working Conditions and Health Among Italian Ageing Workers

In many European countries requirements for retirement have been tightened, causing an increase in work participation of older workers, in spite their potentially poorer health may limit their work ability. This study aimed at assessing the diffusion of health problems and exposure to unfavorable working conditions among ageing workers in two Italian surveys, as well as comparing them with those observed in the same surveys conducted before the 2011 Italian pension reform tightening the normal retirement age. The 2013 National Health Survey (NHS) and Labour Force Survey (LFS) were employed to assess the prevalence of poor perceived health, health conditions and functional limitations, and of exposure to physical, psychosocial and organization factors at work, among 60–64 years workers. Poisson regression models were used to estimate Prevalence Ratios of health outcomes and unfavorable working conditions in the two surveys, compared to data from the 2005 (NHS) and 2007 (LFS) corresponding surveys, respectively. Among both men and women, approximately one quarter had at least one physical disorder or functional limitations and 15% poor mental health. Exposure to different ergonomic factors (15–30%) and working during unsocial hours (19%) were particularly diffused. A significant increase in the prevalence of functional limitations and of working at night or during unsocial hours was found in 2013, compared to corresponding data from 2005 and 2007, respectively. Our results indicate that exposure to ergonomic and organizational hazards should be reduced among ageing workers, to avoid decreased work ability, health damage or early exit from the labour market.

Determinant of Labor Force Resilience Against The Employment Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic in Bali Province, Indonesia: An Application of Survival Analysis

The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is not only on health problems, but also has a negative impact on economic. The sector that economically worst affected by the pandemic is the tourism and its derivatives. As a result of depending heavily on the tourism sector, Bali is the province with the most labor force that has stopped working during the pandemic. In this study, data from the national labor force survey were analyzed using the Weibull-Gamma Shared Frailty Survival Model to explore the determinants of labor force resilience against the event of stop working due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The results show that gender, education level, experience in training, marital status, and age of labor force are variables that significantly affect on how quickly a labor force experiences an event of stop working. Moreover, variations among regions where they work (regencies/cities) also have a significant effect on stop working acceleration.

Individual and Province-level Determinants of Unemployed NEET as Young People’s Productivity Indicator in Indonesia During 2020: A Multilevel Analysis Approach

Nowadays, employment has become one of the focus of attention for developing countries, including Indonesia. This is one of the urgencies that must be addressed considering that the Indonesian population is entering the demographic divident period. Success in achieving the demographic divident is very dependent on the employment conditions of young people in realizing a low level of dependence. However, obstacles in terms of education and employment are still experienced by youth which can be seen from the percentage of NEET from Year-on-Year (YoY), especially in 2020 it is exacerbated by Covid-19 pandemic. Based on these problems, it is necessary to research NEET in Indonesia in 2020. This study uses 2020 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data which is analyzed by using multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. The unemployed status of young NEETs is influenced by gender, age, marital status, highest education completed, disability status, classification of the area of residence, and recent migrant status. There is a multilevel effect in the NEET assessment of young people as evidenced by the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). The research results are expected to be used as a reference in making policies to optimizing the mismatch program on the pre-employment card to bridge the young age of job seekers with available job opportunities and based on the province-level variable, the province government are expected to maximize the province-level variables that affect the tendency of NEETs to remain active in the labor market. that are targeted towards the NEET problem in Indonesia.

Comparing Voluntary and Involuntary Part Time Female Workers in Maluku

Maluku Province has the third highest average length of schooling (RLS) for women nationally, but the rate of female workers with below normal working hours (part-time workers) is quite high. This study aims to determine the general description of married women age 15-49 years as part-time worker in Maluku and the determinants, also their tendency based on the significant variables using data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) August 2019. The analytical method used is multinomial logistic regression. The results of the study indicate the variables that significantly affect the part-time worker status of married women of reproductive age are employment status, income, and business field. The status of involuntary part-time worker (underemployed) significantly affected by age, work sector, disability, and the presence of toddlers. The status of voluntary part-time workers significantly affected by regional classification and education. The tendency to become underemployed is highest among those who have incomes below the minimum wage, work in agricultural sector, and work in informal sector. Meanwhile, the tendency to become voluntary part-time workers is highest among those who have incomes below the minimum wage, and work in the agricultural sector. So, policy makers must ensure married women get a decent paid job.

