Nationalism In Hungary Research Articles

In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism and Antisemitism, 1890-1944 by Paul A. Hanebrink (review)

reviews 139 saw themselves and their relations with others, including theChurch hierar chy,Muslims, Ottoman officials and diplomats; while this is of course an incomplete picture, it does contribute to our understanding of the broader question of Jesuit self-representation. Finally, two additional factors have clearly influenced the composition of thisbook. The firstis the destruction of theJesuit mission and persecution ofJesuits by theCommunist government. This sad chapter produced martyrs for the Society and cast the history of the Jesuits in a light that anticipates these sacrifices. The second factor is the return of the Society in 1991 following the fall of Communism. The return of theJesuits allows Murzaku to tell her story as one inwhich setbacks and martyrdom are at least potentially redeemed by the end of overt oppression and the resumption of theJesuits' mission. Yet asMurzaku documents amply, the story of theJesuits inAlbania is one of repeated expulsions followed by dogged effortsto return and rebuild. The history of theJesuits inAlbania is a narrative whose ultimate significance has yet to be determined. Murzaku's work helps us understand elements of thisnarrative, while leaving the reader with many unanswered questions forwhich only the passage of time will provide an answer. Departmentsof Educational Studies andHistory Paul Shore SaintLouis University MO Hanebrink, Paul A. In Defense Of ChristianHungary: Religion,Nationalism and Antisemitism, 1890-1944. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY and London, 2006. x + 255 pp. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95: ?22.95 The role of the Christian churches inmodern Hungarian history, particu larly in paving the road to the Final Solution of its loyalJewish citizens, is a topic that is still debated in today's Hungary. The debates focus not only on theHolocaust itself,and the churches' role in creating a nationalist and antisemitic discourse, but also on their overall role in opposing the emergence of a liberal and more tolerant society.The prestigious cultural weekly, Elet es Irodalom, in its issue of 12January 2007 carried a page-long essay by Peter Buda on the 'Christian-national jihad', attacking former Prime Minister Viktor Orban's Christian 'fundamentalist' views, and tracing his and his party's, the FIDESZ's, ideology to that destructive, nationalist spirit that characterized the churches between the twoWorld Wars. The essay singled out theCatholic church as having 'enacted theJewish Laws', and in 'general the churches' anti-judaism which had a definite role in the liquidation of Hungary's Jewry with such great efficiency'. Paul A. Hanebrink's volume could well serve as a road-map for under standing the issues stilldebated in today's Hungary, although the author has not engaged with present-day polemics on thepast of the churches inbuilding up a Christian Hungary freed from a destructive Jewish presence. Indeed, ifwe borrow the polemical term of 'jihad' from Elet es Irodalom, the two 140 SEER, 87, I, JANUARY 2OO9 Hungarian Christian churches, the Catholic and Protestant, led a tragically successful jihad, inwhich antisemitism was the fuel of the nationalist engine. Following the collapse ofCommunism there has been a growing interest in researching the record of churches under the totalitarian regimes of the twen tieth century. Evidence of the patterns of collaboration with the Communist system, and even a level of competition between Catholics and Protestants as towhich of themwas more or less penetrated by theCommunist authorities, and which had more informers of a higher rank in the church hierarchy (it seems that the Communist secret police made no discrimination between the two; itpursued a policy of equal opportunity for all informers), continue to haunt Hungarian society. In contrast to the role of the churches under Communism, since the late nineteenth century theywere the primary agents of building up modern Hungary, through what Hanebrink calls 'competing visions of Christian Hungary' (p. 7), which steered the country towards a nationalist path. He seems to agree 'in general' with 'many historians [...] that talk of Christian nationalism in Hungary amounted to littlemore than an anti-Semitic code' (p. 3). The centrality of the Jewish question' in Hungarian nationalism as built up, especially by theCatholic church, may be disputed, but the problem as a 'case study' is certainly very important, and thisHanebrink presents very well. He does not focus solely on the...

