National Waste Management Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence in Waste Management in the Context of Implementing Circular Economy

The depth of the ecological crisis raises the issue of implementing innovative solutions and technologies in waste management that align with the principles of the circular economy. This research explores the advantages of using artificial intelligence (AI) in waste management systems in Ukraine. The study employs methods of systems analysis, formalization, abstract and logical analysis, in addition to the linear trend method. A comparative analysis of waste management in Ukraine and EU countries was conducted. It was found that the waste generation level in Ukraine is 11.1 tons per person per year, compared to 4.8 tons in the EU. Only 8.24% of waste in Ukraine is sent for recycling, while this figure reaches 49.6% in the EU. The analysis revealed that insufficient infrastructure, poor-quality legislation, and the destruction caused by the war significantly affect waste management practices in Ukraine. An exhaustive review of current startups and technological solutions in waste management utilizing AI was conducted. The findings show that the implementation of AI in waste management can increase recycling rates by 20-30% and reduce operational costs by 10-15%. It is projected that by 2033, the global AI market for waste management will reach USD 18.2 billion, demonstrating an annual growth rate of 27.5%. The study concludes that applying AI in waste management in Ukraine could significantly reduce waste incineration and increase recycling rates to 70% by 2030, aligning with the goals of the National Waste Management Strategy.

Energy efficiency of waste gasification plants in the national municipal waste management system

To achieve high levels of municipal waste recovery through a system employing mechanical-biological waste processing technologies, effective management of the over-sieve fraction of mixed municipal waste (preRDF) is crucial. This preRDF cannot be landfilled due to its combustion heat exceeding 6 MJ/kg. Therefore, thermal treatment of waste and subsequent energy recovery become pivotal in the national waste management system, particularly amidst energy crises and fluctuating energy prices. Waste-derived energy can serve as a valuable renewable energy source. To ascertain the true efficiency of the plant in terms of energy, environmental impact, and economics, it is vital to organize the concepts of energy efficiency for thermal waste treatment plants. The energy efficiency of a waste gasification plant should be comprehensively assessed from three standpoints: energy efficiency of thermal waste treatment (i.e., energy efficiency index), energy efficiency of recovering chemical energy contained in waste (actual energy efficiency of the plant), and the efficiency of renewable energy production. A thermal waste processing plant qualifies as a renewable energy source, when it generates electricity and heat from the biodegradable fraction of waste. This article endeavours to determine the potential contribution of chemical energy from the biodegradable waste fraction, relying on preRDF fraction test results..

EVALUASI EFEKTIVITAS TATA KELOLA SAMPAH DI TEMPAT PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH TERPADU (TPST) TOSS CENTER GEMA SANTI KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Despite various national and regional waste management efforts, the outcomes remain suboptimal, particularly in facilities like TPST and TPS3R. This study evaluates the effectiveness of waste management at TPST TOSS Center Gema Santi in meeting the 2025 JAKSTRADA targets, focusing on waste reduction and handling, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and human resource (HR) competencies. From January 2023 to April 2024, the facility achieved a combined waste reduction and handling rate of only 15.7%, with a ZWI score of 0.11 in 2023 and 0.06 from January to April 2024. The CBA for the same period showed a BCR of 0.23 and a net value of -Rp1,293,846,839. HR competency was found to be strong in terms of knowledge, attitude, and practice. In conclusion, TPST TOSS Center Gema Santi has not met the 2025 JAKSTRADA targets of 30% waste reduction and 70% waste handling, primarily due to operational inefficiencies where costs outweigh benefits. However, the strong HR competencies suggest potential for improvement. Key recommendations include strengthening waste management policies, promoting waste sorting at the source, fostering collaboration with stakeholders, adopting automated technologies for operations, and providing continuous training to enhance HR capacity. Keywords: TPST; Evaluation; Waste management effectiveness; HR Competency

Enhancing Green Economic Circular Ecosystem Growth through AI-Based Waste Management Gamification

The research emphasizes the critical role of technology in advancing the sustainable development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) while highlighting the importance of leadership within green organizations for effective implementation of green economy principles. This study seeks to deepen understanding of how green behaviours contribute to the sustainability of enterprises. Indonesia’s National Waste Management Information System highlights the urgency of this research, revealing that the country generates millions of tons of inadequately managed waste, leading to significant environmental challenges. To address this, the study focuses on mapping the needs of MSMEs to foster a green economic circular ecosystem. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with stakeholders and focus group discussions with MSMEs already involved in waste management. Data were collected through online surveys and interviews, followed by content analysis to understand MSMEs’ green behaviors and sentiments. The findings indicate a strong demand for green programs that encourage environmentally friendly behaviors through gamification, such as waste banks that provide economic benefits to MSMEs. This study also contributes to the sustainable development goals by integrating community involvement in value co-creation, raising public awareness, and increasing income through waste management initiatives.