Measuring The Gig Economy in Indonesia: Typology, Characteristics, and Distribution

Abstract. Work in the gig economy is defined as short-term and task-based jobs mediated by digital platforms. In Indonesia, the emergence of an online motorcycle taxi driver platform in 2015 marked the discourse about the gig economy as the future alternative of jobs on the one hand, and as a new form of exploitation of labor on the other hand. This study is the first to define the typology of the gig economy and identify the platforms of the gig economy service providers in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study estimates the number of gig economy workers by using micro data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) released by the Central Statistics Agency. It was found that 0.3 to 1.7% of Indonesian workers participated in the gig economy as their primary job. This study also compares the characteristics of gig workers in the transportation sector and in the other service sectors with the overall demographics of the workforce. It was found that gig workers shared more characteristics with the formal workers than with the informal workers. Finally, this study maps the distribution of gig workers throughout Indonesia at the city/district level. It can be concluded that the gig economy is an urban phenomenon. Most gig workers in the transportation sector are concentrated in the provincial capital and in Metropolitan Jakarta. Meanwhile, gig workers in other service sectors are distributed more in tier 2 cities in Java. Keywords: Gig economy, gig worker, digital worker, labor economics, jobs

Освіта як фактор формування людського капіталу та економічного зростання

The main purpose of thе presented article is to outline the role of the education system in the formation of human capital, the development of which is a prerequisite for the economic growth of the country. The article carries out a study of the theory of human capital as a defining component that ensures the process of development and accumulation of human capital, on which, in turn, the competitiveness of the country and its place in the world environment depend. The importance of educational resources in the creation of human capital is disclosed. The role of investments in human capital, and, in particular, in the educational process, is revealed. The relationship between the level of education and the employee’s salary is characterized. The main directions of influence of human education on the economic growth of the country are distinguished. The article specifies some recommendations that will ensure guarantees of the preservation of the education sector as a factor in the formation of high-quality human capital of the country. Education is defined as a fundamental form of investment in human capital. Lifelong education provides conditions for the formation of a qualified young worker as an individual and a professional in the chosen direction of training and further work at any enterprise. The main task of education is to provide the country with high-quality human capital for effective economic growth. Education has a positive influence on the labor market not only because it increases the competitiveness of workers, but because it accumulates potentially unoccupied young people. It is emphasized that the development of education and training contributes to solving such important tasks of socioeconomic development as accelerating the pace of economic growth, mitigating inequality in the distribution of incomes, improving the quality of the national labor force, directly reducing unemployment and preventing it in the future.

Demographic dividend in Saudi Arabia: From age structural changes to economic gains

Aim/purpose – The demographic dividend, defined as the proportion of working age to the rest of the population, is an opportunity seen mainly in developing countries, result- ing from demographic transition. Efforts to maximize gains from it are crucial, especial- ly for the Arabian Gulf states, where labor force demands are met at the danger of native youth unemployment that leads to issues of human resources utilization. This research on Saudi Arabian demographic dividend aims at tracking changes in the age structure, labor force participation, and prospects leading to economic gains. Design/methodology/approach – Data from various sources such as censuses (1974, 1992, 2004, and 2010), national labor force surveys 1999-2017 and United Nations (UN) Population Prospects are compiled and statistically analyzed with a historical approach for calculations of age distribution, median age, and labor force participation adopting standard procedures. Findings – An age structural transition occurred: percentage of population 15-64 years increased from 47.2% to 67.3%, increasing the dividend from 89.6% to 205.5%. This influenced the labor force’s sectoral distribution, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per working age population. Research implications/limitations – The dividend’s first phase, since 2000, is expected to last until 2050, followed by the second dividend which may last longer. Along with the dividend, there shall be policies executed to reap the benefits, including scientifically planned recruitment of potential candidates in various professions, both in public and private sectors. Originality/value/contribution – This research concerns a population, which is unex- plored in detail, especially at a macro level. Thus, such an in-depth analysis seeks im- portance in revealing special demographic dimensions to a wider international audience. There are no such studies conducted in Saudi Arabia, with a national perspective helpful for revamping efforts to boost labor force reforms and to make maximum gain during the short-lived demographic dividend period. Keywords: demographic transition, accounting effect, age-sex structure, labor force, median age. JEL Classification: B55, J10.

