Nationality Groups Research Articles

Budapest: A Random Walk in Science and Culture

Hungary forms a linguistic island in Europe among the Germanic and Slavic nations. Both ethnically and linguistically, Hungarians are of Finno-Ugric origin. Millennia ago their ancient home was somewhere in the region of the Kama river near the Ural mountains.2 The conquest of the region around the Danube river occurred at the end of the 9th century. Between 12 BC and 433 AD the Romans dwelled in the Carpathian basin.The capital of Provincia Pannonia was Aquincum, which is now Obuda, a part of Budapest. Aquincum was an important fortress of the Roman legions and also had a civilian area. Many of its ruins are preserved in good condition, and the remnants of an important 3rd-century crossing point of the Danube river can be seen next to the Erzsebet bridge in Pest. The three towns, Obuda and Buda on the hilly western side of the Danube river and Pest on the flat eastern side, were united to form Budapest in 1872.3 There also were other important Roman towns in Pannonia such as Sopianae (Pecs), Scarbantia (Sopron), Savaria (Szombathely), and Gorsium (Tac). After the collapse of the Roman Empire in 433 AD, Attila the Hun ruled in the Carpathian basin. The Avars and Slavic tribes arrived there about 568 AD and the Francs in 803 AD.4 Francis S. Wagner comments further: In the time of the Magyar [Hungarian] Conquest Slavs, Germans and some other peoples already lived there. The Magyars, characteristically, did not enslave them as did earlier the Huns and the Avars to native populations. The economy of the Magyars was built on the contemporary feudal system and not on the barbarian exploitation of subjugated peoples. And, furthermore, while the Huns and the Avars occupied primarily the Great Hungarian Plains, the central base of the Magyar Conquest lay in Dunantul (Transdanubia): that is, in the very neighborhood of [the] Western cultural sphere. These circumstances, as well as the specific concept of the nomadic nation as practiced by the Magyars, helped develop the fate of this area for centuries to come. In the formative period the old, nomadic nation concept of the Magyars embraced all separate racial (nationality) groups who lived on the territories under Magyar military and political supremacy. This fairly elastic concept of nation saved the Magyars in their long and tragic struggles against the Tatars, Turks and others as well as helping to absorb their invader’s strengths and rejuvenate the whole nation.5

Functional and prognostic relevance of the -173 polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

To address the functional and prognostic relevance of the -173 single-nucleotide G-to-C polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (systemic-onset JIA) by evaluating its association with serum and synovial fluid levels of MIF, with glucocorticoid requirement, and with the outcome of the disease. A total of 136 patients with systemic-onset JIA were studied, including 98 patients from the British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group's National Repository for JIA and 38 patients who were followed up at the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia, Italy) and the IRCCS G. Gaslini (Genoa, Italy). The MIF-173 polymorphism was genotyped using SnaPshot ddNTP primer extension and capillary electrophoresis. MIF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The evaluation of the association of the MIF-173 polymorphism with outcome was performed only in Italian patients who were followed up for >5 years, by analyzing retrospectively 1) the number of joints with active arthritis and the number of joints with limited range of motion; 2) the score, at the last visit, on the Italian version of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (C-HAQ); and 3) data concerning the treatment regimens during the disease course. Systemic-onset JIA patients carrying a MIF-173*C allele had serum and synovial fluid levels of MIF significantly higher than those in patients with the GG genotype. The duration of glucocorticoid treatment on a daily regimen was significantly longer in patients carrying a MIF-173*C allele than in MIF-173 GG homozygous patients. Moreover, the duration of clinical response to intraarticular injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide was significantly shorter in patients carrying a MIF-173*C allele. At the last visit, the numbers of joints with active arthritis, the C-HAQ scores, and the numbers of joints with limited range of motion were significantly higher in patients carrying the MIF-173*C allele. Our study shows the functional relevance of the MIF-173 polymorphism and suggests that the MIF-173*C allele is a predictor of poor outcome in systemic-onset JIA.

