History Of Nationalism Research Articles

The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, edited by Larry Eugene Jones

The German in Weimar Republic: Studies in History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, edited by Larry Eugene Jones. New York & Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2014. xxiv, 332 pp. $95.00 US (cloth). What is role and responsibility of political right in Weimar Republic--which consisted of a myriad of political parties, associations, and combat leagues--when it comes to rise of Nazi Party and Hitler's ascendance to chancellorship in Germany in 1933? This new collection of essays, edited by Larry Eugene Jones, on political, organizational, and social history of German right in Weimar Republic offers useful insights into this long-debated question and makes a number of persuasive arguments. The picture that emerges from this book is of a political right characterized by continual quarrelling, disunity, competition, and ongoing and increasing fragmentation. The volume is made up of ten individual chapters that look at some of major players of Weimar's Right. Half of studies deal with history of German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) and that of Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband, ADV); other essays focus on German combat leagues, Catholic right, Reich President von Hindenburg, jurist and political theorist Carl Schmitt, and Protestant theologian Friedrich von Bodelschwingh, director of Bethel Institutions. The volume is impressively coherent for an essay collection and thus convincingly achieves what Jones claims as its purpose in his cogent and useful (especially historiographically) introduction: to reinforce through several case studies master narrative that the disunity of was every bit as important as a prerequisite for establishment of Third Reich as schism on socialist Left or fragmentation of political middle (2). The organizational and ideological disunity of political right is clearly demonstrated by scholars here, with individual essays often complementing each other by highlighting different shards of fragmenting movements. For example, pieces by Daniela Gasteiger and Jones both look at fissures in German National Party. Gasteiger's essay focuses on DNVP leader Count Guido von Westarp and his relationships with volkisch politician Albrecht von Graefe-Goldebee (initially a member of DNVP and then founder of German-Racist Freedom Party [Deutschvolksiche Freiheitspartei, DVP] and Central Association of German Conservatives [Hauptverein der Deutschkonservativen]), closely examining deterioration of both relationships. The collection's next is Jones' analysis of inner-party quarrels within DNVP and inconsistency of party in regard to Jewish question. The reader is convinced by both essays not only of disunity of DNVP, but also of its multiple disunities. The Jewish question is a topic of other essays here as well, and again internal divisions are identified. Brian E. Crim's essay looks at Jewish question in regard to German combat leagues. The anti-Semitism Crim finds in two largest, Stahlhelm, League of Front Soldiers (Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten), and Young German Order (Jungdeutscher Orden, Jungdo), is mostly a strategically chosen ideology, a situational antisemitism derived from opportunism, pragmatism, and vicious competition in a crowed German Right (195). Variations of this diagnosis are also made (implicitly) in essays by Gasteiger and Jones on DNVP and in essay by Bjorn Hofmeister on Pan-German league. …

Patrician Families and the Making of Quebec: The Taschereaus and McCords by Brian Young

