National Labor Force Research Articles

Analisis Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Pasar Tenaga Kerja Wanita yang Bekerja di Sumatera Barat

This research uses secondary data sourced from the SAKERNAS National Labor Force Survey, (2022) from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. This research aims to determine the influence of education, marital status, age, and regional on female workers working in West Sumatra. This type of research is quantitative research. This research uses the Logistic Regression analysis method. Based on the results of the analysis and hypothesis testing, it was found that the Education and Region variables had a positive and significant influence on the female workforce working in West Sumatra. Meanwhile, the age variable had a negative and significant influence on the female workforce working in West Sumatra, then the Marital Status variable was not significant on the workforce. Women working in West Sumatra.

Labor income gap by gender in the Dominican Republic: An analysis of its evolution in the period 2000–2021

The labor income gap between men and women in Latin America remains a barrier to achieving gender equality and sustainable development. In the Dominican Republic, this gap is particularly prevalent in the informal sector, among self employed workers, and in regions with higher female labor participation. Despite women often having a better job profile than men, the gap persists, pointing to the presence of gender biases. This paper aims to analyze the gender-based labor income gap in the Dominican Republic from 2000 to 2021, using data from the National Labor Force Surveys conducted by the National Statistics Office (ONE) and harmonized by the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB). Two models are employed for this analysis: the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and the Ñopo decomposition. The primary contribution of this paper lies in its long-term analysis of the gap, which provides insight into how it has evolved over time. The findings reveal a significant and statistically substantial labor income gap that cannot be explained by factors such as work experience or economic sector, suggesting that the causes are likely normative or discriminatory. The gap is most pronounced in the informal sector, among self-employed workers, and in regions with higher female labor participation. Although the analysis spans two decades, no clear trend of increase or decrease in the gap was observed. However, the unexplained portion of the gap has widened considerably, indicating a need for further investigation to understand and address this disparity.

Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET): Evidence from National Labor Force Survey 2018

This study aims to examine and analyze the socio-demographic, socio-economic, and regional characteristics that influence an individual on being Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET). The data is from the February 2018 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) and analysed using binary logistic regression with descriptive and inferential approach. The descriptive results show that socio-demographic characteristics such as female, married, and having disability tend to become NEET. Socio-economic characteristics such as graduating from high school and living with an employed household head also tend to become NEET. Furthermore, regional characteristics such as living in rural area and living in area outside Java Island tend to become an NEET. Meanwhile, the inferential results show that female, married, having disability, not graduating from school, living with an unemployed household head, living in rural area, and living in Java Island have significant effect on the chances of becoming NEET

Gender Disparities in Kazakhstan’s Labor Market: Evidence from the Quality Employment

Gender disparities in the labor market have remained a critical area of economic research, particularly in understanding how men and women experience different employment conditions. This study aims to assess the quality of employment for men and women, focusing on the multidimensional quality of jobs, including formal and informal employment, unemployment, and access to highly qualified professions. The research employs a standardized approach using Z-scores to analyze deviations from average labor market indicators across genders, enabling a comparative evaluation of employment trends over the past decade. Data were drawn from national labor force statistics, covering a wide range of indicators such as labor force participation, employment rates, unemployment, and sectoral distribution. The results of the study show significant gender differences. The average level of the involvement of women in the labor force during the study period was 64.96%, while for men this figure reached 76.38%. The employment rate among women was 4.5% lower on average compared to men, and for women in informal employment, it was 20.16% versus 20.76% for men. Women also showed a higher unemployment rate: 5.71% versus 4.36% for men. The study also highlights the impact of external economic shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on labor market dynamics, exacerbating gender disparities. Future research should focus on developing policies that reduce informal employment and increase job stability for women. Further study of the long-term effects of global economic crises on gender differences in the quality of employment is also necessary to develop effective measures.

Analisis Faktor Sosial Demografi terhadap Tenaga Kerja Provinsi Gorontalo

This research aims to analyze (i) the influence of gender on workers' income (ii) the influence of marital status on the income of formal and informal sector workers (iii) the influence of education level on the income of formal and informal sector workers (iv) the influence of area of residence. On the income of formal and informal sector workers in Gorontalo Province. The data used in this research is secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency obtained from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS). This research uses logistic regression analysis (multinomial) The results of this research show that socio-demographic factors with indicators of gender, marital status, education level and area of residence have a positive and significant influence on the income of formal and informal sector workers, meaning that every 1 percent increase in socio-demographic factors can increase labor income in Gorontalo Province.