Determinants of Commuter Worker Income in South Sulawesi during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The development and ease of access to transportation in South Sulawesi Province opens up opportunities for the workforce to work in areas that are administratively different from their residence as commuters. Commuter workers tend to increase every year. When Covid-19 hit the economy in Indonesia, te government issued various policies to suppress the spread of the Covid-19 virus. One of them is by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) which was also adapted by the South Sulawesi Provincial Government. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on commuter workers is still not a concern, especially even though the restrictions on economic and social activities have a significant impact on the working hours and income of commuter workers. This study determines the factors that affect the income of commuter workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of the August 2020 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data processing, it shows that the income received by commuter workers during the Covid-19 pandemic is influenced by the variables of working hours, business fields, employment status, policies for implementing Work from Home, education level and gender.

Lama Mencari Kerja di Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Analisis Survival

Unemployment hurts society. During this period of unemployment, job seekers will use their savings/assets. As long as the unemployment period has not ended, job seekers will need more of these savings/assets to meet their needs. This study aims to determine the effect of job seekers based on gender, age, and education level on how long they can get a job in Indonesia. This study uses the National Labor Force Survey Panel data set (SAKERNAS PANEL 2017) through a survival analysis approach with Cox Proportional Hazard Regression. The results showed that unproductive age and higher education level would extend the length of time job seekers was looking for work.

Lama Mencari Kerja di Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Analisis Survival

Unemployment hurts society. During this period of unemployment, job seekers will use their savings/assets. As long as the unemployment period has not ended, job seekers will need more of these savings/assets to meet their needs. This study aims to determine the effect of job seekers based on gender, age, and education level on how long they can get a job in Indonesia. This study uses the National Labor Force Survey Panel data set (SAKERNAS PANEL 2017) through a survival analysis approach with Cox Proportional Hazard Regression. The results showed that unproductive age and higher education level would extend the length of time job seekers was looking for work.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

Do “inferior” jobs always suffer from a wage penalty? Evidence from temporary workers in Cambodia and Pakistan

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the wage gap between temporary and permanent workers in Pakistan and Cambodia.Design/methodology/approachQuantile regression estimator is likely to be the most relevant to the sample.FindingsThe estimates indicate the presence of a temporary employment wage penalty in Pakistan and contrarily a wage premium in Cambodia. Moreover, quantile regression estimates show that wage differentials could greatly vary across the wage distribution. The wage gap is wider at the bottom of the wage distribution in Pakistan, suggesting a sticky floor effect that the penalty of being in temporary jobs could be more severe for disadvantaged workers. By contrast, a glass ceilings effect is found in Cambodia, indicating that the wage premium is small at the bottom and becomes high at the top of the pay ladder.Originality/valueDespite the rise of temporary jobs in the past several decades, the empirical evidence on wage differentials between temporary and permanent workers is extremely limited in developing Asian countries. This paper is the first research work that systematically examines the temporary-permanent wage gap in selected Asian countries, based on their National Labor Force Survey data.

