National Tourism Planning Research Articles

An International Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Measure the Carbon Footprint of Tourism

Tourism contributes significantly to climate change. However, it has continuously been excluded from national emission frameworks globally. Climate action must play a leading role in national tourism plans by measuring, monitoring and reporting tourism emissions for sustainable destination management. The purpose of this study is to identify the most applicable approach to measure the carbon footprint of tourism internationally. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the international approaches and toolkits available to measure tourism emissions. Consequently, contributes new knowledge to tourism policymakers by outlining the advantages, limitations and barriers of utilizing each approach. The findings identified that the most favorable approaches cannot be used internationally due to tourism data limitations. Thus, barriers to establishing and maintaining a standardized measurement and system to accurately monitor the level of tourism decarbonization worldwide are created. Nevertheless, tourism policymakers can begin to minimize these barriers by collecting credible data to establish the Tourism Satellite Accounts. Climate change is a significant crisis facing humanity, and until now, this research has not been completed.

Strategic Issues in Portuguese Tourism Plans: An Analysis of National Strategic Plans since 2000

Planning consists of thinking about the future and allows territories to be better prepared to take advantage of opportunities and face challenges that arise. In Portugal, tourism is one of the pillars of the economy, generating wealth and creating various job openings. In recent years, this destination has won several international awards and distinctions due to the quality of services and tourism offerings. Part of this success is due to the planning carried out by the entity responsible, Turismo de Portugal. This study aims to analyse the content and structure of national tourism plans implemented in Portugal since 2000. Furthermore, we want to understand: (1) the vision outlined for the Portuguese territory and the changes it has undergone in recent decades; (2) the methodologies that were used in the formation process of these plans, for instance, if public auscultation was used; (3) the main objectives defined for the territory and which were the actions that have been defined to achieve them. A qualitative methodology of document analysis was used, combined with the presentation of a case study related to tourism planning at a national level. The results show the growing importance of the tourism sector for the Portuguese economy. Since 2020, the growing involvement of stakeholders in the construction of strategic plans has also been evident through public consultation and an emphasis on sustainability practices in the tourism sector.

Libyan Tourism Crisis Planning and Stakeholder Responses

Aims and Place of Study: A comprehensive framework is developed in conjunction with recommendations for resolving the crisis confronting national-level tourism plans, which is then applied to the Libyan case. Until now, overcoming a lack of tourism planning in unstable countries has been a lengthy, expensive process, with detailed solutions tailored to such an environment rarely being implemented systematically. the current study may contribute to developing tourism crisis management plans, thereby improving this sector and reviving tourism in Libya.
 Methodology: It is argued that by systematically examining the people involved in the tourism planning as well as the tourism sector in general along with the tourism planning documents against a set of criteria, much can be learned about tourism planning. While plans vary according to context, all tourism plans should incorporate certain characteristics. This dissertation identified several characteristics that should be included in national-level tourism plans, including involved stakeholders and the inclusion of scenarios and a backup plan.
 Results: This research determines the factors that constituted an obstacle to tourism development in Libya through the PESTEL model and then focused on a number of those factors. Based on the analysis of these factors, a model is developed that organises the practical elements that could enhance the tourism sector in developing countries. This is considered a pillar of national tourism planning, focusing on local and international stakeholders and their role in the success of the planning and identifying other factors supporting the planning process and then dividing each component. It then points to crucial points drawn from the relevant literature indicating the characteristics of a good plan and the human and financial resources that must be reserved in the plan due to their importance to the success of planning. The framework is then used to guide the examination and evaluation of documents about the Libyan Tourism Plan.
 Conclusion: The analysis concludes with recommendations for improving Libyan tourism planning and maximising the benefits of the current Libyan tourism plan (LNTP) 2009-2025. This research contributes to tourism planning by proposing a framework that can address tourism plans of the politically troubled nations at the national level, thereby facilitating the identification of problems and issues, allowing for the most efficient learning from mistakes, and providing a framework for conducting comparative studies.

Comparative analysis of national tourism decarbonisation plans

For tourism to be considered sustainable, the industry needs to be transparent in measuring, monitoring and reporting all emissions to actively contribute to the decarbonisation of the economy. The purpose of this study was to identify to what level tourism decarbonisation has been discussed, assessed, and planned for globally. For this study, a content analysis of national tourism plans was implemented to identify if the carbon footprint of tourism has been assessed, establish a unified approach to measure tourism emissions and determine what level of tourism decarbonisation strategies are currently in place. The findings in this study identified that the carbon footprint of tourism has not been assessed globally, lacks serious discussion and planning for tourism decarbonisation. Crucially, baseline data for tourism emissions are not available, as a result, tourism policymakers cannot monitor and manage the level of decarbonisation in tourism. Furthermore, a unified approach to measure tourism emissions needs to be agreed upon to ensure that each country measures the same criteria. Consequently, allowing policymakers to compare international tourism emissions and establish if tourism is actively transitioning towards a low-carbon industry. Climate change is a significant crisis facing humanity, and until now, this research has not been completed.