Karakteristik Pekerjaan Utama terhadap Sektor Informal dan Sektor Formal di Provinsi Gorontalo

This study aims to analyze (i) the magnitude of the influence of working hours on labor income (ii) the magnitude of the influence of employment status on labor (iii) the magnitude of the influence of training on labor income (iv) the magnitude of the influence of training/courses on data Labor income used in this research is secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency obtained from the National Labor Force Survey. This research uses Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis. The results of this research show that the influence of main work with indicators of working hours, employment status, training certificates, and training/courses has a positive and significant influence on the income of workers in the informal and formal sectors, meaning that every 1 percent increase in main workers can increase the income of workers in the informal and formal sectors. Formal in Gorontalo Province.

Analyzing the Factors Influencing Green Job Participation and Income Effects Using National Labor Force Data

This study is focused on two main objectives: 1) to analyze the factors that influence the possibility of individuals working in the green job sector in Indonesia, and 2) to analyze the effects of green jobs on individuals’ income. Using data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS), the study employed (1) logistic regression to examine the factors that determine an individual's likelihood of getting a green job, (2) regression analyses based on Heckman selection bias correction to see the effects of green jobs on workers' income. The results show that the characteristics of green jobs in Indonesia are dominated by young and prime-age male workers with low education and experience, with no physical or mental health problems. From the welfare perspective, green workers tend to have higher income levels than those of workers employed in the non-green job sector. This research fills a significant gap, as studies on green jobs in Indonesia—particularly those focusing on wage levels—are scarce. Therefore, it is crucial to develop tailored policy strategies that address green job creation, benefiting both environmental quality and the labor market. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-03-014 Full Text: PDF

THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MARRIED WOMEN'S LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FROM SAKERNAS

This study aims to analyze the effect of human capital on the tendency of married women to enter the labor market. With 149,508 samples from the National Labor Force Survey, this study uses a binary logistic regression analysis technique with several modifications to grouping samples based on rural – urban categories, and types of work. This study found that in general observation, the tendency to work increased in the group of women with higher education (diploma and university) although not significantly. The same thing was also found in both the rural and urban classifications. Furthermore, in the classification based on the type of work, only in the type of work employees/staff/laborers of secondary and higher education both increase the tendency to work. Women with higher education were found to be more likely to work after marriage, indicated by a higher odds ratio than women with secondary education. The same effect was not found in the type of work self-employed, casual workers, or family workers. The findings of this study imply that on average to the secondary level, education does not affect the participation of married women in the labor market in Indonesia, but only in higher education and formal employment.

Analysis of Millennial Unemployment Among Higher Education Graduates in West Java in 2022

In August 2022, Indonesia has an open unemployment rate (TPT) of 5,86 percent with the highest province, West Java at 8,31 percent, which is still quite far from the target of the 2020?2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) of 3,6?4,3 percent. This situation is exacerbated by the highly educated labour force (diplomas and bachelors) which is only absorbed by 11,81 percent, and the percentage of highly educated millennial unemployment covered by the age of 25?44 years is 46,1 percent. This study was conducted to analyze the general picture and variables that affect millennial unemployment of university graduates in West Java in 2022 using the firth logit method. The data used is raw data from the August 2022 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) in West Java. The results of this study are 3.61 percent who have the status of unemployed millennial college graduates, then there are variables of marital status, ownership of training certificates, and work experience have a significant effect on the unemployment status of millennial college graduates in West Java in 2022.

The Impact Of The Pre-Employment Card Program On Labor Force Participation In Indonesia (A Post-Covid-19 Analysis)

This study aims to examine the changes in labor absorption, particularly post-COVID-19, influenced by the Pre-Employment Card Program and sociodemographic characteristics. The main variable, the Pre-Employment Card Program, is analyzed based on recipients' status or those who have participated in training and received incentives. Sociodemographic characteristics include three variables: gender (using a dummy variable), education level (seven equivalent education levels), and age (25 to 44 years). Data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) for February 2022, conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Indonesia, is utilized. With a sample of 76,363 respondents aged 25 to 44 years, the study employs the binomial logit method to assess the influence of independent variables on changes in employment status. The results indicate that: a) the Pre-Employment Card Program has a smaller impact on employment compared to other variables, b) males are more likely to be employed than females post-pandemic, c) higher education levels increase the likelihood of employment, and d) older individuals are more likely to be employed or remain employed post-pandemic compared to younger individuals.

What explains the provision of health insurance by Indonesian employers? A trend analysis of the National Labour Force Survey 2018-2022.