Analysis of cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) heavy metal content in the river around Putri Cempo landfill, Surakarta

Abstract Data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) shows that by 2023, 33.18% or equivalent to 6.5 million tonnes of waste in Indonesia will still accumulate without adequate handling. The continuous accumulation of waste in landfills will produce pollutants in the form of leachate that can pollute groundwater and rivers. Leachate can result in the presence of heavy metals in water, including heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe). This condition is a threat to the ecosystem in river waters and can indirectly have an impact on human health. This study aims to determine the content of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) in the river around the Putri Cempo landfill in Surakarta City, Central Java. The sampling point is at coordinates 7°32′14.4 ‘S 110°51′30.0 ’E, then testing for heavy metal content using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. The results showed that the cadmium (Cd) content in the river water was relatively low at -0.0274876 mg/L. This is caused by several factors, namely the nature of Cd which is not easily soluble in water so that it easily settles into sediment, the dilution of river water by rain, and the river is far from the industrial area. In contrast to Cd, iron (Fe) levels in river water far exceed the safe limit of 7.98940397 mg/L. This indicates that the river water in the area has been heavily polluted by heavy metal iron (Fe). The high levels of iron (Fe) are caused by the disposal of iron-containing domestic waste, the presence of iron water reservoirs in the Putri Cempo landfill, and corrosion of water pipes that contain iron (Fe).

Zero Plastic Drive: A Comprehensive Review on Unveiling Innovative Sustainable Solutions for a Circular Plastics Economy

Living in a society where plastic has become a necessity, the over-reliance on these materials is quite disturbing as they have social and economic effects, especially in waste disposal and resource management. Such issues have introduced the circular plastics economy (CPE), which aims to eliminate plastic waste by focusing on reducing, recycling, and reusing (3R) and designing biodegradable plastic products. Owing to these facts, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyze the existing literature on circular economy principles and plastic waste management systems in terms of 3R initiatives. Also, this study showcases the CPE by investigating how it is possible to manage plastic within a circular economy instead of a linear system. Additionally, system dynamics modeling (SDM) was applied to examine the inter-relationships between key elements such as plastic production, waste generation, recycling rates, and regulatory actions, along with the cognizance phase of waste diversion and advanced sorting technology to minimize landfill dependency and environmental pollution initiatives, including producer responsibility programs and zero-landfill targets. This study accumulated that zero waste strategies, such as plastic circularity, national waste management, and high-quality recycling, have achieved recycling rates ranging from 30% to 81% across various countries, significantly reducing plastic waste and enhancing resource efficiency. However, the added strategies in countries that are related to policy-driven initiatives can prospectively be useful for increasing recycling capacity to eliminate plastic waste in landfills, promoting a circular economy and sustainable waste management practices. This study also involved the critical stakeholders of the CPE who will make the utilization of plastic waste a reality. Ultimately, this research contributes to the fast-growing knowledge base on plastic waste management by presenting an interdisciplinary framework based on model synthesis and mathematical modeling, which is crucial for decision-makers, industries, and researchers.

Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict waste source separation

Appropriate solid municipal waste management is an important topic in the EU. Abiding by the amended EU Waste Framework Directive and the amended EU Landfill Directive, Greece has set ambitious goals for waste reuse and recycling and for landfill minimization in its recent National Waste Management Plans. These goals however can only be reached through the improvement of the mixed recyclable waste scheme (the “blue bin” scheme for paper/carton, plastic and metal) and the establishment of collection containers for separate waste streams (separately for biodegradable waste, for glass, for paper/carton and for the rest). Active participation of citizens in waste source separation is paramount for this program. As such, the determinants that favor waste source separation intention were measured in approximately 1600 residents in the city of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece, through the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The determinant of Moral Norms (MN) was included in the basic model [that contains the determinants Attitude (ATT), Subjective Norms (SN) and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)]. Each determinant was measured through four or five declarations while the Behavioral Intention (BI) contained ten subsections. The model was able to satisfactorily predict the intention of the respondents to perform waste source separation. Specifically, the model successfully predicted respondents' intention to engage in waste source separation, explaining 36 % of the variance, indicating that a moderate amount of variance can be explained by the constructs. There was a significant direct effect of ATT (β = 0.486, p < 0.001), SN (β = 0.091, p < 0.05), and PBC (β = 0.091, p < 0.05) on BI. Additionally, MN showed statistically significant mediating effects; a mediating effect on BI via ATT (β = 0.479; p < 0.01), via SN (β = 0.046; p = 0.015), and via PBC (β = 0.057; p = 0.017) was noted. Implications of these results on waste separation policies include the following: launching comprehensive public education campaigns to reshape positive attitudes, improving infrastructure to strengthen the real or perceived behavioral control of citizens experience, increasing “peer pressure” via community engagement activities, such as recycling workshops, clean-up drives, and competitions. The important role of moral obligations in the community should be underlined and it may be the long-term key solution; educational programs and campaigns should emphasize the moral obligation of waste separation and integrating environmental ethics into school programs can instill these values from a young age.

Factors Relationship with Fly Density Level in Telanaipura Subdistrict Temporary Waste Storage

Fly density is an indicator of environmental sanitation assessment. Fly density is influenced by waste management, the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) shows that waste generation in Jambi City reaches 159,688.01 tons/year. The aim of this research is to determine factors related to the level of fly density in Temporary Waste Storage Sites (TPSS) in Telanaipura District, Jambi City 2023. This research is a quantitative research with a cross sectional method research design. This research was conducted in the Telanaipura District community with a sample of 94 people. Data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate methods using correlation tests. The results of this study indicate that knowledge (p=0.027), action (p=0.029), monitoring (p=0.017), sorting (p=0.016), collection (p=0.027), and transportation (p=0.026) have relationship with the level of fly density, while attitude (p=0.245) had no relationship with the level of fly density. Knowledge, action, monitoring, sorting, collection and transportation are factors related to the level of fly density in temporary waste storage sites in Telanaipura District. It is hoped that the public will pay attention to managing household waste properly.

Edible Spoon and Edible Straw: Solusi Cerdik dalam Mengurangi Sampah Plastik di Jombang, Jawa Timur

Plastic is a polymer compound whose main constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen. Because it is difficult to decompose in nature, plastic is the biggest contributor to waste which causes damage to the natural balance. Based on data from the National Waste Management Information System (2023), Plastic waste is the second most common type of waste after food waste, as many as 41.1%. The solution to banning the use of plastic spoons and straws has been found by creating environmentally friendly spoons and straws that are edible and biodegradable. This biodegradable (Edible Spoon) uses wheat flour as a base so it is safe for consumption. Edible and biodegradable straws (Edible Straw) are also made from natural ingredients, namely cassava flour (mocaf) and cornstarch. The method used to produce Edible Straw is the fruit peel method. The method used to produce Edible Straw is the fruit peel method. This method is used to make Edible Straw dough from a mixture of dough and fruit which is mashed into a thin sheet resembling skin. This community service was carried out by STIKES PEMKBAB Jombang students with the aim of reducing the amount of plastic waste, especially plastic spoon and straw waste in Jombang.

Comparative Study of Waste Management and Sampling Practices in Latvia and Estonia

Abstract The study focuses on waste management and sampling practices carried out in two large Baltic cities: Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). Even though waste collection schemes are not at the same centralisation level in the two municipalities, certain similarities can be observed in waste collection, management and sampling processes. Governed by provisions of Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste, general national waste treatment legislation, and the national waste management plans, waste management practices in Latvia and Estonia are moving towards minimalisation of waste landfilling and maximalisation of waste inclusion into various recycling practices (use in waste biodegradation cells, bioreactors, different waste recycling facilities, in developing modern waste management supporting infrastructure, etc.). Therefore, waste management in two countries can be partly characterised as a vital element of emerging circular economy activities aimed at minimising landfill deposition of waste, hence, a more effective and permanent approach to sustainable waste management problems, on the one hand, and maximising the diversified use of waste in different branches of economy, hence, larger economic and social benefits.

