National Territory Research Articles

일본의 독도 고유영토론 고찰

It is said that the inherent territory theory was invented by Japan. Japan, which lost a lot of territory after its defeat in World War II, began to raise claims of ‘inherent territory’ in order to recover such territory. The first time the claim of ‘inherent territory (固有の領土)’ was used for the two islands, Habomai and Shikotan, on the border with Russia. Afterwards, in 1956, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu stated in a speech to the National Assembly that Dokdo was also Japan's inherent territory. In general, ‘inherent territory’ means ‘national territory that has never historically become the territory of another country’ or ‘unique national territory that has not been newly acquired through the mode of territorial acquisition.’ It is distinguished from ‘territory possessed since the establishment of a modern state’ or ‘territory possessed ab origine at the time of the establishment of a modern state, and territory acquired by gains after the establishment of the state.’ Inherent territory is understood to include three aspects: 1) the temporal and historical part, 2) the mode of territorial acquisition, and 3) the absence of foreign domination. Although the inherent territory theory seems similar to historical title at first glance, it is reasonable to believe that the inherent territory theory claimed by Japan is virtually impossible to apply not only under international law but also in actual reality, and is unlikely to be accepted as a theory under international law.

Mechanisms Accounting for the Formation of the Strong Winds that Caused the Tripping Incident of Transmission Line in Eastern Inner Mongolia

Meteorological disasters pose a serious threat to the State Grid Corporation of China, which covers ~ 88% of Chinese national territory. Of these, strong winds deserve a special attention, as they often induce windage yaw discharge of transmission lines and even toppling of transmission towers, resulting in serious economic losses. On 28 June 2023, a severe tripping incident of transmission line appears in Eastern Inner Mongolia due to strong winds. In this study, we conduct comprehensive analyses to clarify the favorable background conditions and governing mechanisms for producing the strong winds. Main results are shown as follows. Synoptic analysis indicates that, the favorable background environments for the event are characterized by a strong upper-level jet associated upper tropospheric divergence; an intense middle-level warm advection ahead of a shortwave trough; and a long-lived lower-tropospheric mesoscale vortex. The strong winds that cause the tripping incident mainly occur in the southeastern quadrant of the vortex. Vorticity budget presents that the period from the mesoscale-vortex’s formation to 4 h before is crucial to the mesoscale vortex, as cyclonic vorticity increases rapidly mainly due to the lower-level convergence-related vertical stretching. In contrast, the horizontal transport mainly results in a net export of cyclonic vorticity, which is the most detrimental factor. Kinetic energy (KE) budget shows that, after the mesoscale vortex forms, the strong winds within its southeastern quadrant enhance rapidly. Overall, the positive work done by the pressure gradient force associated with the mesoscale vortex dominates the enhancement of strong winds; the horizontal transport of KE is the second dominant factor, and the vertical transport of KE (i.e., the downward momentum transportation) shows the least contribution.

National Sovereignty and Territorial Unification of the Romanian Space: An Intergenerational Concept

The Romanian Constitution of 1923 is framed on the backdrop of a long historical journey, lasting more than a century, of state-building and the emergence of a specific Romanian constitutional tradition. The aim is to retrace this path in its broad phases, attempting to explain it in the light of an interpretative scheme based on a generational approach, taken as a measure of periodization and as an expression of historical and political continuities and changes. The article shows the relevance in Romanian political culture of the principle of national sovereignty, expressed in the concepts of the unity of the state’s territory and independence. Going back to the first reform projects in the first half of the nineteenth century, the article outlines the main attempts at political change based on the link between national integration and territorial unification: from the Romanian national initiatives of the first half of the century (with special attention to the 1848 Revolution) to the Constitution of 1866 and the new reality of Greater Romania after the First World War. A substantial continuity of values and ideas is outlined, assessing the intergenerational dimension of the concept of national sovereignty in Romanian political culture.

