National Action Research Articles

The Foreign Policy Behaviour of the Nationalist Action Party in Türkiye: Aspirations, Actions, and Limitations

The Foreign Policy Behaviour of the Nationalist Action Party in Türkiye: Aspirations, Actions, and Limitations

Trajectory of microplastic particles with 2-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling approach at Pekalongan waters, Central Java, Indonesia.

This research aims to understand the extent of microplastic contamination in Pekalongan waters, Central Java, and its potential impact on fishing grounds, aligning with Indonesia's National Action Plan for Handling Marine Debris 2018-2025. The study employs a 2D hydrodynamics modelling approach with Mike 21 Software to map the spatial distribution of microplastic movement concerning fishing areas during the west and east monsoon seasons. The results showed that microplastic particles follow tidal currents in Pekalongan waters, with their movement influenced by factors such as current, wind, and tidal conditions. The trajectory of microplastics entering fishing ground areas poses potential contamination risk for fish caught by fishermen, threatening the health of marine ecosystems and the stability of their structure and function.

Coverage of policies to improve antimicrobial stewardship in human medicine in low and middle income countries: results from the Global Survey of Experts on Antimicrobial Resistance

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a major threat to global health. While antimicrobial misuse or overuse is one of the main drivers for AMR, little is known about the extent to which antibiotic misuse is due to a lack of national government-led efforts to enforce rational use in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsTo assess antimicrobial stewardship and national implementation measures currently in place for optimizing antimicrobial use and for slowing the spread of AMR, we invited public health experts from 138 LMICs to participate in a Global Survey of Experts on Antimicrobial Resistance (GSEAR). Key coverage measures, as reported by experts, were compared across countries and also juxtaposed with estimates collected in the 2020-21 World Health Organization-organized Tripartite AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS).ResultsA total of 352 completed surveys from 118 LMICs were analysed. Experts in 67% of the surveyed countries reported a national action plan (NAP) on AMR, 64% reported legislative policies on antimicrobial use, 58% reported national training programs for health professionals, and 10% reported national monitoring systems for antimicrobials. 51% of LMICs had specific targeted policies to limit the sale and use of protected or reserve antibiotics. While 72% of LMICs had prescription requirements for accessing antibiotics, getting antibiotics without a prescription was reported to be possible in practice in 74% of LMICs. On average, country efforts reported in TrACSS were substantially higher than those seen in GSEAR.ConclusionsIn many LMICs, despite the existence of policies aimed at slowing down the spread of AMR, there are still significant gaps in their implementation and enforcement. Increased national efforts in the areas of enforcement and monitoring of antibiotic use as well as regular monitoring of national efforts are urgently needed to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in LMICs and to slow the spread of AMR globally.

A procedure for surveillance data-driven risk assessment to inform Campylobacter risk-based control

In this study is presented a procedure for surveillance data-driven risk assessment, which can be used to inform inter-sectorial Campylobacter risk-based control, e.g. within National Action Plans and One Health (OH) systems. Campylobacter surveillance data (2019 to 2022) and a published quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model were used, to show the procedure. Moreover, an interface tool was developed in Excel for showing descriptive statistics on measured apparent flock prevalence (AP) and concentrations (colony forming units per gram, cfu/g) on the meat, together with their related QMRA outputs. Currently (mid-2024), Danish fresh broiler meat is produced by four slaughterhouse companies (A, B, C and D), where approximately 30 % of the annually slaughtered broiler flocks are randomly culture tested, on one leg skin (LS) sample per flock sampled from chilled carcasses. Data variables were: date of sampling, farm-ID, within farm house-ID, flock-ID, slaughterhouse name, sample-ID, and Campylobacter concentrations. Flocks were classified as carcass positive with a concentration ≥ 10 cfu/g. The data was fed into the QMRA model to assess: a) the average risk of human campylobacteriosis per serving (during a month or year), and b) the monthly/annual risk of 2022 relative (RR) to the baseline (average) risk from the previous three years. The descriptive statistics and the risk assessment (RA) were carried out at national level and for each slaughterhouse. In 2022, the national RR was 1.03, implying that the average annual risk increased by approximately 3 % compared to the baseline. Nevertheless, for slaughterhouses A, B and D, the annual risk decreased by ≈ 22 %, 21 % and 43 %, respectively; whereas for slaughterhouse C it increased by 48 %. Monthly risk estimates showed seasonal variations, according to the visualized changes of AP and meat contaminations. The national monthly RR was >1 in July and from September to December. During those months: slaughterhouse C had always RR > 1, slaughterhouse A had a relative increase of risk in July, slaughterhouse B in July and November, and slaughterhouse D in October and December. The procedure and the tools used in this study, allow identifying the impact of seasonality and food-chain stages (i.e. slaughterhouses and their broilers sourcing farms) on the risk per serving, so that Campylobacter risk-based control could be implemented accordingly, from farm to fork, across consecutive surveillance periods. The same principles could be applied in other countries, food chains, and/or for other foodborne pathogens, when similar data and QMRA models are available.