Patrician Families and the Making of Quebec: The Taschereaus and McCords, by Brian Young. Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014. 472 pp. $110.00 Cdn (cloth), $34.95 Cdn (paper). On one level, Brian Young's Patrician Families and the Making of Quebec: The Taschereaus and the McCords represents challenge to two major interpretations of Quebec history: the Laurentian thesis and the Quebec nationalist perspective. Situated as it is in the tradition of the great Canadian and Quebec historian, Louise Dechene, Young's work emphasizes the importance of the feudal tradition in the shaping of Quebec history both before and after the Conquest. But to understand Young's impressive accomplishment solely on that level would be to do it great disservice. As comparative study of elite authority in Quebec, it is deeply informed by plethora of broad historical debates and represents culmination of Young's own intellectual evolution, from focus upon legal and economic history, to addressing complex questions on how issues of gender, culture, modernity, and family shape history. Young leaves few stones unturned as his narrative traces the lives of two patrician Quebec families over successive generations--the Taschereaus and the McCords--aligning the family and the individual against and within the backdrop of Quebec history and the larger geo-political events of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. From the outset, Young draws the reader into the layered and complex lives of the individuals he examines. With great skill, Young depicts the decline of the McCord family after 160 years of ascendency in Quebec. He captures the irony of John McCord's (1711-1793) family experience as an immigrant to Quebec. McCord was an Ulster Protestant Scot, successful merchant and trader with international connections, with decided bent toward an elected assembly, and he lay the foundations of family dynasty for his son Thomas McCord (1750-1824). Yet, when his son leased Montreal convent lands, unlike his father, he stepped into a larger understanding of seigneurial legal and social relations (126) and gradually assumed the mantles of patrician status. This adaptability fails to perpetuate itself into subsequent generations, and by the mid-nineteenth century the McCord dynasty is on the decline. Clinging to the remnants of fading patrician authority and isolated from the true centres of modernizing Montreal, by the mid-nineteenth century John Samuel McCord (1801-1865) begins to lose his grip on the family's position. This descent into obscurity culminates with the next generation, David Ross McCord (1844-1930). Beginning with brief career in law and politics and disadvantageous marriage, McCord, mentally unstable and increasingly isolated, eventually devotes himself to memory, collecting, and an obsession with representations of masculine historical violence. The fortunes of the Taschereau family offer striking contrast to this grim portrait of dissolution. Generation after generation of successful patrician strategies of consolidation and adaptation in the Beauce culminate in the person of Archbishop Elzear-Alexandre Taschereau (1820-1898). Although deeply entrenched in the traditional Catholic and French Canadian nationalism of his family, he remained selectively open to aspects of modernity that served to consolidate his position, ensuring for himself and his entire family the honour of cult status in the pantheon of Quebec nationalist history. …

Marxism, Mediation, Historiography: Writing About 1857

What are the methods and goals of radical history? How can Marxist historiography, charged with producing radical histories, contend with the postmodernist challenge that knowledge is always mediated, that only fragments are recoverable, not totalities? Working through concepts and methods associated with postcolonial literary studies and subaltern studies, the article analyzes a document in the British colonial archives from the time of the 1857 Revolt in India that challenges both nationalist and imperialist histories of its most famous rebel: Lakshmibai, queen of Jhansi. Understanding mediation and the limits of knowledge – the fissures and conflicts among colonial officials, the ambiguity of the queen’s intentions – are crucial to understanding this file, and the 1857 Revolt itself. But Marxist historiography must also link that text – mediated and complex as it is – to the world outside of the archive, and seek explanatory frameworks and adequate truths in the effort to produce radical histories.

Komagata Maru episode and the veteran Sikh British soldier’s revolt in the history of Indian nationalism

ABSTRACTThe paper discusses the role of the rural Sikh soldier passenger in the Komagata Maru journey in 1914. During the First World War, it generated widespread unrest amongst Sikh soldiers of the British army. The discriminatory racist treatment meted out to the military peasantry instigated radical Ghadar revolutionaries to challenge their colonial essentializing notions of loyalty. The paper critiques traditional historiography by re-evaluating contemporary Punjabi anti-colonial consciousness, and the relevance of such provincial movements. By tracing specific historicities of subaltern nationalist resistances, it intends to enrich our understanding of the larger, synthetic mosaic of narratives in the historiography of Indian nationalism.

Artistic Alliances and Revolutionary Rivalries in the Baltic Art World, 1890–1914

In the areas now known as Estonia and Latvia, art remained a field for the Baltic German minority throughout the nineteenth century. When ethnic Estonian and Latvian artists gained prominence in the late 1890s, their presence threatened Baltic German hegemony over the region’s culture. In 1905, revolution in the Russian Empire spilled over into the Baltic Provinces, sparking widespread anti-German violence. The revolution also galvanized Latvian and Estonian artists towards greater cultural autonomy and independence from Baltic German artistic institutions. This article argues that the situation for artists before and after the 1905 revolution was not simply divisive along ethnic lines, as some nationalist historians have suggested. Instead, this paper examines how Baltic German, Estonian and Latvian artists oscillated between common interests, inspiring rivalries, and politicized conflicts, questioning the legitimacy of art as a universalizing language in multicultural societies.

