National Unity Research Articles

Negotiating Nigerian national cohesion and the rhetoric of herdsmen attack in Ahmed Yerima’s Hendu

ABSTRACT A contemporary challenge facing the Nigerian state is the contentious clashes between herdsmen and local farmers. This has exacerbated tensions and the quest for peaceful coexistence in pursuit of national unity and ethnic integration within the multi-ethnic Nigerian state. Extant literature on herdsmen attacks in Nigeria largely focused on the causes and conventional resolution strategies to curb the herdsmen menace. The major thrust of this study is to examine Yerima’s ‘Hendu’, as a metaphor for tolerance and harmony anchored on the African philosophy of Ubuntu’s tenets of interconnectedness and humanity towards others as resolution paradigm for herdsmen attacks in Nigeria. The study, therefore, undertakes a close reading of Ahmed Yerima’s ‘Hendu’, revealing the characterisation strategy by Yerima reflecting on unity, forgiveness and social inclusivity which Ubuntu embodies. The study illustrates how the playwright utilises dramatic devices such as situational irony, metaphor, imagery and allusion to accentuate the covert motives behind the numerous herdsmen attacks and the negative perception of predominantly Fulani herdsmen in Nigeria. The study posits that appropriating the Ubuntu values of collective identity, respect for human life, and respect for local communities/farmers’ economic rights by the farmers and government can further address and promote national cohesion in Nigeria.

A Comprehensive Review of Sedition Laws in India: Analysis of Section 152 Of BNS and Section 124 A of IPC

Sedition refers to actions or behaviors that encourage rebellion against the governing authority or sovereign authority. In India, sedition laws were introduced during British rule to suppress opposition to the colonial government. Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) punished individuals who voiced dissent or protested against the British. After India gained independence, the sedition law continued to be in place, despite growing concerns over its misuse. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has raised objections, urging the repeal of sedition laws in India to align with international human rights standards. These concerns were particularly highlighted during protests such as those against the Citizenship Amendment Act in 2019, where sedition charges were perceived as a tool for silencing dissent. In December 2023, the Indian government passed a new act replacing the IPC with a new code, the BNS. This revision introduced significant changes to sedition laws, including broader definitions and more severe punishments. Critics argue that while the law aims to protect national security and unity, it also poses risks of misuse, particularly in curbing free expression. Provisions like "subversive activities" remain vague, contributing to ongoing debate and calling for greater clarity in its application. The law continues to attract criticism for its potential to stifle legitimate dissent under the guise of national security.

Christian Leadership in Education: Religious Moderation in the Era of Diversity 2045

Abstract: Indonesia is expected to become a “Golden Indonesia” in 2045, with priorities of progress, independence, and social justice as well as being a democratic country. But the problem is, in the world of education there are still phenomena found today such as; many students who do not understand about tolerance and the importance of respecting differences, social media is often misused such as spreading misinformation and hate speech, which can cause intolerance and the lack of moderation-based education programs. This research aims to encourage the values of tolerance, mutual respect, and interfaith cooperation in education by finding useful leadership strategies. This research also wants to know how Christian leadership affects the character building and understanding of pluralism of the younger generation. So that in this study using qualitative methods or literature studies, where researchers provide solutions to the problems raised, by collecting various theories and information from library materials, such as books, dictionaries, journals, the Bible, and online media, Then, these sources are academically accountable sources. Therefore, religious moderation in Christian education in 2045 will depend heavily on educational leaders to foster attitudes of tolerance, mutual respect, and shared vision to maintain national unity among people.