PERANCANGAN MESIN PENCACAH SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TIPE MATA PISAU HAMMER

According to the national waste management information system (SIPSN) in 2021 organic waste in Manado city is 47.7%. The purpose of this research is to reduce organic waste in the tondano market and get a hammer blade design on the chopping machine, this research uses an experimental method which includes design, data collection, making initial design concepts, selecting materials, making 2d and 3d designs, manufacturing processes, testing tools, reports. The organic waste chopping machine works mechanically using diesel rotating speed of 2600 rpm, the working principle of the chopping machine is to enter organic waste through the hopper then the waste is chopped with a rotating hammer blade totaling 6 and 2 silent hammer blades. Waste will be filtered into smaller pieces and easily processed further, such as maggot food, compost or organic fertilizer. From the results of the research conducted and based on data processing, it can be concluded that this waste chopping machine has been successfully made and fulfills the first goal of the researcher to reduce the amount of waste in the Tondano market whose volume is 300kg / day. The machine is able to chop organic waste into fine pulp with a waste chopping capacity of 553.84 kg / hour.

Adipura: Good Environmental Governance Perspective and Fiscal Challenges

The research emphasizes the effectiveness of Adipura as an instrument for monitoring the performance of local governments in waste management from the perspective of good environmental governance. Focus study on public participation and fiscal challenges. This is a qualitative research. The main data source from the National Waste Management Information System (NSWMIS) and in-depth interviews with central and local government, members of the Adipura Advisory Board, and the communities. Also supported by secondary data relevant to the study. The purpose of research are to determine the extent of the effectiveness of Adipura and to analysis the factors that must be improved to increase its effectiveness. The results indicate that the placement of Adipura as an instrument for monitoring the performance of regional waste management is appropriate, but still needs to be improved because the impact of Adipura has not been maximized in encouraging sustainable waste management in the region. It is necessary to recalculate the components and subcomponents of Adipura, by adding Non-Physical Components, increasing the portion of public participation and fiscal support for waste management.

A local-to-global emissions inventory of macroplastic pollution

Negotiations for a global treaty on plastic pollution1 will shape future policies on plastics production, use and waste management. Its parties will benefit from a high-resolution baseline of waste flows and plastic emission sources to enable identification of pollution hotspots and their causes2. Nationally aggregated waste management data can be distributed to smaller scales to identify generalized points of plastic accumulation and source phenomena3–11. However, it is challenging to use this type of spatial allocation to assess the conditions under which emissions take place12,13. Here we develop a global macroplastic pollution emissions inventory by combining conceptual modelling of emission mechanisms with measurable activity data. We define emissions as materials that have moved from the managed or mismanaged system (controlled or contained state) to the unmanaged system (uncontrolled or uncontained state—the environment). Using machine learning and probabilistic material flow analysis, we identify emission hotspots across 50,702 municipalities worldwide from five land-based plastic waste emission sources. We estimate global plastic waste emissions at 52.1 [48.3–56.3] million metric tonnes (Mt) per year, with approximately 57% wt. and 43% wt. open burned and unburned debris, respectively. Littering is the largest emission source in the Global North, whereas uncollected waste is the dominant emissions source across the Global South. We suggest that our findings can help inform treaty negotiations and develop national and sub-national waste management action plans and source inventories.

Стратегічні засади переформатування логістичних ланцюгів агропродовольчої продукції в систему замкнених циклів у парадигмі циркулярної економіки