Socio-economic status and binge drinking in Israel

Modern Israeli society is comprised primarily of two nationality groups—Jews and Arabs, with disparate religious and cultural attitudes toward alcohol drinking. We recently described higher rates of past-month drinking among Jewish adults, although Arabs who drink were more likely to report binge drinking. The goal of the present study is to examine the relationship between binge drinking and socio-economic status (SES) among Arab and Jewish adults in Israel. Data from a 1995 nationally representative household survey on drug and alcohol use were analyzed. Participants included male and female Arabs ( n=982) and Jews ( n=4972) aged 18–40 living in Israel. SES was assessed using education, household income, and occupation. The prevalence of binge drinking was highest among Arab men (21.4%) followed by Jewish men (15.2%), Arab women (7.3%), and Jewish women (4.0%). Prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) from logistic models controlling for age, gender, marital status and religiosity show that increased household income and occupation are associated with increased binge drinking among Arabs (OR>2.0) and decreased binge drinking among Jews (OR≅0.6). Higher educational achievement was protective against binge drinking in both nationality groups. Varied results for income and occupation, and education indicate the need to examine the association between each SES indicator and alcohol consumption independently, especially in culturally diverse populations.

National and Regional Population Trends in Kyrgyzstan, 1989-1999: Results from the Recent Census of Kyrgyzstan and 2001 Update

A specialist on population change and urbanization in the countries of the former USSR examines nationwide and regional total, urban, and rural population change in Kyrgyzstan for 1989—1999—the period between the last census of the former USSR and the first census of independent Kyrgyzstan—with selected updates to 2001. Of particular interest is the availability of oblast-level nationality data making possible the detailed investigation of changes in the regional and rural-urban populations of major nationality groups in Kyrgyzstan. A focus is on the decreasing sizes of Russian, Ukrainian, and German populations and population growth among ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O18, R12, R23. 4 figures, 17 tables, 41 references.

Les personnes étrangères et suisses entrées en contact avec la psychiatrie publique: une étude comparative concernant trois régions de soins en Suisse

This research, which forms part of a larger study on Mental disorder and use of public sector psychiatric services among foreign residents in the canton of Ticino, focuses on the relationship between migration and health.Aim: The aim is to describe adult users of the public psychiatric services in three Swiss regions (Ticino, Zurich and Vaud), identifying possible differences linked to nationality, in relation to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and contact with the services. Method: The patients involved in the study were all those between 20 and 49 years of age who had contacted the out-patient or in-patient psychiatric services in the regions concerned at least once during 1995 - in total 6794 in-patients and 13199 out-patients. For each of five nationality groups (Swiss, Italian, Iberian, ex-Yugoslavian and Other') the annual rate of first admission to psychiatric hospital was calculated as were the annual rates of in-patients and out-patients prevalence. Annual rates of in-patients and out-patients prevalence were also calculated for each diagnostic category, defined according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Results and conclusions: The study confirmed the difficulty of describing similar patterns across the regions, due to a number of factors (problems of data standardisation, different migration and integration histories in the different host regions, regional differences in the psychiatric services offered: characteristics particular to the public psychiatric service, the importance of private psychiatric services, the existence of a health service network specifically for immigrants, etc.). Despite these difficulties, three different groups emerged in terms of in-patient and out-patient prevalence rates and, particularly, rates of first hospital admission: non-Italian and non-Iberian foreigners, who had the highest rates, Italians and Iberians, who had the lowest rates, and Swiss, who were generally in-between. The lower rates of the Italians and Iberians might be linked to a positive selection effect (healthy migrant effect), whereas for certain individuals in the Other' nationality group more complex factors could play an aggravating role (greater difficulty of integration, precarious status, the fact of having lived through particularly traumatic experiences in their countries of origin). As regards diagnosis, among out-patients those individuals originating in former Yugoslavia and 'Other' countries showed the highest rates of neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F4) and affective disorders (F3) (in certain cases roughly twice the rate shown by the Swiss, Italians and Iberians), which could be attributable to post-traumatic stress or to adjustment disorders, probably linked to factors such as type of migration, forced family separation, dramatic life events, language-related social and cultural problems. In contrast, no particularly important nationality-related differences were evident in hospital diagnostic rates. Some differences emerged with regard to reasons for out-patient referrals and to the number and duration of hospitalisations, which were generally higher among the Swiss and Italians; these data could be indicators of shorter psychiatric histories, of emergency first hospitalisations with no after-care follow-up, or of early interruption of treatment among non-Italian foreign nationals.