Participação do Ministério do Turismo nas políticas de educação profissional em turismo

A educação profissional supõe a possibilidade de empregabilidade dos indivíduos, bem como o aumento da qualidade dos serviços no turismo e da competitividade dos destinos turísticos nacionais. Dessa forma, é objetivo deste trabalho analisar a participação do Ministério do Turismo nas políticas públicas de educação profissional em turismo. Foram utilizados como metodologia os procedimentos de: pesquisa bibliográfica; análise documental nos Planos Nacionais de Turismo; e coleta de dados secundária em páginas, publicações e reportagens oficiais de Ministérios. Como resultados, observou-se que as políticas do Ministério do Turismo neste campo revelaram raras ações no ensino superior e médio, nenhuma na pós-graduação e uma forte concentração de ações em qualificação profissional. Sua análise confirmou a postura desarticulada com as demais pastas e políticas públicas.

Planejamento setorial e execução orçamentária em turismo no Brasil (2003-2018)


 
 
 
 O Ministério do Turismo (MTur), instituído em 2003, completou 16 anos de atuação como o principal órgão oficial de turismo do Brasil, nesse período implementou três planos nacionais de turismo e executou R$ 18,1 bilhões. Desta forma, o presente artigo tem como objetivo geral analisar o desempenho do governo federal brasileiro na área do turismo, tendo como foco a relação entre planejamento setorial e execução orçamentária do Ministério do Turismo, no período de 2003 a 2018. A pesquisa também tem como objetivos: identificar a posição que o turismo ocupou na agenda governamental; revelar o perfil dos investimentos públicos em turismo no Brasil; e verificar se os Planos Nacionais de Turismo foram devidamente incorporados no orçamento público. Essa é uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, com uma abordagem quantitativa, na medida em que se fundamenta principalmente no levantamento e análise de dados sobre o orçamento público em turismo do governo federal brasileiro. Ao focar a dotação e a execução orçamentária do MTur verifica-se que de 2003 a 2006 a pasta passou por um período de fortalecimento e ocupou uma posição de relativo destaque na agenda política governamental no período de 2007 a 2010, quando apresentou um contínuo crescimento tanto na dotação, quanto na execução de recursos, concentrados sobretudo na área de infraestrutura. De 2011 a 2018, o turismo ocupou uma posição periférica na agenda governamental, período em que o MTur apresenta uma alta instabilidade orçamentária, com contingenciamento expressivo, cenário que sugere problemas na composição do seu orçamento como também na capacidade de gestão do MTur em implementar programas e projetos.
 
 
 

Megaeventos Esportivos no Brasil e o Plano Nacional de Turismo 2013-2016: As Metas de Expansão Turística

Megaeventos Esportivos no Brasil e o Plano Nacional de Turismo 2013-2016: As Metas de Expansão Turística

Second home tourism in the Algarve – The perception of public managers

Proposal: In the last year’s second home tourism has obtained a relevant attention in Portugal, and especially in the Algarve region. It has been identified by the national tourism plan as one of the strategic products. In the Algarve second home market important for the tourism dynamics. Objective: This study focuses on the perception of government agents in the Algarve about second home tourism, in particular the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that this product creates for regional development. Methodological Design: The study uses a descriptive and exploratory approach with an online survey applied to all municipalities in the Algarve. Results: The results are helpful to understand second home tourism trajectories by presenting useful information to future strategies. Originality: It was observed that economic factors directly influence strengths and threats, the weakness are more related to social and environmental aspects, and the opportunities are linked to all dimensions, economic, social and environmental.

Tourism 2025: an industry perspective

Purpose Tourism 2025 – Growing Value Together/Whakatipu Uara Ngatahi is a framework to unite New Zealand's large and diverse tourism industry and ignite strong, aspirational economic growth. Its goal is to see the tourism industry contribute $41 billion a year to the New Zealand economy by 2025, up from $24 billion now. It provides vital context for some collective actions by big or small industry clusters and for thousands of actions individual businesses will take each year. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A wide range of tourism industry stakeholders were consulted over an 18‐month period to ensure the project was being developed on a solid, evidence‐based foundation. There was strong stakeholder support for a framework which the private sector takes ownership of and responsibility for, but which also recognises that public sector support is vital. The project team developed a “straw‐man” growth framework model which resulted in carrying out detailed investigations and consultation to test and, where necessary, adjust that model into its final form. Findings There were four major forces shaping the global tourism market. There was one positive force for New Zealand countered by three tough challenges. The strawman growth framework comprised five separate yet inter‐connected “cycle of growth” themes. These themes are relatively consistent with global national tourism plans that were studied. Used intelligently and in harmony, with the industry fully understanding the inter‐relationships and inter‐dependencies within the “cycle of growth”, the key themes enable the tourism industry to successfully come to grips with the challenges and opportunities ahead. Originality/value Tourism 2025 is aimed at aligning the industry on a pathway towards aspirational growth.