Curriculum development in the framework of the common curricular base (1988-2013)

Here are organized discussions about official curricular documents for Brazilian basic education, published with the seal of the Common Curricular Base, in the time frame from 1988 to 2013. Through the organization and publication of documents such as: National Curricular Parameters (1997, 1998), National Curriculum Referential for Child Education (1998) and National Curricular Guidelines for Basic Education (2010, 2013), put in place the perspective of the Common Curriculum Base, curricular development puts in course the notion of Common Curricular Base, when the purpose was to bring to existence a Common National Base, that is, guidelines that could be general for all national territory for Basic Education. We understand, starting from the Critical Theory of the Curriculum, that dealing with curricular documents implies dealing with processes of selection and distribution of knowledge, linked to conceptions that give shape to the idealized formation path. The discussion of the Common Curriculum Base reinforces the idea that there is basic knowledge necessary for the belonging and the active participation of the subjects in the social contexts in which they are inserted. For the common basic formation, we highlight the agenda of values aligned with the interests and demands, of the historical moment, in the sense of making "common" the rights and duties of citizens, in the face of the society that is intended to build or to feed. As well as, the emphasis on "work orientation", a very present social interest.

First Report of the Emergence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Lineage IV Virus in Senegal.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease and one of the deadliest affecting wild goats, sheep, and small ruminants; however, goats are generally more sensitive. The causative agent is the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus of negative polarity belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. In February 2020, an active outbreak of PPR was reported in a herd of a transhumant farmer in the village of Gainth Pathé (department of Kounguel, Kaffrine region, Senegal). Of the ten swabs collected from the goats, eight returned a positive result through a quantitative real-time PCR. The sample that yielded the strongest signal from the quantitative real-time PCR was further analyzed with a conventional PCR amplification and direct amplicon sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence of the PPR virus obtained belonged to lineage IV. These results confirm those found in the countries bordering Senegal and reinforce the hypothesis of the importance of animal mobility between these neighboring countries in the control of PPRV. In perspective, following the discovery of this lineage IV in Senegal, a study on its dispersion is underway throughout the national territory. The results that will emerge from this study, associated with detailed data on animal movements and epidemiological data, will provide appropriate and effective information to improve PPR surveillance and control strategies with a view to its eradication.

Anthropological photography of the 1920s – early 1930s in the context of the development of national territories by the Soviet authorities

The article is devoted to various aspects of the creation of anthropological photography in the 1920s – early 1930s. Taking the case of the history and development of a visual document, it presents the problems of scientific development of national territories. The peculiarities of formation of the complex of photographic images in the period of nation-building are considered in the context of priorities for choosing territories and ethnic groups for research, interaction with the authorities, and approach to working with the local population. The text shows the various situations in which anthropological photographic documents were created, and the reports that reflected scientific tasks of researchers. The history of the formation of the MAE RAS photographic collection is exemplified by the main stages and directions of research, the technical specificities of creating photographic documents and archiving them in the museum collection. The article further raises questions of author’s methodology for creating and collecting images, the problems related to the ethics of interaction with subjects and the publication of research materials.

Rural credit concentration in Brazil in 2017

One of the main public policies for promoting and developing Brazilian agriculture is rural credit. This policy seeks to stimulate production and modernize the sector by applying financial resources for the purposes of costing, investment, industrialization and commercialization. However, historically, these resources have been unevenly concentrated throughout the national territory, favoring the South and Southeast regions, since the moment the rural credit policy was institutionalized. Observing this poor distribution, this study sought to measure the distribution of agricultural credit in relation to its productive response, through tabular analysis and the redundancy index for the major regions and their respective federative entities in 2017. It was concluded that credit continued to be concentrated in the South and Southeast regions, but when analyzing the productive counterpart, there was no concentration.