A pluralistic economics methodology for analysing landrace conservation on farms: a case study of Hungarian home gardens

Crop landraces contribute to food security and agricultural research that supports productivity or enhances product quality. The few extant landraces still grown in Hungary are found in home gardens, which are subsistence-oriented, small-scale family farms managed with traditional practices. A pluralistic economics methodology was developed to analyse the prospects of including landraces and home gardens in Hungary's National Rural Development Plan. The methodology draws from three fields of economic inquiry: institutional economics, environmental economics and agricultural economics. Data were collected using qualitative and quantitative approaches from over 300 farmers across 22 communities in three regions. This paper summarizes the methodology and highlights its advantages. A synopsis of findings is also reported.

Jews and Nationalism in Hungary

Jews and Nationalism in Hungary

Randolph L. Braham and Scott Miller, editors. <italic>The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary</italic>. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press; in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1998. Pp. 200. $34.95 and Vera Ranki. <italic>The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary</italic>. New York: Holmes and Meier. 1999. Pp. xviii, 269. $18.95

Randolph L. Braham and Scott Miller, editors. The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press; in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1998. Pp. 200. $34.95 and Vera Ranki. The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary. New York: Holmes and Meier. 1999. Pp. xviii, 269. $18.95 Get access Braham Randolph L. and Miller Scott, editors. The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press; in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1998. Pp. 200. $34.95. Ranki Vera. The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary. New York: Holmes and Meier. 1999. Pp. xviii, 269. $18.95. Lee Congdon Lee Congdon James Madison University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 105, Issue 4, October 2000, Pages 1420–1421, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/105.4.1420 Published: 01 October 2000

The politics of inclusion and exclusion: Jews and nationalism in Hungary

The politics of inclusion and exclusion: Jews and nationalism in Hungary

The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary

The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary

Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics

Preface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xi Part I. Comparative Analysis 1. The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe / Pedro Ramet 3 2. The Historical Role of Religious Institutions in Eastern Europe and Their Place in the Communist Party-State / Peter F. Sugar 42 3. Jewish Nationality and Religion in the USSR and Eastern Europe / Zvi Gitelman 59 Part II. The Soviet Union 4. The Russian Orientation and the Orthodox Church: From the Early Slavophiles to the Neo-Slavophiles in the USSR / Dimitry Pospielovsky 81 5. Catholicism and Nationalism in Lithuania / Kestutis K. Girnius 109 6. Religion and Nationalism in Ukraine / Vasyl Markus 138 7. Religion and Nationalism in Soviet Georgia and Armenia / S. F. Jones 171 8. Islam and Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia / James Critchlow 196 Part III. Eastern Europe 9. The Luther Revival: Aspects of National Abgrenzung and Confessional Gemeinschaft in the Germanic Democratic Republic / Dan Beck 223 10. Church and Nationality in Postwar Poland / Vincent C. Chrypinski 241 11. Christianity and National Heritage among the Czechs and Slovaks / Pedro Ramet 264 12. Religion and Nationalism in Hungary / Leslie Laszlo 286 13. Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslavia / Pedro Ramet 299 14. Religion and Nationalism in Romania / Trond Gilberg 328 15. Nationalism and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church / Spas T. Raikin 352 16. The Fate of Islam in the Balkans: A Comparison of Four State Policies / Zachary T. Irwin 378 Part IV. Conclusion 17. Conclusion / Pedro Ramet 411 Notes 425 About the Contributors 499 Index 503

Nationalism in Hungary

WHAT is a nation? Although the answer to this question is still subject to discussion, there is no doubt that the meaning attached to the term varies in various ages. In medieval universities, students born in the same city were called a nation; Spenser in his Faerie Queene writes of the nation of birds; and Ben Jonson in the seventeenth century addressed the physicians as a subtile nation. In our own time the term has become