Da Regulamentação à Promoção - o rural nos planos nacionais de turismo (1985-2011)

Os Planos Nacionais de Turismo (PNT) constituem documentos importantes para uma melhor compreensão das representações e dos significados sociais do rural e do turismo rural em Portugal. O presente artigo, procurando debater estas questões, tem por base a análise de conteúdo detalhada dos PNT ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, designadamente, os PNT dos períodos de 1985-1988 e 1989-1992 e o Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo (PENT) dos períodos de 2007-2010 e 2011-2015. A análise de conteúdo efetuada teve como suporte uma grelha de análise exaustiva, contendo múltiplas categorias (e valores correspondentes) identificadas a partir da revisão da literatura nacional e internacional sobre o mundo rural, as suas representações e significados, assim como sobre o turismo rural e as políticas e estratégias implementadas no âmbito da União Europeia (UE) e aplicadas em Portugal. A escolha deste período temporal toma como referência a data do primeiro PNT (1985) e da entrada de Portugal na Comunidade Económica Europeia (CEE) (1986). Da análise de conteúdo, identificámos as principais definições, características e produtos de Turismo em Espaço Rural (TER) associadas a cada um dos PNT, permitindo agrupar um conjunto de imagens e representações do rural e do TER.

Future eDestination Marketing

Tourism destinations are difficult to manage because of the complex relationships of their diverse public and private stakeholders. At the same time, strategic marketing efforts are important for destinations to foster positive consequences of tourism, particularly given the range of opportunities and challenges created by the emergence of social media that destinations can use advantageously. This article aims to explore future eDestination marketing from Australian tourism stakeholder network perspectives. Workshops were convened in July 2012 in Melbourne, Australia, for select stakeholders invited to contribute to the futures national tourism technology strategy. They presented a stakeholder network approach to futures strategy development that aims to contribute to that used in recent national tourism plans and strategies for Australia developed by the government. Building on theories of stakeholder networks and futures, the article demonstrates the value of a futures stakeholder network method compared to traditional government approaches by critically analyzing outcomes of both.

Tourism, Indigenous People, and the Challenge of Development: The Representations of Ovahimbas in Tourism Promotion and Community Perceptions Toward Tourism

In Namibia the tourism industry is increasingly used as a medium for economic and social development goals in the country. By involving local communities the benefits of tourism are expected to trickle down to a local level where the tourist activities actually take place. These challenges highlight the need to discuss the nature of tourism and community relations and perceptions. First, the article overviews the role and representations of local people, namely Ovahimbas (or Himbas), in Namibian tourism promotion. Secondly, the article aims to analyze how the role of tourism is seen by the local Ovahimba communities in north western Namibia. The former overview is based on the contemporary tourism brochures while the latter is studied by using community interviews. Based on the tourism promotion, the representations of Ovahimbas are dominated by female depictions referring to historically constructed primitive, exotic, and erotic objects for Western tourists to explore. The Ovahimbas are trapped to play an unchanged static culture referring to a past in order to satisfy the expectations of nonlocal visitors. According to the interviews the local practices of tourism were seen as highly beneficial, however, and tourism-related developments were perceived positively. On the other hand, the position that local people placed themselves in tourism was referring to the same passive role also represented in the tourism brochures. It is evident that tourism development has not yet contributed sufficiently to community empowerment, participation, and control over tourism activities, for example, which are named as strategic aims in the national tourism plans and community-based policy goals in Namibia.

Niche Tourism Policy and Planning: The South African Experience

Niche tourism is garnering an increasing critical international scholarship. After the 1994 democratic transition tourism appears as a strategic sector in South African economic planning and from 2004 initiatives emerge to promote niche tourism. Within the context of rising international policy discussions around niche tourism, the South African experience is analyzed. Niche tourism has become incorporated into national tourism planning for South Africa in order to contribute towards the goals of increased job creation, decent work, and geographical dispersal. Government is seeking to develop a set of strategic planning initiatives around niche tourism in order to support a competitive tourist destination. The article examines the definition, changing role, and strategic planning for niche tourism within the wider tourism policy environment of postapartheid South Africa. The findings disclose a struggle to define niche tourism sectors and subsequently to implement high-impact strategic policy interventions.