Barnyard Deportees and Refugees

My friend Julio Maduro, who call himself a “Nationalist Historian of Aruba,” takes me on a tour of the island in his jeep. We survey the various breeds of wild animals as we drive inland from the shore. Julio names and describes the different species, and gives me a rough estimate of the total number of each type of creature. giving the history of the livestock, he explains the farm shutdown of the 1940’s that led to this continuing sprawl of animals, highlighting the dramatic appearance of the noisy wild donkeys.

Caledonia Dreaming : commitment, literature and independence

This paper examines the notion of commitment in literature in the contemporary context, and the connection between literature and nationalism in Scotland. It starts with the philosophical reflection on the goal of all art that Alan Riach and Alexander Moffat based their argument on in their book The Arts of Independence (2014), in order to underline the ways commitment is related to the history of cultural nationalism and to the representation of Scottish identity in contemporary literature, in places where this representation does appear. In order to do so, the paper tackles the necessity for artists to eschew what Eleanor Bell calls the postmodern predicament, in particular the dangers of an essentialist approach to Scottishness. It also examines the wider implications of the concept of cultural nationalism, in a context where inferiorism as well as banal nationalism are surfacing again. These recent developments have led artists and critics alike to try to devise new configurations for cultural nationalism, with the return of the idea of an “archipelagic” identity, or with a distinction being drawn between independence and inter-dependence for example. The part played by the artists in the independence debate, their commitment, has been precisely to promote a literature that looks at what, according to Riach and Moffat, is the essential goal and virtue of all art, to speak to and of our humanity.

Peripheries and Contested Regions in Nationalist Imaginations: Irish–German Comparisons, 1850–1930

This article is a comparative study of the delineation of national territory by nationalist historians in Germany and Ireland from the mid-nineteenth century to the inter-war period of the twentieth century. The essay examines how the problem of historically contested territories and non-national allegiances was dealt with by these historians, focusing in particular on the Ulster region in the Irish context, and the idea of ‘the German East’, and in particular on the origins of Prussia as an integral part of the ‘German East’. The article, building on recent work that aims at providing a comprehensive ‘mapping’ of nationalist historical traditions throughout Europe, attempts to provide a comparative analysis through a study of two relatively unconnected contexts. This is in order to establish common patterns that cannot be attributed to cause and effect resulting from direct interaction of ‘case A’ and ‘case B’. This comparison argues for the presence of a common pattern of nationalist argument with respect to European contested regions and territory more generally which was underpinned by a particular form of historical narrative.

“In Another Place, Not Here”? Black Feminist Histories and Dionne Brand’s No Burden to Carry

While No Burden to Carry has been taken up largely within Caribbean-Canadian women’s labour historiography, this article argues for its position within a transnational history of feminist Black nationalism in which that politics crosses the Canada-U.S. border with Black immigrants as early as the 1840s. The connective history it offers challenges preconceptions of Black nationalism as a masculinist and early-to-mid-twentieth century political movement, and historical dismissals of Black nationalism as unimportant or ineffectual in the Canadian context.

Roots and Reflections: South Asians in the Pacific Northwest by Amy Bhatt Nalini Iyer Deepa Banerjee