Мова, історія – основа національної єдності, ефективна зброя інформаційних війн

The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the importance of preserving and strengthening of the Ukrainian national idea in accordance with the analysis of a number of sources that reveal the criminal nature of the information war launched by Putin's racist regime against sovereign Ukraine. The methodological basis of the worldview system of Ukrainianism consists of a person, nation, elite, territory, state, history, language, national patriotism, peaceful coexistence with humanity, restoration of historical truth and justice; effective state counteraction to information aggression. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific (chronological, problem-historical, analytical, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-topological, historical-systemic) methods with the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematicity, scientificity, and verification. The scientific novelty of the work is in the fact that, using these methods, the author reveals the essence of the information war waged against Ukraine by totalitarian Russia for centuries, analyzes the forms of counteraction to the emerging threat, emphasizing the importance of Ukrainian national unity. Conclusions. The primary task for the defenders of the Motherland, fighters of the ideological front, is to instill in every Ukrainian the spirit of patriotism, a respectful attitude to the Ukrainian national idea, national unity. For this purpose, all opportunities and mechanisms of influence should be used, including: language, history, culture, ancient folk traditions, faith, conscious patriotism.

When God Provides

Abstract Drawing from ethnographic research conducted at an Orthodox sociomedical center in Beirut, this article investigates welfare practices situated at the intersection of lived theology and sect-based clientelism. Amid the crises engulfing Lebanon since 2019, the center's activity was shaped by Orthodox models of social activism where “heaven starts from earth.” Theological concepts of service were activated in relation to a divine management that addressed concrete needs and in response to economic uncertainty. Together, they authenticated a pragmatic God working through the center's social and material infrastructures. The human-divine relationality shaped by these models is analyzed in relation to sect-based networks entangled in the everyday lives of Lebanese people. This approach argues for a reconsideration of charity alongside and beyond sectarian models of differentiation and secular ideals of national unity. Focusing on an Eastern Orthodox community in the Middle East, the article is a critical intervention in the anthropology of Christianity. It underscores localized expressions of Christianity by highlighting the social life of theological concepts amid the realities of a country in crisis. Additionally, the focus on religion at the intersection of lived theology and precarious lives reveals the entanglements of Orthodoxy as sect and community of practice in Lebanon.

Green and Low-Carbon Transition in Xizang Autonomous Region: Conditional Analysis and Policy Approaches — Case Study on the Construction of Chamdo Clean Energy Base

Based on a follow-up study of Xizang Autonomous Region’s ecological civilization construction and its clean energy development, this paper takes Chamdo as a case study and uses the SWOT matrix to analyze the basic conditions, challenges, and possible pathways for clean energy development. The purpose is to discuss whether Xizang can play a prominent role in the green and low-carbon transition. It demonstrates that, under the framework of nationwide planning, starting from Xizang’s resource endowments and the practical demands of sustainable development, Xizang can capitalize on external opportunities, such as policy advantages and power assistance, to build a diversified clean energy system that integrates hydropower, wind, solar, and energy storage. By strengthening the coordination between the clean energy sector and other industries, Xizang can promote both local consumption of clean energy and its transmission to other regions. This not only enables Xizang to play a prominent role in the nation’s green and low-carbon transition, but also uses clean energy as a bridge to reinforce collaborative efforts among eastern, central, and western regions in achieving dual carbon goals, while fostering common prosperity, and enhancing national unity.

Statutory and Legal Stipulation of the State Policy on Preservation and Strengthening the Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values