Review on antibiotic pollution dynamics: insights to occurrence, environmental behaviour, ecotoxicity, and management strategies.

Antibiotic contamination poses a significant global concern due to its far-reaching impact on public health and the environment. This comprehensive review delves into the prevalence of various antibiotic classes in environmental pollution and their interactions with natural ecosystems. Fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides have emerged as prevalent contaminants in environmental matrices worldwide. The concentrations of these antibiotics vary across diverse environments, influenced by production practices, consumer behaviours, and socio-economic factors. Low- and low-middle-income countries face unique challenges in managing antibiotic contamination, with dominant mechanisms like hydrolysis, sorption, and biodegradation leading to the formation of toxic byproducts. Ecotoxicity reports reveal the detrimental effects of these byproducts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, further emphasizing the gravity of the issue. Notably, monitoring the antibiotic parent compound alone may be inadequate for framing effective control and management strategies for antibiotic pollution. This review underscores the imperative of a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach to address environmental antibiotic contamination and combat antimicrobial resistance. It also advocates for the development and implementation of tailored national action plans that consider specific environmental conditions and factors. Thus, an approach is crucial for safeguarding both public health and the delicate balance of our natural ecosystems.

The influence of high strain rates on mechanical properties and microstructure of CuCrZr alloy under strong current carrying condition

The extreme condition of high-speed metal deformation under intense current flow is commonly encountered in the realms of national defense, military, and industry. However, there has always been a lack of effective research method for the micro deformation mechanism of metal under this extreme condition. We have developed a high current and high strain rate tensile (HCHST) testing platform based on RC circuits, which is used to research the micro-deformation mechanisms of CuCrZr alloy under this extreme condition. The dynamic tensile tests of CuCrZr alloy at different high strain rates (1401s−1, 2957 s−1, 5503 s−1, 8012 s−1) under the high current density (6550 A/mm2) condition were conducted using the HCHST experimental platform. The mechanical properties and microstructure of CuCrZr alloy under the HCHST were analyzed by combining TEM and EBSD. The research results indicate that the microhardness of the alloy in the HCHST #1 environment (6550 A/mm2,1401s−1) is almost the same as the original state. This is attributed to the strong current promoting the movement of dislocations and reducing the accumulation of dislocations. Under condition like HCHST#1, the dislocation annihilation rate and dislocation formation rate of CuCrZr alloy almost reach equilibrium. At higher strain rates, the dislocation multiplication rate is much higher than the dislocation annihilation rate caused by strong current. This imbalance leads to dislocation entanglement and the formation of dislocation cells, resulting in an increase in the microhardness of the material. Additionally, EBSD was used to analyze the changes in grain size, average volume fraction of LAGBs, average KAM value, and texture of the samples, further verifying the dislocation evolution and microhardness changes of copper alloys under HCHST conditions. Our research results provide strong theoretical for the application of CuCrZr in the field of electrical thermal mechanical coupling.