659 Reviews of union loggers looked at Spotted Owl protection legislation in the 1980s as an attack on their way of life as jobs were lost and towns deserted. Oregon and Washington’s forests became a veritable battleground between logging companies and their employees and groups pushing for environmental protectionism. In a region where union workers like the Wobblies once concerned themselves with issues of environmental and socio-economic justice, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL/CIO)–dominated union workers in the latter twentieth century rallied around issues of job preservation and anti-environmentalism. Loomis’s research utilizes an impressive amount of archival sources, including newspapers , journals, trial notes, military reports, magazines, correspondence, and corporate papers, among others. Unlike some other well-researched historical narratives, Empire of Timber gives commentary on contemporary social and ecological problems from a historical perspective, as well as a possible means to help solve some of those problems. Empire of Timber is well-written and arduously researched and should be on the reading list of anyone interested in the history of labor, environment, nationalism, or social causes. Robert M. Lambeth University of Montana ROOTS AND REFLECTIONS: SOUTH ASIANS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by Amy Bhatt and Nalini Iyer foreward by Deepa Banerjee University of Washington Press, in association with the South Asian Oral History Project and the University of Washington Libraries, Seattle and London, 2014. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 299 pages. $20.00, paper. What characterized the migration experiences of South Asian immigrants in the Pacific Northwest ? How did self-identified Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Jains, Christians, and others, often with deep national affiliations to their homelands, navigate their new lives, careers, and communities? Amy Bhatt and Nalini Iyer address these and other significant questions in Roots and Reflections. While their attention is fixed on the Seattle metro area, Bhatt and Iyer analyze immigrant experiences and community formation alongside broader geopolitical and transnational histories, effectively decentering historical scholarship on South Asian immigrants that has too often focused on major urban locations such as Chicago, New York City, and in California. The result is an impressive study that demonstrates the value and relevance of oral history and communitybased academic scholarship. Drawing on thirty oral histories collected since 2005 by the South Asian Oral History Project (SAOHP) at the University of Washington Libraries, the authors incorporate a rather impressive array of historical methodologies. They highlight the extent to which migration , settlement, education, and employment informed South Asians’ experiences in and perceptions of the Northwest and, conversely, the impact these immigrants had on the growth and distinctiveness of the region. Bhatt and Iyer emphasize the explanatory power of oral history as “a form of storytelling” that “provides insight into the everyday . . . matters that give texture to lives.” The result, they contend, is “a more nuanced understanding of how communities are formed and how individuals situate themselves within larger cultural phenomena” (p. 9). The book opens with a discussion of the earliest South Asian immigrants to the Northwest : migrant workers and students from the Punjab region between modern-day India and Pakistan who settled in Bellingham, Everett, Seattle, and Astoria during the decades prior to World War II. Subsequent chapters rely heavily on the SAOHP collection, as narrators reflect on migration networks and discuss their experiences in the Seattle-area through the prism of generational and gender differences, family formation, employment challenges, and the transmission of culture and traditions to younger South Asians. Push and pull factors ranged from the painful legacies of British colonialism; economic downturns in South Asian countries during decolonization; opportunities at U.S. universities; and chain migrations of the Indian Subcontinent’s professional classes, who were marshaled into medical, military, scientific, and technological industries during the Cold War. Changes to fed- 660 OHQ vol. 117, no. 4 eral laws had a profound impact on migration, as the Hart-Celler Act of 1965 (misspelled “Cellar” in the book) removed barriers to immigration throughout South Asia by eliminating the quota system based on national origins (a holdover from the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921) and establishing preference visa categories that emphasized immigrants’ employment skills as well as family reunification. Changes in national...

Jewish Rights, National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial Russia, by Simon Rabinovitch

Jewish Rights, National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial Russia, by Simon Rabinovitch. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2014. xiii, 374 pp. $65.00 US (cloth). This engaging book sheds new light on the origins of Jewish nationalism and party politics in late imperial Russia. Much like the neighbouring Poles, Finns, Ukrainians, and other groups who began to define themselves as nations in the late nineteenth century, Jews in the Russian Empire formed a huge variety of political and cultural movements, all with a goal to revoke discriminatory legislation against Jews and to secure civil and national rights. Both the socialist and Zionist movements realized their goals to an extent in 1917 and 1948, respectively, and have received much scholarly attention for that reason. Simon Rabinovitch's focus here is among the lesser known, but arguably most influential, of Jewish national ideologies of this period: Autonomism, or Diaspora Nationalism--a movement built from the idea that despite their status as a non-territorial nation, Jews were entitled to rights of national within a modem constitutional framework. The book begins with a discussion of the origins of autonomist ideology, a brainchild of the prolific and brilliant Russian-Jewish historian Simon Dubnov (1860-1941). Later chapters chronicle the influence of autonomist ideas on the rise of Jewish party politics during Russia's 1905 Revolution; Dubnov's formation in St. Petersburg of an autonomist political party (the Jewish People's Party, or Folkspartey); and his leadership of the party from 1907 to its demise, shortly after the 1917 Revolution. This study's novelty is its detailed reconstruction of Dubnov's ideas and their impact on Jewish national politics during the decade that preceded the collapse of Russia's autocracy. While Dubnov's writings as a nationalist historian are well known, Rabinovitch reveals here how Dubnov moved from the realm of ideas to that of practical politics. The main argument of the book is that Dubnov's influence extended far beyond that of his own party, which remained relatively small and never gained widespread support on the Jewish street; rather, his doctrine of autonomism offered a common language of national rights and autonomy (p. 118) that most of Russia's Jewish political parties, including socialist, Zionist, and liberal variants, adopted as part of their respective platforms. A first chapter explains Dubnov's belief, expounded in a series of political treatises between 1897 and 1907, that national rights constituted at once a defense against (what he regarded as) the pernicious effects of assimilation, and a positive means to preserve Jews as a distinct spiritual and cultural nation (his terms) of people with full civil equality. …