Life expectancy and mortality differences between migrant groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

There is an apparent contradiction between the high level of morbidity and the low level of mortality observed in certain groups of migrants living in Europe. This observation should have some consequences for health policy development and the targeting of resources in a city like Amsterdam. In this paper a number of hypotheses to explain the low mortality in migrant groups are discussed. An analysis is made of mortality in Amsterdam using data from the civil registry as to mortality according to age, sex and nationality group of the deceased. Standard demographic techniques such as the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) and life table analysis were employed. Life table analysis shows that life expectancy in Amsterdam is lowest among residents of Dutch descent (73.3 yr for males and 79.1 yr for females) and highest among those of Mediterranean origin (77.6 yr for males and 86.1 yr for females). This appears to contradict previous research based on the SMR, which showed high mortality in migrant groups. To find the cause of this contradiction, the SMR and risk ratios by age are studied. The conclusion of this paper is that on the basis of life table analysis it appears that some immigrant groups living in Amsterdam have a remarkably high life expectancy. Since the SMR is sensitive to demographic differences between groups compared, questions can be raised about previous studies using the SMR. It has been suggested that the high life expectancy in migrant groups is not really caused by good health but by ‘spurious’ phenomena, such as problems in mortality registration. However, in view of the available data it seems likely that some migrant groups do in fact have high life expectancy, although the morbidity in these groups can be quite high. These findings should inform health-related policy.

Listening to music at home and at school

This study investigated the differences between the functions of music listening at home and at school, and the potential effects of age and nationality on these differences. 120 participants completed an individual structured interview schedule, which consisted of ten open-ended questions. These covered the role of music listening in young people's leisure interests as a whole, and more specific aspects of listening at home and at school. Sixty participants were from schools in the UK, and sixty from schools in Portugal: within each nationality group, thirty were aged 9–10 years and thirty aged 13–14 years. The findings showed that music listening was an important leisure activity, especially for the older children, and that most children showed moderate positive attitudes towards school music. Home music listening and school music fulfilled different functions: participants reported that home listening was linked with enjoyment, emotional mood and social relationships, whereas school music was associated with motivation for learning and being active, and particular lesson content. There were few clear-cut national differences, and music was generally undervalued in both countries.

Adjustment of Western European vs North American expatriate managers in China

Western European and North American expatriate managers on the Chinese mainland responded to a mail survey about their sociocultural and psychological adjustment. The results indicated that Western European managers were less well socioculturally adjusted than their North American counterparts, especially concerning interaction adjustment. However, comparing the major nationalities taking part in the study revealed that US, British and German expatriates had significantly higher scores for interaction adjustment than did the French managers. There were no significant differences between these nationality groups in terms of the other sociocultural adjustment variables or regarding psychological adjustment. The implications for expatriate managers destined for the Chinese mainland, as well as for their companies assigning them there, are discussed.

Overview:: Understanding values and expectations of foreign employees creates a better company

This study finds that nationality and cultural group are good determinants of many common managerial problems related to human resource management, especially in situations of cross-border mergers, acquisitions, joint-ventures and alliances. This conclusion is based on the results of the first phase of a large European study on managerial decision-making. Nearly 300 managers participated in this phase, which surveyed 25 firms from the financial sectors of France, German, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The author develops the hypothesis that two different decision logics, economic rationality and group rationality, co-exist and are used independently to create and justify organisational policies. He suggests that some cultures are better able to balance the competing logics by compartmentalising them in such a way that they are used for different type of common problems.