The Relationship Between Knowledge of Dental Caries and the Incidence of Dental Caries in Pregnant Women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang, Madura

Problem: Based on primary data collected from pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency, the average DMF-T score was 5.37, indicating that dental caries in pregnant women is still in the high category. This has not yet reached the target set in the National Action Plan (RAN), where the DMF-T value should be 4.1 for all ages. Research Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge about caries and the high incidence of dental caries in pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency. Research Method: This research is an analytical study using a cross-sectional method, with a sample of pregnant women visiting Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency, from January to March 2024. The data collection instruments used were a questionnaire to measure knowledge about dental caries and a DMF-T examination sheet to identify caries. The analysis technique used was Spearman's rho test. Results: There is a relationship between knowledge about caries and the high incidence of dental caries in pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance trends of pathogens causing urinary tract infections in Mwanza, Tanzania: A comparative study during and after the implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-2022)

ObjectivesTo delineate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends of pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) during (June 2019-June 2020) and after (March-July 2023) the implementation of the National Action Plan on AMR 2017-2022 in Mwanza, Tanzania. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 2097 patients with clinical symptoms of UTIs during (n = 1144) and after (n = 953) the National Action Plan on AMR 2017-2022. Quantitative urine culture was done to isolate significant bacteria causing UTI, which were then identified to the species level and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Tabulations, descriptive, and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze categorical and continuous variables, as well as the association between outcome and independent variables. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤0.05 at a 95% confidence interval (CI). ResultsThe overall prevalence of culture-positive UTIs was 22.8% (479 of 2097; 95% CI: 21.1-24.7%), with no significant difference between the study periods (21.8% [249 of 1144; 95% CI: 19.5-24.3%]) vs 24.1% (230 of 953; 95% CI: 21.5-26.9%), P = 0.274). We observed a significant increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin (32.0% vs 45.8%, P = 0.0481) and third-generation cephalosporins (marked by extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales [ESBL-PE], 38.7% vs 56.9%, P = 0.0307). Additionally, UTIs caused by ESBL-PE is significantly common among patients in higher-tier hospitals (58.4% vs 34.0%; OR [95% CI]: 2.51 [1.41-4.48], P = 0.002). ConclusionsThere was a significant increase in bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as ESBL-PE. These results emphasize the critical need to enhance AMR surveillance, improve infection prevention and control measures, and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programs.

What progress has resulted since the Safeguarding Adults Review concerning the deaths of Joanna, Jon and Ben?

PurposeThe author, who is Chair of Norfolk’s Safeguarding Adults’ Board (SAB) reflects on the impact of a Safeguarding Adults Review (SAR) and the actions that resulted. The purpose of the paper is to provide an insight into a significant SAR and the resulting actions desinged to change practice.Design/methodology/approachThe actions illuminate the power of hospitals and politicians over people’s lives. It took the deaths of three young adults with learning disabilities, in a hospital, to move beyond the status quo and organise some very different service responses.Findings“Progress summits” have considered local and national actions. There have been important gains and setbacks, including the delayed reform of the Mental Health Act. Despite uncertainties, SAB can be detonators to listening and taking action.Originality/valueThis is a unique insight into the impact of a Safeguarding Adults Review and the actions that resulted from this.

Combating obesity in Southeast Asia countries: current status and the way forward

Obesity is gaining prominence as a serious public health challenge in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region, with an alarming rate of increase in its prevalence. Countries in the region have shown commitment to curbing the rise of obesity by establishing policies, strategies, and action plans. This paper summarises the current situation and strategies undertaken to combat obesity and related chronic diseases. Although a range of policies and strategies have been developed, including national nutrition action plans, community intervention programmes, fiscal measures, nutrition labelling to promote healthier choices, countries in the region are struggling to make significant progress toward halting the scourge of obesity. It is imperative to strengthen existing health systems with a paradigm shift from a focus on “sick care” to and enhancing nutrition initiatives to support obesity prevention. A comprehensive and coordinated approach is essential, one that emphasises high-level coordination across all levels of government and multiple sectors, and a unified plan rather than fragmented initiatives. For strategies to be effective and sustainable, they must address the fundamental environmental determinants of poor dietary choices and nutritional inequalities. A more holistic approach is clearly needed to improve the entire food environment, which in SEA countries must include the multitude of eating places where large segments of the population “eat out” everyday to meet their energy and nutrient needs. There is a recognised need for more comprehensive measures to promote healthy eating among school children and ensure a supportive environment for lifelong healthy habits. This paper calls for a whole-of-government, whole-of-society approach that combines changes to the fundamental food environment and accompanied by systematic monitoring and surveillance systems to achieve long-lasting health outcomes.