Indonesian laws mandate that every employer should provide health insurance and work accident insurance to their employees. Nevertheless, there is a significant gap in the coverage of employer-sponsored insurance among Indonesian workers. This study examines the coverage of employer-sponsored insurance and work accident insurance and analyses the characteristics of the uninsured working population in Indonesia. We analysed nationally representative cross-sectional data from the National Labour Force Survey (NLFS) conducted between 2018 and 2022. The primary dependent variable was the provision of health insurance and work accident insurance by employers. The independent variables included having any physical disabilities, number of working hours, duration of employment, labour union membership, earning at least the provincial minimum wage, having a written contract and working in high risk jobs. Logistic regression was employed using the R statistical software. The findings indicate that coverage of employer-sponsored health insurance is low in Indonesia-ranging from 36.1% in 2018 to 38.4% in 2022. Workers with a written contract, earning at least the provincial minimum wage, were members of a labour union, employed for at least 5 years and working more than 40 hours a week were more likely to be insured. By contrast, workers who had physical disabilities or were employed in high-risk jobs were less likely to be insured. Our study concludes that having a written employment contract is the single most influential factor that explains the provision of employer-sponsored health insurance in Indonesia. The country's labour laws should therefore formalize the provision of written employment contracts for all workers regardless of the type and nature of work. The existing laws on health insurance and work accident insurance should be enforced to ensure that employers meet their constitutionally mandated obligation of providing these types of insurance to their workers, particularly those engaged in high risk jobs.

Comparative Study of Predictive Classification Models on Data with Severely Imbalanced Predictors

Analysing pre-COVID-19 unemployment in West Java is vital for comprehending and tackling Indonesia’s economic challenges. This significance arises not only due to the region’s high unemployment rate, but also from the need to understand unemployment patterns before COVID-19, which has become more relevant now during the country’s post-pandemic recovery phase. This study evaluates four machine learning models (Random Forest, Linear SVM, RBF SVM, and Polynomial SVM) to classify employment status using demographic and job-related variables. The objective is to find the most suitable model, particularly considering the imbalanced nature of the study-case data. Data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) in August 2019 is utilized, comprising 54,429 respondents across districts in West Java. The four models are evaluated using holdout validation with a 70:30 stratified proportion, repeated for 100 times. Results indicate that the random forest model outperforms others in balanced accuracy, F1-score, and computational time. The random forest model also underscores the importance of gender and age in classifying employment status in West Java, suggesting a need for targeted intervention, especially for female citizens and individuals in productive age groups.

Factors Affecting the Participation Rate of Women in the Labor Force in Lima Puluh Kota Regency Using Probit Regression Analysis

Labor currently plays a very important role in a country's economy. In the labour sector, women still experience discrimination, which causes the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women to remain low compared to men. The LFPR of men in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota is higher than the LFPR of women. In 2022, the female LFPR was 63.75%, meaning that of the total labour force, around 63.75% of them were working or looking for work. This study aims to determine the factors that influence women's participation in the labour force in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. This research is applied using the probit regression analysis method. The data used is secondary data, which is microdata from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS). Based on the results of the analysis, the factors that influence the level of women's participation in the labour force in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota in 2022 are education level, age, job training status, and status as head of household.

The Factors of Influence the Risk of Abnormal Working Hours for the Workforce in Batam City

This study aims to analyze how factors such as education, age, employment status and gender affect the risk of abnormal working hours (outside the range of 38-42 hours) in Batam City. The data used is secondary data whose data source comes from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) in 2022. The number of eligible samples was 3080 family heads. Data processing for analysis in this study used SPSS version 25. The analysis method used is descriptive and inferential analysis. The results revealed that 79.80% of household heads in Batam City work with abnormal working hours. The findings show that education level and age are variables that significantly influence the risk of abnormal working hours. Age variable with the largest odds ratio value is the most influential variable to the risk of abnormal working hours in Batam City. It can be concluded that family heads who have low education level and/or unproductive age can cause the risk of abnormal working hours.

Flexible labor, innovation regimes and the erosion of the Japanese model: Evidence from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure

Due to labor market reforms around 2003–4, Japan has a growing group of ‘non-regular’ workers who are easy to fire, and have poor carrier perspectives. This marks a break with the traditional Japanese model of life-time employment that allowed for intensive in-company training and commitment of personnel. Drawing from a national wage structure survey, we find indications that employment of non-regular workers has a negative impact on productivity (proxied by wages), this negative impact being largest under innovation regimes that require a high cumulativeness of knowledge. Our findings are consistent with neo-Schumpeterian research in Europe which concluded that certain labor market rigidities, while being undesirable from a neoclassical perspective, can be useful to innovation. Our paper confirms the impression from earlier research that structural reforms of labor markets along supply-side lines are likely to be one of the reasons for a substantial decline of productivity growth in major OECD countries since about 2004/05.