Introduction. Stipulation of the national spiritual and moral values in the laws and regulations as the benchmarks for the multinational people of Russia is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation and strengthening the political sovereignty of the state. At present, the national ideological security is in a vulnerable position, because the Constitution of the Russian Federation contains a prohibition of the state or other mandatory ideology, instead of which the legislators are currently using a term “traditional Russian spiritual and moral values”. The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 was created in conditions when the national humanitarian science found itself in a conceptual impasse due to the fact that for a long time it had been built on the basis of the materialistic concepts, but after the disintegration of the USSR, the liberalism in its Western interpretation became a natural replacement for the Marxism-Leninism. Therefore, for a long time, Russia was assimilating the foreign humanitarian knowledge in anticipation of forming the “global world order” and finalising construction of the “consumer society”. Later, when it became evident that there was no place for a sovereign Russia in the unipolar world, the revival of the national humanitarian knowledge turned out to be a way out of that situation and the only opportunity to adapt the new political reality to the conditions of the Russian legal reality. It is necessary to eliminate the gaps in the juridical knowledge referring to the state policy in the field of national ideology based on the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. The aim of the research is to study the current conditions for the juridical stipulation of the all-Russian identity and national unity having been formed on the basis of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.Materials and Methods. The authors have used the formal-logical and historical-legal methods for preparing the article. The general analysis and comparison of regulatory legal acts on the relevant topic have been carried out, where appropriate.Results. A scientific understanding of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been formed on the basis of that enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Executive Order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022. The authors have proved that, upon the constitutional and legal prohibition of state or other mandatory ideology, the historical type of legal understanding based on the reproduction of the traditional values and national legal culture, which are necessary for the intellectual opposition to the liberal trends of the unfriendly states, becomes particularly relevant in the present day theoretical and legal doctrine. Moreover, the availability of a range of the normative legal acts regulating the state policy on the preservation and strengthening of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been clarified.Discussion and Conclusion. It is evident that the role of the historical culture and legal traditions of the multinational people of the Russian Federation with the Russian people as a vanguard, is strengthening within the national legal framework. Preservation and strengthening of the traditional spiritual and moral values allows us to form a cohesive society as a guarantee of a strong state and is a constitutional goal of the Russian Federation for the forthcoming years. The scientific ideas put forward by the authors have a proven, solid character and can be used as a theoretical basis for ensuring the national ideological security of the Russian Federation.

Can the Tenure of the Government of National Unity Enhance Public Accountability in the South African Government? (2024-2029)

The South African government has struggled with public accountability over the past 30 years of democracy. The government has been dominated by the African National Congress (ANC) for 30 years, and this dominance has not enhanced public accountability but has made it worse. It cannot be argued that the government led by ANC has made many strides in advancing the lives of the marginalised people through progressive policies that were designed to address the wrongs made by the apartheid government. Overtime the government led by ANC abandon it principles and values and this is evident as this government high ranking political office bears were mostly caught up in corruption scandals. The state capture masterminds were mostly affiliated with the ANC, and this shows a lack of public accountability, and the bunts are mostly felt by the marginalised people. As the lack of public skyrocketed all spheres and entities of South Africa government this led to poor public service delivery across the public sector. The lack of public service delivery is evident in South African government as service delivery protest takes place more often mostly in the local government sphere which is closer to the people. This paper analysed the prospects of the GNU in enhancing public accountability in South African public sector. The author is of the view that the GNU has the potential to enhance public accountability and service delivery in South Africa, due to diverse political parties working together in cabinet and in the parliament. A desktop approach was used to review recent literature on the phenomenon.

Restorative Justice and Post-Genocide Reconciliation: Ethical Implications and Community Healing in Rwanda

This paper explores the role of restorative justice in post-genocide reconciliation in Rwanda, focusing on its ethical implications and impact on community healing. Following the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, Rwanda faced the challenge of addressing survivors' trauma, fostering national unity, and reconciling a divided society. Key initiatives, including the Gacaca court system, emphasized dialogue, accountability, and forgiveness to promote healing. Using restorative justice and social reconstruction theories as its conceptual frameworks, this study examines how restorative justice fosters trust, dignity, and relationship restoration, while addressing ethical challenges. Also, through a desk review of existing literature, reports, and case studies, this study synthesizes key findings on the effectiveness of restorative justice.

The Union of the Front Soldiers – Yambol (1938–1944)

In the article, the reservists’ organizations in the Yambol District (and more precisely the “Union of the Front Soldiers“) in the second quarter of the last century and their role in the town’s social life are presented. In 1937, a group of military officers patriots who had retired from active service, established in Sofia an organization of reservists named “Union of the Front Soldiers“, which united mainly veterans of the wars for national unification. The organizational life of the “Union of the Front Soldiers“ – Yambol in the period 1938–1944 is studied on the basis of documents of f. 6 of the State Archives – Yambol.