Critical climate-stress moments for semi-arid farming systems in India

In the face of the increasing frequency of climate stresses, climate change projections can help in adaptation planning and resilience-building. However, typical climate change projections, such as annual average rainfall and temperature increases, are not helpful for farmers in understanding specific climate risks, like crop loss, and making adaptation decisions. Our study aims to identify and characterise context- and time-specific climate stresses in terms of climate conditions of concern to improve the understanding of future climate risks and enhance the climate resilience of semi-arid farming systems in India. Utilising the concept of critical climate-stress moments, we employ an innovative bottom-up methodology integrating insights from focus group discussions with farmers, key informant interviews, and an ensemble of downscaled and bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP-6) models. Our case studies include (i) a mixed crop-livestock farming system, (ii) a horticulture-based farming system, (iii) a cash crop–dominant farming system, and (iv) a cereal-dominant farming system. The specific climate conditions of concern identified were (i) increasing volume of late-monsoon rainfall, (ii) rising winter temperatures, (iii) increase in the number of days with temperatures exceeding 40 °C, (iv) increase in days with heavy rainfall (> 25 mm), and (v) increasing rainfall during the dry season. Identifying these critical moments improves understanding of both the temporal and spatial variations in climate risks, providing valuable inputs for targeted and implementable climate resilience–building actions. We recommend revising national and state action plans on climate change by utilising such region-specific assessments of critical climate-stress moments.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Risk Mitigation within the One Health Context.

The application of antimicrobials in aquaculture primarily aims to prevent and treat bacterial infections in fish, but their inappropriate use may result in the emergence of zoonotic antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the subsequent transmission of resistant strains to humans via food consumption. The aquatic environment serves as a potential reservoir for resistant bacteria, providing an ideal breeding ground for development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The mutual inter-connection of intensive fish-farming systems with terrestrial environments, the food processing industry and human population creates pathways for the transmission of resistant bacteria, exacerbating the problem further. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the most effective and available risk mitigation strategies to tackle AMR in aquaculture, based on the One Health (OH) concept. The stringent antimicrobial use guidelines, promoting disease control methods like enhanced farm biosecurity measures and vaccinations, alternatives to antibiotics (ABs) (prebiotics, probiotics, immunostimulants, essential oils (EOs), peptides and phage therapy), feeding practices, genetics, monitoring water quality, and improving wastewater treatment, rather than applying excessive use of antimicrobials, can effectively prevent the development of AMR and release of resistant bacteria into the environment and food. The contribution of the environment to AMR development traditionally receives less attention, and, therefore, environmental aspects should be included more prominently in OH efforts to predict, detect and prevent the risks to health. This is of particular importance for low and middle-income countries with a lack of integration of the national AMR action plans (NAPs) with the aquaculture-producing environment. Integrated control of AMR in fisheries based on the OH approach can contribute to substantial decrease in resistance, and such is the case in Asia, where in aquaculture, the percentage of antimicrobial compounds with resistance exceeding 50% (P50) decreased from 52% to 22% within the period of the previous two decades.

International actors and national policies: the introduction of the national care system in Uruguay

This paper aims to understand coalition building between national and international actors in the context of an emerging subsystem. In applying the Advocacy Coalition Framework to the case of Uruguay, where a new field of social policy – the National Care System – was introduced in 2015 after a process involving different national actors from academia, civil society, politics, and administration, but also United Nations agencies, the paper explores the role of these international organizations in coalition building, and examines how a dominant coalition of national and international actors shaped the development of the new system. Using interview data and documents, the findings suggest that the involvement of international organizations in the coalition was based on shared beliefs and personal and institutional relationships. While powerful opposing coalitions were absent due to the nascent nature of the subsystem, the dominant coalition was able to influence the policy’s introduction based on their beliefs regarding gender equality and rights.