A Catholic-Realist Approach to International Political Life: Application to Selected Current Questions

My previous article on the subject of international politics in the pages of this journal argued that there was a basic compatibility between Catholic teachings regarding international politics and the theory of political realism as advanced most prominently by the great international affairs scholar Hans J. Morgenthau, even though it pointed out arears of disagreement. This article attempts to apply the basic principles comprising a Catholic-realist theory to a few current international questions. First, we review these basic principles. The basic perspective of political realism—which holds that society is governed by objective laws, the ubiquitous reality in international life is that nations seek to gain power to further their interests, that political realities must always be accepted and moral results are less than satisfying, and that morality cannot be identified with any one nation’s views—is accepted in a Catholic-realist position. While carefully avoiding moral crusades, efforts must be made by nations and actors to address moral questions nonetheless, taking heed of the Church’s teaching on such matters as development, human rights, and the rights of nations. When confronted by an especially great moral evil or evil ideology, such as communism or Nazism, a foreign policy may rightfully be oriented to opposing it, but must always proceed prudently. Finally, the central role of the papacy as an international moral arbiter and conciliator should be recognized. We seek here to determine how a Catholic-realist theory would be applied to the following crucial current questions: globalization, and more broadly the role of international organizations; military interventions, peacekeeping, and more basically war and peace in the contemporary world; foreign aid; international law, international juridical structures, and the protection of human rights; nationality groups and nation-building; and immigration. Globalization and International Organizations. The previous article made clear the popes’ support for international organizations, but we must note

The Oppressed, the Suspect, and the Citizen: Subjectivity in Competing Accounts of Political Violence

By juxtaposing religious, legal, and victims'accounts of political violence, this essay identifies and critiques assumptions about agency, the individual, and the state that derive from liberal theory and that underlie U.S. asylum law. In the United States, asylum is available to aliens whose gooernments fail to protect them from persecution on the basis of their race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or social group membership. Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants have challenged this definition of persecution with their two-decade-long struggle for asylum in the United States. During the 1980s, U.S. religious advocates and solidarity workers took legal action on behalf of what they characterized as victims of oppression in Central America. The asylum claims narrated by the beneficiaries of these legal efforts suggest that repessiwe pactices rendered entire populations politically suspect. To prevail in immigration court, however, victims had to prove that they were individually targeted because of being somehow “different” from the population at large. In other words, to obtain asylum, persecution victims had to explain how and why their actions had placed them at risk, even though persecution obscured the reasons that particular individuals were targeted and thus rendered all politically suspect.

A cross-national and cross-sectional comparison of men's gender role conflict and its relationship to social intimacy and self-esteem

We hypothesized that men's nationality and age group would affect (a) their level of gender role conflict and (b) the strength of the relationship between gender role conflict and the psychological health variables of social intimacy and self-esteem. Three hundred twenty-five men (97 college-aged American, 86 middle-aged American, 82 college-aged Australian, and 60 middle-aged Australian) completed the Gender Role Conflict, Miller Social Intimacy, and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scales. MANCOVA results revealed two significant interaction effects between (a) age group and social intimacy and (b) nationality and self-esteem. The discussion highlights a contextual interpretation of the results, limitations, and future research.

Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations

In contrast to previous censuses, Census 2000 permitted individuals to mark more than one race. Because the new race tables include both single-race and mixed-race categories, measuring change during the 1990s requires some method of bridging between the two data sets. To accomplish this bridging, we first identified biracial populations as of 1990 through the race and ancestry responses of individuals in the PUMS file. With race responses assumed to represent a person's primary race identity, we then determined the percentage of each biracial group that preferred each race as the primary identity. The same percentages can be used to assign biracial persons from Census 2000 into single-race categories. We also provide fractional assignment percentages for selected states and for the larger specific nationality groups of mixed-race Asians. Comparison of our 1990 estimates of the numbers in leading biracial groups with those reported in Census 2000 suggests that our fractional assignment values are reasonable for biracial groups other than those involving American Indians and Alaska Natives. For the latter biracial groups and for all groups representing three or more races, we recommend equal fractional assignment into the appropriate single-race categories.