The Philosophy of Indonesian Nationality in the Digital Age in the Thought of Buya Syafii Ma'arif

As one of Indonesia's leading Islamic thinkers, Buya Syafii Ma'arif offers an interesting perspective on the philosophy of nationality in the digital era. In his view, the advancement of digital technology must be accompanied by the strengthening of the nation's identity and noble values derived from religious teachings and Indonesian culture. Buya emphasized the importance of maintaining national unity in the midst of increasingly complex diversity due to the openness of digital information. The spirit of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika must be revitalized as a strong national adhesive to face the onslaught of global culture. The purpose of this article is to reveal Buya Syafii Ma'arif's thoughts related to the Indonesian National Philosophy. The method used is qualitative, this type of article is a study of the thoughts of figures, primary data sources are obtained from books by Buya Syafii Ma'arif related to the philosophy of Nationality. The results of the analysis found that Buya Syafii Ma'arif emphasized the importance of maintaining and defending the identity of the Indonesian nation which comes from noble religious and cultural values. He called for the need to revitalize the spirit of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika as an adhesive of unity in diversity that is increasingly complex due to digital globalization. Nationalism needs to be contextualized in the digital realm by building pride in creative works and domestic technological innovation.

3D Modeling from the Graphic Design of the FHP Headquarters of the Unified National Corporation of Higher Education. Perspectives for Virtual Tours and Visual Communication

Higher education faces challenges in enhancing students' learning experiences and increasing their understanding and retention of information. Virtual tours with 3D modeling are presented as an innovative tool to address these challenges. The aim of this article is to examine the role of virtual tours with 3D modeling in higher education, highlighting their advantages, challenges, and key aspects for effective implementation. To implement virtual tours with 3D modeling effectively, several key aspects need to be considered. Firstly, navigation should be smooth and user-friendly to allow students to explore and learn effectively. Secondly, relevant information should be integrated effectively into the virtual tour so that students can access the information they need. Finally, interactivity is crucial for the success of a virtual tour as it enables students to interact with the environment and learn actively. Virtual tours with 3D modeling can be a valuable tool to enhance education and student learning in higher education. However, it is important to consider the challenges and key aspects for their effective implementation. By addressing these challenges and considering the key aspects, educational institutions can create virtual tours that improve education and student learning

Analysis of the performance of dialysis centers in referring and enrolling patients into the pre-kidney transplant waiting list in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2015 to 2019

Despite the relevance of kidney transplantation, the supply of organs and the process for inclusion in its waiting list still represent obstacles. This study aimed to analyze the performance of dialysis centers in referring patients for pre-kidney transplant evaluation and inclusion in the waiting list of incident dialysis patients from 2015 to 2019 in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This retrospective cohort study sampled 23,297 records of patients who underwent dialysis therapy in public or philanthropic institutions or who had their treatment funded by the Brazilian Unified National Health System in private clinics. Survival analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate pre-kidney transplant referral. The strength of the association between the exposure variables and the occurrence of inclusion on the list were analyzed by Cox regression models. Only 14.8% of the sample was enrolled on the pre-kidney transplant waiting list. The cumulative probability of enrollment totaled 1.2% in 180 days and 3.3% in one year from 2016 to 2019. Northern Minas Gerais had the highest cumulative probability of enrollment on the waiting list, whereas its South, the lowest. Adult individuals were more likely to be enrolled than older adults, and enrollment was more likely in 2016 than in 2018 and 2019. Although Ordinance n. 389/2014 from the Brazilian Ministry of Health established the minimum percentage of eligible patients that must be included in the list, this study observed no positive repercussion on the accumulated probability of enrollment in dialysis incidents in subsequent years.