The article reveals the features of transforming the logistics chains of agri-food supply into a system of closed cycles. Also, it suggests strategies for reformatting the logistics chains of agri-food products into a system of closed cycles. In particular, a scheme for the operational implementation of the transformational processes of reformatting the logistics chains of agro-food products into a system of closed cycles is proposed. It has been established that one of the critical aspects of the circular agricultural economy is the return of nutrients to the soil through the processing of bio-waste and renewable fertilizers, which contributes to the preservation of fertility and natural capital. This is critical to prevent nutrient deficiencies in agriculture and reduce pollution. Organic and food waste management is at the heart of the transition to circular agriculture, which minimizes dependence on external resources, mitigates environmental impact, and uses waste to create bioenergy and biofertilizers. The number of fines imposed on business entities for violating the legislation in the field of household waste management in Ukraine has been determined. It is substantiated that the experience of foreign countries indicates the critical direction for developing a national strategy for the transition to a circular agro-food economy of Ukraine based on the principles of sustainable development. Among the main development strategies, the following stand out: the strategy of clean, sustainable growth, focused on minimizing climate change and stimulating eco-innovations; bioeconomy strategy, which involves the use of biological resources for sustainable development and preservation of biodiversity; as well as a national waste management strategy that emphasizes the minimization of agricultural waste and the support of closed production cycles. Keywords: circular economy, sustainable development, agrarian sector of the economy, supply chains, disposal of food waste, development strategies.

Assessing the readiness of Greek municipalities to manage bioplastics in municipal waste management streams

Each year citizens of the European Union (EU) generate 2.5 billion tonnes of waste; equating to five tonnes of waste per person per year. To ensure optimal material recovery, and to support the move towards a circular economy, proper separate collection of waste is necessary. The current trend of increasing collection rates, encouraged by EU legislation, is promising; however, progress is uneven both across and within EU member states. While European and national targets provide the overarching driver for better waste collection, regional and local implementation is crucial for achieving continued progress. Therefore, it is vital to consider the disparity among the different EU countries when introducing new materials, such as bioplastics (bio-based and/or biodegradable plastics), into current national waste management streams, and any new introductions should be carefully evaluated before further actions are recommended by local authorities. As a member state that is heavily reliant on tourism, proper solid waste management is of vital importance in Greece, especially during the peak summer season. Considering the rapid expansion of bioplastics in the European market, it is important to assess the readiness of municipalities in Greece to manage this new category of solid waste. Data collected from 51 Greek municipalities via questionnaire (distributed to public authorities or waste management companies) showed that the current situation and capacities for adapting waste management streams to process bio-based and/or biodegradable plastics is still limited in Greece. Therefore, the readiness of Greece to process an increasing proportion of bioplastics within the waste stream (using the current waste management systems) is very low, as a result, such innovative materials are currently seen more as a problem than a ready-to-implement solution.

Extended Producer Responsibility and Trade Flows in Waste: The Case of Batteries

In the debate on international waste trade, the focus on resource efficiency and recycling has gradually begun to accompany the focus on negative environmental externalities. In this context, we examine the impact of extended producer responsibility (EPR) on the export of waste batteries (WB). EPR is considered as a key policy for the “marketization of waste”. WB are a hazardous waste that also contain a high concentration of critical raw materials. As such, they are of strategic importance for the recovery of critical resources, while at the same time requiring proper environmental management. Therefore, it is crucial to understand where WB are treated and how this is affected by related policies. Our results, based on difference-in-difference models in a gravity framework, show a consistent increase in WB exports after EPR implementation compared to the trend for other wastes. This result is likely to be an indirect consequence of the ability of EPR to support growth in waste collection rates, more accurate tracking of transboundary waste flows, and specialization of national waste management systems. In particular, WB exports appear to be directed to countries with more advanced waste management systems, more stringent environmental regulations, and limited endowments of the mineral resources typically contained in batteries.

Al-Tasawuf wa Azmah al-Mustadāmah: Muqārabah Muta’addidah al-Takhaṣṣuṣāt Li Idārah al-Nufāyāt fī Indonesia Mustawḥāt min Mafhūm al-Khilāfah fī Rasāil al-Nūr

This research explores the relationship between the concept of Khilafah in the Risale-i Nur and the "Zero Waste" movement in Indonesia. The study utilizes a literature review, including a compilation of Risale-I Nur, data from the Zero Waste program in Indonesia's National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN), and related literature. This data is then qualitatively analyzed and subjected to content analysis to describe the relevance and implications of it concept on the Indonesia Zero Waste movement. The research demonstrates that the concept of Khilafah transcends the anthropocentric and ecocentric perspectives, emphasizing human responsibility towards the environment. The research further illustrates how the concept of Khilafah utilizes the "Law of Purification" as a foundation for the "Zero Waste" concept. Despite the progress made by Indonesia in waste management, significant challenges remain. The research highlights the role of the Khilafah concept in fostering religious awareness and sensitivity within the "Zero Waste" movements. It elucidates that the connection between the Nursian Khilafah and the "Zero Waste" movements constitutes a religious basis and sensitivity that requires continuous attention. The research is expected to provide profound insights into the potential of the Nursian Khilafah in addressing waste problems and supporting the "Zero Waste" movement in Indonesia