Larry Eugene Jones, editor.The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism.

Larry Eugene Jones, editor.<i>The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism</i>.

Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea

Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea

Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea

Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea

A Divide to Heal the Union

This article traces the process by which people in the United States embraced the Continental Divide as a geographic feature of North America in the late 1860s. Building on recent work in environmental history, Civil War memory, geography, and the history of nationalism, the essay explains how accurate mapping alone did not reveal the Continental Divide. Instead, the divide’s conceptualization also depended on Americans’ history of thinking about the Rockies as a political boundary, southern secession, and the building of the transcontinental railroad. Many Americans found in that railroad’s construction solace for a nation recovering from the Civil War, and they cast themselves as conquering nature to unite the nation. Railroad boosters and passengers consecrated the Continental Divide as a symbol of national unity and an icon of obstacles overcome. In a nation trying to overcome its sectional division between North and South, aspirations for reunification formed a foundation for emphasizing the continent’s most prominent feature that separates East and West.

The Fairy Way of Writing: Shakespeare to Tolkien

In The Fairy Way of Writing, Kevin Pask seeks to explain the origins and popularity of enchantment in Shakespeare's plays. Writers John Dryden and Joseph Addison originated the phrase way of to define the concept of an English creative imagination founded on a synthesis of high literary culture and the popular culture of tales and superstitions. Beginning with Chaucer, Johnson, Dryden, and Milton, Pask argues that the fairy way of writing not only sets the stage for the fairy tale, the Gothic novel, and children's literature but also informs genres beyond the English canon, including painting, twentieth-century fantasy fiction, and French fairy tales. In addition to English writers and visual artists such as Pope, Blake, and Keats, who were directly engaged with Shakespearean fantasy, Pask also examines fairy tales, letters, and paintings by the French writers Madame d'Aulnoy, Charles Perrault, Madame de Sevigne, and the Swiss-born artist Johann Heinrich Fussli (Fuseli). The Fairy Way of Writing alters the traditional sense of English literary history and of Shakespeare's singular place in it, insisting on the importance of often-overlooked literary and visual works. It recovers a distinctive aspect of English literary culture from across the entire early modern era and beyond, one that has been studied in the context of individual periods and writers but is only now explored in relation to the history of European nationalism and the creation of the modern literary system.

Nacionalismo canario de izquierdas: La efímera Unión del Pueblo Canario

La Unión del Pueblo Canario ha sido la más importante experiencia de la historia del nacionalismo canario de izquierdas. Surgida en los últimos años de la década de los setenta, esta coalición formada por individuos y grupos procedentes de la antigua izquierda antifranquista, desarrollo en las islas una actividad política potente aunque efímera. Estrechamente relacionada con el comunismo, el tercermundismo y los movimientos de liberación nacional en el continente africano, la Unión del Pueblo Canario buscó canalizar el creciente despertar nacionalista y obrero en las islas. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar los aspectos que producen el contexto adecuado para el desarrollo de una coalición como la Unión del Pueblo Canario, así como también se intentarán describir los factores que producen su ascenso hasta ciertas cotas de poder y como su actuación y el contexto cambiante de la década de los ochenta en Canarias, España y el mundo, hace que la coalición pierda su fuerza y se desmorone.