Searching for socioeconomic risk factors in perinatal mortality in Kuwait: a case control study

The aim of this paper was to investigate whether socioeconomic factors such as parent's education, occupation, and income constitute risk factors in perinatal mortality after controlling for biological variables such as birth weight and length of gestation, and maternal factors such as age, parity and reproductive history. A case-control study covering all perinatal deaths in Kuwait was conducted for one year from 1 October, 1997 to 30 September, 1998. Each case (perinatal death) was matched with a control (live birth). Matching criteria were: father's nationality, place, and date of birth. Information was successfully collected on 463 matched pairs, 274 Kuwaitis and 189 non-Kuwaitis. Only singleton births were included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis showed that several of the socioeconomic variables (e.g. lower education, lower income) increased the risk of a perinatal death. However, none of these variables remained significant in the multivariate analysis in which birth weight and length of gestation emerged as the two major determinants of perinatal deaths among both nationality groups. Among the Kuwaitis, primiparity and high parity, and previous history of miscarriage were also significant risk factors. Among the non-Kuwaitis, none of the socioeconomic factors, or the maternal factors, were significant predictors of perinatal mortality. For Kuwaitis, it appears that the government's policies and programs aimed at reducing social inequalities in the society have been effective in eliminating perinatal mortality differences between socioeconomic groups. Among non-Kuwaitis, the lack of differences is reflective of the fact that this group is relatively homogenous and selective of the more affluent who can bring the family to Kuwait. Both nationality groups benefit from the government's free health services. However, charges for non-Kuwaitis are due to be levied soon which may increase disparities in access to health care.

Caves, Cultures and Crowds: Carrying Capacity Meets Consumer Sovereignty

This paper draws on research at Waitomo Caves in New Zealand to argue that the re-emergenceofplace as apolitical perspective has some important implicationsforthe concept of consumer sovereignty in tourism. The Waitomo case study identifies that differences in perceptions of crowding between various nationality groups produces a displacement of visitors less tolerant to crowding, in this case domestic tourists. It is argued that a failure to address the issue of domestic visitor displacement in the wider policy arena results in thematerialisation of the issues at the local level. Here, demands for indigenous sovereignty over heritage sites complicates the otherwise uninterrupted flow of consumer sovereignty via the market-driven management model.

Politics of Constitutional Reforms and Democratization in Africa

JULIUS O. IHONVBERE [*] ABSTRACT Any constitution that does not emerge from widespread consultations with all nationality and interest groups cannot be regarded as legitimate. The basis of constitutional legitimacy must now be measured by the extent to which the masses have been part of the process of compacting the constitution. [1] The mere existence of a constitution, however comprehensive, will do little to create a stable environment for democracy and development unless people know and understand its provisions, have faith that their governments will not overrule it, and believe that their rights as promulgated within it, will indeed be upheld (Ould-Abdallah 1998). Introduction: Global Issues and Objectives CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS have become the main political activity in most African states. In Angola, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria to mention a few, constitutions are either being reformed or there are very intensive contestations on the need for reforms. Without doubt, these agitations for reforms and on going reviews of existing constitutions are precipitates of the changing character of national, regional, and global politics. The end of the Cold War has had far-reaching impacts on socioeconomic and political relations in Africa. As distances are shrinking and economic and financial relations are becoming streamlined, African states have had to adjust accordingly. The imposition of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank designed and supervised structural adjustment programs (SAPs) on African states was accompanied with the imposition of political conditionalities. Economic conditionalities required African states to execute policies of desubsidization, deregulation, devalu ation, and the adoption of other stringent fiscal and economic policies. As well, economic conditionality required the crisis and debt-ridden African states to shrink their roles in the economy, and open their economies to the new forces of globalization that were rapidly integrating national markets. Of course, for foreign dominated, distorted, disarticulated, and largely technologically challenged African states, globalization meant further incorporation into the margins of the world economy. This marginal location meant increasing vulnerability to the vagaries of a metropole-dominated capitalist global order. Unfortunately, for most African states, the failure of adjustment programs culminated in a rising debt profile, unemployment, inflation, a rising crime wave, rural-urban migration, infrastructural decay, and social dislocation. One consequence of this development was the massive emigration of qualified professionals (brain drain phenomenon) to foreign lands, thus, further complicating the already desp erate economic conditions in the continent. As African states were struggling to meet the stringent conditionalities required to obtain credit, aid, and resuscitate their declining markets, Western nations, lenders, and donors, capitalizing on the advantages of the post-Cold War order, imposed new political conditionalities. Among other factors, the conditionalities required African states to respect human rights, allow for multiparty politics, and conduct democratic elections as preconditions for doing business or securing aid. This new approach reflected a determination by the global community to alter existing economic and political patterns for restructuring the emerging global order, albeit in the interest of the developed nations. Yet, the new emphasis on democracy, human rights, elections, transparency, and accountability was designed to streamline conditions within the developing formations to make them conducive for business. In this way, economic and political conditionalities became aspects of the overall globalization process by incorporat ing political necessities within economic determinants that fuel the global relations of power, production, and exchange. …