Pancasila in Modern Indonesian Legal Reform: Addressing Current Cases and International Debates on Ideology and Law

Pancasila, the foundational ideology of Indonesia, remains a cornerstone of the nation’s legal and political frameworks. However, the application of Pancasila in modern legal reform faces significant challenges, particularly in addressing contemporary legal cases and navigating international debates on ideology and law. This study examines the dynamic interplay between Pancasila’s principles and Indonesia’s legal reform efforts, focusing on their relevance to pressing domestic and global issues. The urgency of this research arises from the increasing tension between Indonesia’s ideological commitments and the pressures of globalization, human rights norms, and transnational legal principles. This research contributes novelty by analyzing specific case studies that highlight the complexities of integrating Pancasila within modern legal practices. It also addresses critiques from international actors who question Indonesia’s adherence to global legal standards while maintaining ideological authenticity. Using a doctrinal and socio-legal approach, this study evaluates the role of Pancasila in shaping legal doctrines, court decisions, and legislative reforms in Indonesia. The findings reveal that while Pancasila provides a robust framework for addressing social justice and national unity, its interpretation and implementation often encounter inconsistencies and resistance. By critically engaging with international debates on ideology and law, this research offers practical insights for aligning Pancasila with evolving legal and societal demands. It serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars in Indonesia and beyond, fostering a deeper understanding of the ideological foundations of legal reform.

Religion and the Identity of Independent Indonesia: A Study on Religious Narratives According to the Founding Fathers

This article analyzes the speeches, works, and views of some Founding Fathers of Indonesia - Supomo, Muhammad Yamin, and Sukarno - as well as other key figures like Mohammad Hatta, K.H. Wahid Hasyim, Johannes Latuharhary, and Hoesein Djajadiningrat. It will explore their perspectives on the role of religion in Indonesia's political and social spheres. In Indonesia, where religion has significantly shaped the country's politics and society, politicians and elites largely agreed that religion is crucial to forming national identity. The main difference between nationalist and Islamist leaders was the extent of religion's influence on the new nation-state, not whether it had a role at all. Some argued for integrating faith into state affairs, while others favored separating the two. The enduring debate reflects the ongoing negotiation of competing visions of Indonesian nationhood, wherein religion is a significant axis of political and cultural expression. Moreover, the "religious state" concept encapsulates Indonesian leaders' nuanced approach to navigating the diverse religious landscape while maintaining a sense of national unity.

UNIVERSAL PERCEPTIONS OF ARMENIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE PRESENT PERIOD

Our paper deserves great attention because in the current period, the strengthening of national identity becomes a necessity based on the challenges faced by the country. The question of national identity can generally be considered as the question of questions: it is formed along with the development of the national consciousness. While studying the theme, we especially referred to the issues of national identity, which are still in a state of constant change. In the difficult period for Armenia and Armenians, the problem of Armenian identity has not only scientific, academic, but also political, cognitive and practical significance. It is an important strategic potential in the formation, development and strengthening of the national state. The novelty of the article is due to the need for a complete and comprehensive study of the topic, due to the pan-Armenian perceptions of national identity and current realities. From this point of view, the study of the topic becomes beneficial and urgent. We have tried to single out those cornerstones of national identity, the evaluation of which is considered from the point of view of pan-Armenian perceptions and contributes to the full development and strengthening of national identity. National identity is formed along with the formation of national consciousness and in the course of time represents different paradigms of Armenian identity: pagan, Christian, enlightening, cultural, political, with their various sub-paradigms [4, p. 87]. In the conditions of globalization, the pillars of national identity may undergo certain changes, but Armenian perceptions of national identity must always have clear goals and objectives, as well as regulated tactics and strategies. Our national unity is due to all this.