Sport Nationalism in South Korea

This article examines the history and characteristics of sport nationalism in South Korea as a step toward a comparative study in East Asia, with special emphasis on media, postcolonial history of the policies, and the ritual dimension of sport. The Korean government has sought triumphalism embodied by a focused strategy of close collaboration at the state and local levels, elitist training method, special rewards for athletes’ distinguished results, and so on. Nationwide enthusiasm promoted by media creates nationalistic solidarity. In postcolonial South Korea, sport has been used as a special tool to achieve focused political aims, such as prevailing against the anti-communist and anti-Japanese competitions. But recently, as the Korean society becomes more affluent and matured, people begin to enjoy the appeal of sport per se. The mega sport events, including public viewing, present a typical scene of Korean nationalistic enthusiasm, but it is also a good example of ritual consumption and the development of sport as art. To understand the vitality of sport in East Asia, it is important to notice the coexistence of the non-utilitarian aspect of sports with their political and ritual use.

The rise and fall of Belarusian nationalism, 1906-1931

and of nationalism, by Per Anders Rudling, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, x + 436 pp., US$29.95 (pbk), ISBN 978-0-822-96308-0In his book Rise and Fall of Per Anders Rudling provides a detailed story unfolding the venture of nationalism between 1905 and 1931. rise of nationalism he associates with the organized political activism of nationalists, which became possible in the conditions of liberalization of national policy in the Russian empire after 1905. fall was marked by the end of the policy of national communism in the USSR, when the formation of national and Soviet parallel identities fostered by the Bolshevik government in the 1920s was replaced by the repressions of national elites and the advancement of a Soviet project centred on Russian language and culture.The way of presenting the history of nationalism chosen by Per Rudling is rather unusual for studies of a national project: rather than focusing on the dominant track of nationalists' arguments and their political achievements, he tends to deconstruct the context in which nationalist activists had to operate. As a result, the author navigates in a complex historical realm where nationalist intellectuals, often split among themselves along political lines, were contested by other national movements, and they altogether proved to be highly dependent on various external actors and changing conditions.Chapter 1, Imagining Belarus, reconstructs the historical context in which the idea was first taken as a political category by nationalists. Rudling shows how the composite national environment of the western borderland of the Russian Empire created the competitive ideological atmosphere for the articulation of a national project. Chapter 2, The Beginning of Nationalism, depicts barriers of a various nature that Belarusians had to overcome on their way to a modem nation: the historical legacy of blurred boundaries between ethno-linguistic groups populating the region; the consequences of western Russian discourse developed in the empire that denied the existence of ethnicity; Kraowa ideology, which highlighted the ethnic heterogeneity of lands and promoted the multinational political project; the orientalization of Belarus in the discourse of Polish nationalists, and so on.Chapter 3, Six Declarations of Statehood in Three Years, shows how national activists repeatedly attempted to achieve state independence during the chaotic period of 1917-1920. story told by Rudling to a certain extent disguises the opinion about the lack of political will to statehood among Belarusians. But it also reveals a critical level of dependency of nationalism on various external actors - German occupational forces, the Polish state, and the Bolshevik party and Soviet government - who played pivotal and often destructive roles in nation-building. Chapter 4, Nationalities Policy in Soviet Belarus, and Chapter 5, Belarusian Nationalism in the Second Polish describe the contrasting conditions for the national development of Belarusians across the border established by the Riga Treaty - the one that left Belarus divided between the Soviet Union and the Polish Republic. Instead of focusing on the dissimilar experiences of indigenization (korenizatsiia) in Soviet Belarus and Polonization in Poland, Rudling, again, brings into picture a far more complex ethnic and linguistic landscape in which nationalists had to deal not only with the state ideologies of the USSR or the Second Polish Republic, but also with competing national ideologies of other ethnic groups - Poles, Jews, Ukrainians - as well as with ideological and political splits among themselves. …

Helmut Kohl's quest for normality: his representation of the German nation and himself

Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1. Approaching Nationalism: Conceptual Frameworks Chapter 2. Kohl as Catholic Nationalist Chapter 3. Kohl as Liberal Nationalist Chapter 4. Kohl as Romantic Nationalist Chapter 5. Kohl as Nationalist Historian Conclusion: a Synthesis of Kohl's Personal Nationalism Bibliography Index