Community-Based Natural Resource Management and Tourism: Nata Bird Sanctuary, Botswana

Community-based tourism has been promoted in many parts of the developing world as an alternative to private sector-led tourism projects. Supporters of community-based tourism contend that projects might not only reduce rural poverty and advance conservation by strengthening local economies and empowering communities but also manage natural resources for long-term economic, social, and ecological benefits. In countries of Southern Africa notions of community-based tourism linked to conservation benefits have become popular. In Botswana, community-based natural resource management is one of the foundations for national tourism planning. This article examines the case of Nata Bird Sanctuary in Northeast Botswana and highlights serious shortcomings in terms of the local community's perceptions of the management, distributional benefits, and ownership of this project.

Enclaves and ethnic ties: The local impacts of Singaporean cross-border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia

Cross-border tourism is often proposed by governments as an incentive for economic growth, but critics have suggested that its impacts are, in fact, overplayed. This paper presents research in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT). It examines the broad economic impacts of Singaporean cross-border tourism on local host communities in two locations: Kukup, a traditional Malaysian fishing village in Johor, southern Peninsular Malaysia, and Bintan in Riau Islands Province in western Indonesia. The study found that cross-border tourism generated income, employment and some local economic linkages. In Kukup clear economic benefits with increased income and employment were unevenly distributed between ethnic groups. The Bintan enclave development had some linkages to the island economy but was reliant on immigrant labour. Cross-border ethnic ties, particularly Chinese, also played an important role in the growth of tourism in the IMS-GT. The paper shows that cross-border tourism can be a useful addition to more conventional forms of international tourism within national tourism planning and could lead to significant economic benefits for local communities.

Regeneration in a mass-tourism resort: The changing fortunes of Bugibba, Malta

International images emanating from Malta’s tourism authorities are of a tourism product typified by quality accommodation, attractive aesthetics, urban environment and design, and the proximity of cultural attractions. The transformation of the resort of Bugibba to meet the demands of these markets and to maintain competitiveness presents many, diverse challenges. The prevailing atmosphere within the resort during the first decade of the 21st century is of a town that is striving to find its contemporary identity. In common with many resorts it appears a faded reflection of its 1970s heyday and is striving to revitalise its fortunes. However, Bugibba’s position as a tourist resort has been shaped by Malta’s National Tourism Plans since 1989, and it is contended here that these plans are contributing to the resort’s decline. Rethinking Bugibba’s next phases of development is bringing about change. Meeting upmarket expectations and image provides a national steer for Bugibba, and the nature of its tourism product has started to alter, albeit slowly. However, to change perceptions of it as a traditional mass-tourism resort will be harder to achieve, and may be made even more difficult during the period of transition.

Gastronomía y turismo en Argentina. Polo gastronómico Tomás Jofré

Culinary Tourism in Argentina. The Case of Tomas Jofre. The importance of culinary tourism is growing steadily both in developing and industrialized societies. Argentina has a long tradition regard- ing this kind of tourism, mainly wine tourism, reflected in the National Wine Festival held since 1936 en the province of Mendoza. By the end of the 20th century culinary tourism was brought into the national tourism plan and it was the start for the private sector to develop own initiatives in order to develop small towns into culinary attractions for visitors. This article presents the results of a study undertaken in order to get acquainted with the visitor profile and motivations for visitors to Tomas Jofre during Sun- days.

A societal marketing approach to national tourism planning: evidence from the South Pacific

This paper provides a brief overview of the literature on the practice of tourism planning with particular reference to the South Pacific. It examines the tourism development challenges facing South Pacific Island countries and how these may be addressed using an innovative approach to planning. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of marketing and socio-cultural issues within the planning process. Drawing upon recent WTO practice in two Pacific Island countries, Vanuatu and Niue, a model is proposed which seeks to achieve an appropriate balance between community aspirations and destination marketing within a planning framework. The scope for collaboration between academics and freelance consultants as members of tourism development planning teams is explored. Whilst drawing upon the literature, the paper is substantially based upon the experience of the authors as participants in the tourism development planning process in South Pacific destinations.

National tourism planning in the Philippines

Tourism plans tend to focus on physical development and marketing. Government tourism organizations of developing countries, however, must assume broader responsibilities related to social, cultural and environmental concerns. Available tourism planning models may be suitable for the private sector but do not address the planning needs of governments. Dexter Choy of the School of Travel Industry Management, University of Hawaii, analyses the process used in formulating the National Tourism Plan for the Philippines.