Comparing labor market performance of vocational and general school graduates in Indonesia: insights from stable and crisis conditions

This study seeks to investigate the association between distinct tracks of secondary education—namely, vocational school (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, SMK) and general school (Sekolah Menengah Atas, SMA)—and two key labor market outcomes: the duration required for graduates to attain their initial employment and their resilience in the face of pandemic, as measured by changes in average monthly income. While the former sheds light on the outcome under typical circumstances, the latter offers valuable insights into the outcome during periods of crisis. Focused on Indonesia, this research employs Heckman two-step model alongside ordinary least square (OLS) for the first outcome and ordered probit regression for the second. The research draws upon data extracted from the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional, SAKERNAS). Our results suggest that SMK provides an advantage in securing initial employment compared to SMA, with SMK graduates entering the workforce earlier than their counterparts. Moreover, in terms of resilience during the pandemic, as evidenced by changes in income, SMK graduates exhibit greater resilience, with a higher likelihood of maintaining or even increasing their income compared to SMA graduates. These findings offer valuable implications for both theoretical understanding and practical considerations.

Characteristics Of Youth Unemployment: Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia

This research aims to investigate the characteristics of young unemployment before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia, as well as to identify changes in the characteristics of young unemployment during this period. Young unemployment refers to individuals within the labor force, actively seeking employment, aged between 15 and 24 years, and not attending school. The study utilizes raw data from the Indonesian National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) for the periods of August 2019 and 2020. To achieve these objectives, a binary logistic regression analysis with interaction effects is employed. The research findings indicate that young individuals within the labor force who are characterized as female, unmarried, have attained a minimum level of high school education, have not participated in any training, and possess work experience are more likely to experience unemployment before and during the covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the occurrence of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 has indeed had a significant impact on youth unemployment in Indonesia. The changes in the characteristics of youth unemployment during the pandemic are observed among young individuals within the labor force who are unmarried, have work experience, and reside in rural areas.

Analysis of Variables Affecting The Risk of Inadequate Income in Bandarlampung City

This study aims to analyze how the influence of education level, number of working hours and work experience on the risk of inadequate income (below the minimum wage) in Bandar Lampung City. The type of data used is secondary data. The types and sources of data are from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from the results of the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) in 2022. The number of eligible samples was 1,108 workers. The analytical tool used in this research is SPSS version 18. In this study, binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the dependent’s probability value by considering the independent variables’ fluctuation. The results show that education level and working hours are variables that significantly affect labor income in Bandarlampung City. The level of education with the largest odds ratio value is the most influential variable on labor income in Bandarlampung City

Determinants of Informal Sector Workers' Income in Mataram City

The informal sector is important for people whose economic level is less. So this informal sector can be used as a job and source of income and maximise profits by working on activities in the informal sector. This study aims to analyse the determinants of income of informal sector workers in Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara. This study uses multiple linear regression method and quantitative approach to examine the impact of variables such as education level, training, gender, and working time on the income of informal sector workers in Mataram City. A sample of 180 people was selected through purposive sampling, with the main data coming from Statistics Indonesia and the 2022 National Labour Force Survey. The results show that training individually has a negative and significant impact on the income of informal sector workers in Mataram City, while working time has a positive and significant impact. However, education and gender have no significant impact individually. Overall, the variables of education, training, gender, and working time simultaneously have a positive and significant impact on the income of informal sector workers in Mataram City.

DETERMINAN KEPUTUSAN PEKERJA USIA MUDA BEKERJA PADA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DAN NON-PERTANIAN (STUDI PADA PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)

Structural transformation of the economy from traditional to modern systems will also be followed by massive structural migration of the workforce. The lack of innovation and added value in the agricultural sector has reduced the interest of young workers to work in the agricultural sector. The reform era caused the position of the agricultural sector as the basis sector in the Indonesian economy to be replaced by the non-agricultural sector which caused the paradigm of national economic development to change. East Java as one of the provinces with a large contribution to agriculture in Indonesia has also experienced a decline in terms of workforce in the agricultural sector. This study attempts to detect the determinants that impact on the workforce's decision to work in the agricultural or non-agricultural sectors. Using data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) from 38 districts/cities in East Java Province and using the Logit Regression analysis method, this study found that all the variables in the model have a significant influence on the decision to work in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.