Struktura etniczna Macedonii i jej przeobrażenia

Macedonia is a country inhabited by 1 945 932 (1994) people and it is a mosaic in respect of nationalities living there. Beside 3 grup (Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish) there are 16 other ethnic grups. Such great national diversity being the result of history has become the background of present conflicts. Percentage of particular nationality groups in Macedonia has undergone different changes since the World War II. While the percentage of Albanians, Moslems and Romans has increased, the participation of Macedonian and other etnic groups has decreased. Convergence of national groups concetration to historical setlement processes on those areas can be noticed on the spatial distribution of heterogenity ethnic coefficient.

The Italian-Language Press, Italian American Voters, and Political Intermediation in Pennsylvania in the Interwar Years

Scholars have long acknowledged that the foreign language press could make a significant contribution to the shaping of the political experience of nationality groups in the United States before World War II. Yet, by focusing on five Italian-American newspapers published in Pennsylvania, this article argues that subservience to fascism, short sighted opportunism, the deference to political patrons who were not members of the Italian-American communities, and the necessity of making a living through periodicals with a small circulation generally prevented the editors and owners of Italian-language newspapers from being effective political brokers within their ethnic communities.

International Migration and the Restructuring of Gender Asymmetries: Continuity and Change among Filipino Labor Migrants in Rome

This article examines the different factors which may explain gender-selectivity among Filipino labor migrants in Rome, where women are around 70 percent of this nationality group. Following the analysis of labor demand in the domestic service sector, it explores ‘supply’ aspects, ranging from economic conditions within the Philippine labor market to noneconomic constraints, such as ideologies and expectations of gender. The research findings show that migrant women's commitments and obligations toward their households in home areas are generally stronger than those of their male counterparts. However, spatial distance and increased financial independence may provide some women with the opportunity to pursue ‘self-interested’ goals while at the same time keeping within the ‘altruistic’ role dictated by normative gender roles. Important elements affecting women's increased autonomy are life course paths, households’ developmental cycle, class and migration form.

Drug use, AIDS Knowledge, and HIV Risk Behaviors of Cuban-, Mexican-, and Puerto-Rican-Born Drug Injectors who are Recent Entrants into the United States

To date, relatively little research attention has been devoted to the HIV-risky behaviors of persons who are newly arrived in the United States and who use drugs. Data gathered from street-recruited injection drug users (IDUs) recruited in 10 United States cities who were born in Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico and who are recent entrants into the United States suggest that, in comparison to US-born IDUs, Mexican-born subjects are at elevated risk for acquiring and transmitting HIV as a result of sharing needles with friends and running partners; sharing drug injection implements such as cookers, cotton, and rinse water; frequent injection in HIV-risky settings; use of unsterilized needles; and relatively frequent trading of sex for drugs or money. Puerto-Rican-born IDUs were found to inject drugs relatively frequently, and to do so relatively often in high-risk settings in which sterile injecting equipment and cleaning materials often are scarce. These data also show generally lower levels of AIDS knowledge among the in-migrant IDUs than among US-born IDUs. Respondents from each nationality group most often cited television as the source of their most useful and reliable AIDS information, but also tended to regard community outreach workers as a significant source of reliable AIDS and needle cleaning information. The high levels of involvement in HIV-risky behaviors, deficits in knowledge concerning the means of HIV transmission, and relative ease of mobility of the at-risk (for HIV) individuals examined here indicate a need for a comprehensive public health prevention initiative to limit the future spread of HIV. At a minimum, such an undertaking would do well to incorporate group-specific, culturally appropriate behavioral interventions as well as an information campaign.