PENGARUH UMUR, JENIS KELAMIN, JAM KERJA, STATUS PEKERJAAN DAN PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN TENAGA KERJA DI KOTA PADANG

This study aims to determine and analyze how the influence of age, gender, working hours, employment status and education on the income of workers in the city of Padang. The types and sources of data in this study are from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS in 2019. In this study, multiple regression analysis was used to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable with the number of samples used as many as 912 workers. The results of this study indicate that age has a positive and significant effect on labor incomein Padang City, gender has a positive and significant effect on labor income in Padang City, working hours have a positive and significant effect on labor income in Padang City, employment status has a positive effect. and significant to the income of workers in the city of Padang, education also affects the income of workers in the city of Padang.

Who Are The Workers Impacted By The Covid-19 Pandemics? An Analysis of the National Labor Force Survey in Central Sulawesi

The Covid-19 pandemic is a global problem that has a negative impact on the employment sector. Many workers become unemployed or experience reduced working hours due to the impact of company policies. According to BPS (2020), in August 2020 the unemployment rate increased by 0.66 points or by 12.39 thousand people compared to the previous year. This problem also occurs in Central Sulawesi. This study examines individual characteristics and job characteristics inherent in workers in Central Sulawesi based on status affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Using data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) and using a quantitative approach, this study examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on workers based on their characteristics. We applied a descriptive analysis using a contingency table to calculate the proportion, relative risk (RR), and odds ratio (OR). The results obtained are that the workers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are mostly adult workers, educated workers, formal workers, working in the tertiary sector, and coming from urban areas.

Tingkat Pengembalian Investasi Pendidikan Tinggi Lulusan Program Studi STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, dan Mathematics)

This study aims to analyze the rate of return on investment in higher education for graduates of STEM study programs using data from the 2019 National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS). This study uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with a two-step Heckman approach. The result is that the highest rate of return on investment for STEM graduates occurs at the master's level and the rate of return on investment for female STEM graduates is higher than that of men. STEM study programs have a stereotype, namely study programs with expensive costs and requirements for masculinity, therefore it is necessary to increase the number of scholarships, especially in postgraduate programs and provide equal opportunities for men and women to study and work in the STEM field.

Double Roles of Married Working Women in Indonesia: For Better or For Worse

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality, and decent work and economic growth. Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality, and decent work and economic growth. Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

Work From Home in The Era Covid-19 Pandemic: The Analysis and Impact of It

How many workers in East Java can do their work from home? Is working from home supported by sufficient infrastructure and knowledge? What about workers who cannot do their jobs from home? What are their risks to the economic and health impacts of working outside the home? Then, where should policies be taken to reduce the effects of COVID-19 on the economy, especially the workforce? This study tries to provide answers to some of these questions by analyzing the 2021 National Labor Force Survey data and other secondary data. With the main analytical methods in the form of factor analysis, cluster analysis, and binary logistic regression, this study resulted in the classification of people working with WFH and non-WFH in East Java along with their characteristics in the form of digital needs, income, education, and risk of COVID-19 exposure. Another finding from this study is that people who work with non-WFH, female workers, youth, and low education have a greater tendency to be affected by COVID-19 in their economic activities.

Inequality and economic development: a test of the feminization hypothesis in selected African countries

This paper examines the gender inequality and economic development nexus for eight selected African countries. Data for the study were collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators for the period 1994−2018. The study employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model and an error correction mechanism to ascertain the relationship that exists between the variables of interest. To measure the socio-economic and political status of women in the selected African countries, we focus on the following two indicators: female labor force participation, and the proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament. Our findings are inconsistent for different countries. On one hand, we find that in the long run female labor force participation enhances economic development in the following countries: Botswana, Egypt, and Mauritius. On the other hand, the results reveal that the number of female members in the national parliament and female labor force participation decline with advances in economic development in Tunisia and Gabon. We propose that policies that increase women’s access to higher education, female labor force participation, and women's representation in the political space are imperative for women’s empowerment and economic development in Africa.