Actualization of Uswatun Hasanah as a Framework for Islamic Moderation Against Religious Politicization in Indonesia

The phenomenon of religious politicization, which entails the exploitation of religion for political gain, poses a serious threat to national unity by fostering divisions among religious communities and undermining democratic principles. This practice stands in stark contrast to the values of religious moderation, which emphasize justice, tolerance, and harmony. Through an exploration of Islamic moderation, this study highlights the concept of uswatun hasanah (a virtuous role model) as a strategic framework to mitigate the negative impacts of religious politicization. Employing a qualitative research approach focused on library research, the study conducts a thematic analysis of Qur'anic verses using descriptive-analytic methods. The findings reveal that religious politicization not only disrupts societal cohesion but also underscores the urgent need for religious moderation as a means to counteract the misuse of religion for political purposes. By advocating the emulation of positive role models, Islam provides a pathway to cultivate virtuous behavior and promote harmony. Furthermore, the concept of uswatun hasanah can be actualized both in society and the digital realm through the creation and dissemination of moderate content while actively filtering out hoaxes, misinformation, and divisive materials. These efforts highlight the pivotal role of uswatun hasanah in fostering interfaith harmony and protecting societal unity from the divisive effects of religious politicization.

The Role of National Unity and Political Bodies in Handling Potential Conflicts in West Java Province

This research aims to analyze the real role of the National Unity and Political Agency in Handling Potential Conflicts in West Java Province. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation and literature study, as well as data analysis using interactive models by Miles Huberman, Saldana (2014) and Role Theory according to Bruce J. Cohen (1992). The results of this research show that Bakesbangpol has issued West Java Governor Decree Number: 460.05/Kep.134-Bakesbangpol/2019 concerning the Integrated Team for Handling Regional Social Conflict in West Java Province as a follow-up to efforts to handle conflict. Conflict management carried out by Bakesbangpol in handling potential conflicts is through mediation and conciliation. In the context of successful conflict handling, West Java Bakesbangpol has applied the penta helix principle with a coordination, collaboration and synergy approach. Linked to role theory by Bruce J. Cohen (1992), Bakesbangpol has played a real role (Anacted Role) in resolving the polemic problem of establishing the construction of the Sang Hyang Hurip Santo Antonius Catholic Church in Bandung City. West Java Bakesbangpol also has a situation and condition monitoring application called "SIMBAKESBANGPOL" and a Whatsapp Group between Regency/City Bakesbangpol throughout West Java to find out up to date about conflict cases that occur in the West Java region as a whole.

The Role of Education in Political Socialization of the Nigerian Citizens: Implication For Primary Education

Education, especially at the primary level, serves as the foundation for instilling democratic values, civic responsibility, and political awareness. This study used a survey research design to examine the role of education in political socialization in Aguata Local Government Area. A sample of 100 participants from selected communities was surveyed using a structured questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale. Data analysis applied a 2.5 mean cutoff for acceptance. The findings reveal that primary education significantly contributes to the political socialization of children, equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to understand political systems and engage in democratic processes. Key elements such as political education in schools, exposure to mass media, and participation in civic activities were identified as critical factors in shaping political dispositions. However, the study also highlights challenges such as inadequate political education, limited resources, and the need for curriculum reforms to foster a more inclusive and effective political socialization process. The study highlights the importance of integrating comprehensive civic education into primary school curricula to promote national unity, enhance political engagement, and prepare young Nigerians to become responsible, active citizens. The findings suggest that strengthening political socialization at the primary education level is vital for ensuring the development of a politically conscious and participatory citizenry, which is essential for the sustainable growth of Nigeria’s democracy

The Realistic Dilemma and Path Choice of Deepening National Unity and Progress Education in Universities

Strengthening the education of national unity and progress is an important measure for colleges and universities to forge the consciousness of the Chinese national community, which is of great significance for improving the comprehensive quality of college students, implementing the fundamental task of moral education and cultivating people in colleges and universities, and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At present, China’s universities carry out ethnic unity and progressive education work. There are issues with limited content and forms, an imperfect system mechanism, and insufficient professional quality among teachers. In this regard, colleges and universities can strengthen the top-level design, improve the educational effect by deepening the educational reform, and create a campus atmosphere of national unity and progress in colleges and universities to promote the development of national unity and progress in education.