Health Policy Analysis on the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in India: A Mixed Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship as a Pivotal Intervention in Tackling AMR

Objective: This policy report aimed at two goals, that is, to report the findings of the literature review and explore the perceptions of the key stakeholders in seeking better insight into the antimicrobial stewardship program (AMSP), and to develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) policy recommendations for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), India, based on the findings from the rapid systematic review of the literature (both published and grey) and the views of key stakeholders. Methods: A mixed method approach using literature review and qualitative interviews has been applied. A rapid systematic literature review focusing on the antimicrobial stewardship pro-gram’s key achievements and its implementation and impact, implementation challenges, gaps and barriers, and opportunities, has been carried out, which has been followed by conducting interviews of key stakeholders and reporting the findings along with the recommendations. Results: The findings have shown significant progress towards AMSP, such as expanding to 90 secondary-level hospitals and district-level hospitals/nursing homes, and the Indian Council of Medical Research antimicrobial resistance surveillance and research network (ICMR AMRSN) program. Education, training, and microbiological testing have been found to be the current focus areas. However, there exist challenges, including a lack of leadership support, diagnostic stew-ardship, and staffing of clinical pharmacists and infectious control nurses. Key gaps and barriers identified include setting up microbiology laboratories and hiring ICN nurses and clinical phar-macists. Opportunities have also been identified. Based on these findings, we have made succinct recommendations to address the themes and issues identified. Conclusion: Without new medicines, India will struggle to manage antimicrobial resistance. This situation calls for national oversight. This study has demonstrated AMSP as crucial for fighting this silent pandemic. The Indian government and policymakers must swiftly address critical chal-lenges, gaps, and opportunities. These findings and recommendations might potentially strengthen the future antimicrobial resistance national action plan (AMR NAP).

Ethics in Patients' Health Literacy: a scoping review and a critical discussion.

A growing body of literature has acknowledged that a high number of populations with low Health Literacy (HL) is related to poor health outcomes, inequities in healthcare and high economic costs. Those findings have formulated the research questions of this review: (i) what ethical issues arise within the context of patients' HL and (ii) What is the relationship between HL and quality of life? This review followed the guidelines of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and it was conducted in five databases: PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and Science Direct between June 2022 and December 2023. Out of the 3164 titles retrieved, 285 abstracts were eligible to proceed. Following a thorough examination of the full text of 61 papers, 45 sources were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The data analysis process was guided by the research questions, employing a thematic approach. Four themes were identified: the use of language and patient understanding, human rights, the principlism approach (justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy) and quality of life. The first theme mainly focused on the relation of HL with the notion of consent forms and national action plans. Human rights in relation to HL were discussed as a minor issue. The bioethical framework by Beauchamp and Childress (Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th edn. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2009), was addressed by several studies, with a particular focus on justice and the loss of autonomy. Quality of life indicated a positive correlation with HL by most of the authors, while few studies revealed a moderate correlation.

Rabies surveillance and prevention in Guinea: Epidemiological data and postexposure prophylaxis challenges.

Canine rabies is an endemic form of zoonosis and represents a major public health threat in Guinea, similar to other African countries. However, few investigations on the epidemiology of rabies in animals and humans have been conducted, and evidence-based data required to inform health policies remain inadequate. This study was conducted to update our knowledge of human dog-mediated rabies epidemiology and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility-related factors in Guinea. This retrospective study, conducted from January 2018 to December 2020, collected data on animal bite cases, veterinary observations, rabies diagnoses through fluorescent antibody test, and PEP delivery from three veterinary and medical entities. Statistical analysis utilized Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test to evaluate relationships between variables. An average of 775 bites was recorded annually, and dogs were responsible for 98% of bites. However, only 64% of the biting dogs were under veterinary observation as required for integrated bite case management. Regarding the geographical distribution of bite cases, the entire country was affected, with the highest number of bites recorded in the prefectures of Nzérékoré and the special zone of Conakry. In addition, the laboratory diagnosis of brain samples from biting dogs indicated that 72% of the samples were rabies-positive. However, regarding prevention, only 58% of the bitten individuals received full PEP. Improving disease surveillance and PEP provision for dog-transmitted rabies is crucial to preventing human cases and deaths. Increasing community awareness is essential for enhancing dog vaccination and PEP utilization. A national action plan integrating stakeholders for controlling canine rabies should be developed for effective One Health collaboration.