Peningkatan Kapasitas Bisnis Sampah Rumah Tangga Pada Kelompok Bank Sampah Tunas Sejahtera Kota Blitar

Since the establishment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, sustainability issues in the economic and social sectors have gained significant attention. The Indonesian government is committed to restoring the national economy to a better state than before the pandemic by transitioning towards a green or circular economy. The circular economy aims to maximize the utility and added value of raw materials, components, and products to reduce waste. According to the 2022 data from the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN), 34.29% (7.2 million tons) of the 21.1 million tons of national waste remain unmanaged. Collaborative efforts between central and regional governments continue to implement effective waste management policies based on circular economy principles. The methods employed in this program include training and mentoring in processing organic and inorganic waste into marketable products, information management training, business management enhancement, human resources training, and collaboration with other waste banks. The results indicate an increase in the production capacity of the Tunas Sejahtera Waste Bank from 300 kg to 1 ton per month. Training in management and marketing has also improved operational efficiency and expanded market reach, thereby increasing revenue and enhancing the circular economy's impact

Pathways to zero plastic waste landfill: Progress toward plastic circularity in South Africa

AbstractThe accumulation of waste in landfill is currently a challenge globally and in South Africa. The primary motivation of this research was to contribute to identifying and evaluating pathways for diverting plastic waste from landfill and advancing the plastics circular economy. This study assessed, for South Africa, key measures implemented by selected countries to promote recycling in order to divert waste from the landfill. The National Waste Management Strategy of 2020 for South Africa mandates successive waste reduction targets toward zero waste landfill by 2050. Material flow analysis (MFA) was extended from previous studies and used to map plastic flows over three successive intervals to assess progress made toward diversion of plastic waste from landfill. The percentage of plastic materials sent to landfill for South Africa were 74%, 78%, and 39% in 2017, 2019, and 2021, respectively. Potential pathways were identified as strategies for the South African to accelerate the reduction of plastic waste to landfill. These were modeled as single and as combined actions, through sensitivity analysis on the MFA‐derived Sankey diagram and used to assess their impact on waste to landfill reduction. The scenario analysis highlighted improved waste collection and waste sorting as key measures and enablers that should be developed and a priority for reduction of plastic waste to landfill before the 2050 target year. The paper presents a new generic approach that combines MFA, Sankey diagrams, and scenario analysis to explore and evaluate solution spaces for transition to a circular economy.

A 4-Dimensional Strategy for Managing Construction Waste Originating during the Design Process within Architectural Design Firms in Egypt

This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive strategy consisting of four dimensions for effectively managing construction waste (CW) arising during the Architectural Design Process (ADP) within Architectural Design Firms (ADFs) in Egypt. To accomplish this aim, a hybrid research approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods, was designed to address four specific objectives. Firstly, a thorough literature review was conducted to explore the topics of ADP, CW, Waste Management (WM), as well as national and international Waste Management Strategies (WMS). Secondly, three construction-based case studies from Saudi Arabia, China, and Thailand were gathered and analyzed to investigate the efficacy of identified WMS in managing CW originating during ADP. Thirdly, a survey questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of ADFs in Egypt to assess their understanding and utilization of WMS during ADP. Finally, the research formulated and validated a four-dimensional strategy for managing CW originating during ADP in ADFs. Data analysis revealed that ADFs possess a moderate level of knowledge regarding WMS, with limited awareness of Egyptian laws, regulations, and WMS during ADP. Among the identified WMS, "Prefabrication" emerged as the most favoured, followed by Building Information Modeling (BIM) and "on-site waste management". However, the implementation of these strategies faces several challenges. Furthermore, the research identified "preparation and briefing" as the design stage most susceptible to CW causes, with "waiting" and "defects" being the most prevalent forms of CW originating during ADP.