An Understanding of the Entrepreneurial Growth Intention for Creative Industries in Indonesia

Micro-small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, where MSME actors dominate the national economic actors more than 99%. Despite the large number of MSMEs in Indonesia, these MSMEs have not shown good performance. Not all MSMEs want to grow and develop. Therefore, this study aims to understand the entrepreneurial growth intention of MSMEs actors in Indonesia’s creative industries. The variables used to understand the determinants of growth intentions are personal character, knowledge, skills, motivation, gender, and education. This study used a questionnaire that was distributed to 680 respondents of MSME in the creative industry. Respondents were selected by purposive random sampling with some criteria in three provinces in Indonesia (South Sumatra, West Java, and DI Yogyakarta). The data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). The results show that personal character, skills, and motivation have a significant and positive relationship with growth intentions. Motivation has the greatest influence on business growth intentions. Therefore, training related to increasing motivation, personal character, and skills is specifically needed to increase business growth intentions for MSMEs in Indonesia, especially in the creative industry sector. Keywords: growth intention, motivation, personal character, SEM, skill

Business and human rights as Swedish foreign policy: The soft implementation of international regulatory norms

AbstractThis article aims to explain why national governments choose soft policies in the domestication of international norms even when those norms may explicitly call for harder measures. The article achieves this aim by exploring domestic adoption of National Action Plans (NAPs) for implementing the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). The UNGPs are an international soft law instrument that calls for a mix of voluntary and mandatory policies to promote human rights due diligence, and NAPs are soft domestic policy instruments that lack the bindingness of mandatory due diligence legislation now found in several states. Most governments with NAPs have adopted them specifically as foreign policies, treating them not as regulatory initiatives but as tools for enhancing national reputations. Using a range of primary and secondary sources, the article constructs a case study of Sweden to explain why governments might opt for softer implementation of the UNGPs in the form of NAPs. It draws several conclusions: (1) governments may emulate the approach to domesticating international regulatory norms that is promoted by international organisations; (2) support from domestic actors motivates norm implementation, and the policy style selected is likely to reflect power constellations in the state and, under consensus‐based governance systems, the lowest common denominator of actor preferences; and (3) path dependency following institutional venue selection influences the type of policy developed and adopted. These findings shed new light on the reasons why international policy norms are implemented in ‘softer’ ways than perhaps intended by their architects.

Memórias da corrupção no México: Uma reflexão pessoal

In the last decades, Mexico has experienced an increase in drug trafficking and violence. Not to mention that corruption levels continue being high in this country. The involvement of politicians in corruption scandals seems to be a constant element no matter what party holds the presidency. Since 2000, Mexico has experienced a political transition process after the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) lost the presidency after holding it for 71-years. The National Action Party (PAN), right wing, ruled the country for 12 years (from 2000 to 2012), although the PRI recovered the presidency with Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018), the presidency is currently (2023) held by the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), left populist wing. However, corruption and violence seems to be unstoppable. In this context, it is presented as a little personal reflection about the impact of corruption in my personal history as an individual living in Mexico in different stages of my life. This reflection does not intend to be a scientific contribution, but rather an exercise to explore personal experiences and feelings, based on national events and factual materials, which show how corruption is embodied in the socialization of rulers and citizens.

Analysis of Women's Participation in the Political and Social Processes of Afghanistan

Purpose: This study examines the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security in Afghanistan, focusing on the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's action plan.Methodology:The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, and is a field study. The sample consisted of 100 well-known activists in women's participation studies and advocacy, chosen based on their professional experience and interactions over the past fifteen years. Data collection involved distributing 110 questionnaires with 35 closed-ended and three open-ended questions, resulting in 101 valid responses. The study utilized books, reports, surveys, and existing scientific studies to categorize and present the findings.Findings: The study revealed that since adopting the National Action Plan for Women, Peace, and Security to implement Resolution 1325, the Afghan government and national and international partners have undertaken various initiatives to enhance women's social and political participation.Implication:Numerous challenges and obstacles remain, necessitating severe attention from the government, legislative bodies, and their.