PROCEDURES TO IMPROVE THE EXPORT/IMPORT PROCESS OF OLIVE OILS TO THE BRAZILIAN MARKET

Brazil ranks second among non-producing countries or countries that have lower production compared to consumption. Currently imports of this product reach about 110 thousand tons (2020 data from the Brazilian Ministry of Economy ex-Development and Foreign Trade-MDIC), however, despite the potential for growth in imports and consequently consumption of this product, the entry of this product in national territory has its obstacles and. It is necessary to find improvements in the process and a greater understanding of the entire system so that the import logistics are more effective and beneficial to everyone involved in this activity. The objective of this study was to deal with the main problems related to this procedure(export/import) proposing some solutions for both importers or of oils with practices that optimize this process by streamlining some procedures from the product's exit to the issuance of documentation abroad in accordance with external and internal legal requirements, as well as the continuous movement of the product at the points of arrival in brazilian territory. It is necessary to find improvements in the goods internment process and a greater understanding of the entire legal system so that the import logistics is more effective and benefits everyone involved in this operation. This what the present study proposes to improve this entire process.

Growing cassava: from processing to marketing

Cassava cultivation has economic importance throughout the national territory, being used as raw material in various by-products. Its cultivation generates direct and indirect jobs, boosting the economy mainly for small producers. Efficient harvesting, followed by careful storage and processing, guarantees successful production. Therefore, approaching techniques that aim for efficient production are of paramount importance for efficient production.

The COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants: a national project for the impact assessment of the disease and effective interventions to reduce the spread and promote health

Within the prevention programmes of the Italian Ministry of Health, a project aimed to containing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the immigrant population in Italy has entrusted to the Regional Health Authority of Sicily Region (Southern Italy). New evidence has been promoted to disseminate and share public health intervention models. The project involved public health institutions across the national territory and was carried out during the COVID-19pandemic. The project reached the general aim through specific objectives, identifying information sources and health indicators, evaluating the impact of COVID-19, and promoting intervention programmes for taking charge immigrant population. Social distancing, although necessary, has further amplified the gap of inequalities in health, confirming major vulnerability for infection. Having filled some knowledge gaps and proposed prevention tools has been useful for the containment of the virus, for a possible resurgence of the phenomenon, for application in other emergency contexts, and for recalibration in new epidemic events.

Ecosystem service tradeoff and synergistic relationship in the Yellow River Delta High-Efficiency Eco-Economic Zone.

Exploring the tradeoff and synergy relationship among ecosystem services in the Yellow River Delta High-Efficiency Eco-Economic Zone is of great practical significance for regional ecosystem service function zoning and high-quality development. Using the InVEST model, spatial auto-correlation and trade-off synergism (ESTD) model, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of five ecosystem services (habitat quality, carbon storage, soil conservation, water conservation, and water purification), as well as their trade-off and synergistic relationships at the township scale from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that habitat quality, carbon storage, and nitrogen and phosphorus output decreased as a whole from 2000 to 2020, and soil conservation and water purification increased. Habitat quality showed a distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south, and carbon sto-rage, nitrogen and phosphorus output, soil conservation and water purification showed a pattern of low in the north and high in the south. During the study period, synergistic relationships among the five ecosystem services were predominant in both time cross-section and time period, but there were still differences, with synergistic relationships mainly between carbon storage and other services in time cross-section, and between habitat quality and other ser-vices in time period. Our results can provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the enhancement of ecosystem services and the zoning of ecosystem functions, as well as basic support for the optimization of spatial patterns of national territory.

Top–down disaggregation of life expectancy up to municipal areas, using linear self-regressive spatial models

The paper aims to analyse a statistical procedure for the definition of territorial indicators, such as the biometric function of life expectancy of citizens of a territory e0, applying a methodology of Top–Down spatial disaggregation, using census data from 2011 in Italy. Through spatial regressions with the methodology proposed in 1971 by Chow and Lin with the use of ISTAT elaborations of annual mortality tables, which are structured from the national level to the regional level, up to the smallest details of the main level, as a dependent variable and predictors a number k of census variables plus accidents in regression models, life expectancy can also be defined at municipal levels (not elaborated by ISTAT) and even at sub-municipal levels (Census Area). The structure of the 2011 census was characterized by 152 variables, collected with CAPI and universal CAWI survey on all the survey units, throughout the national territory, divided into administrative areas of competence and 402,677 more granular areas in census sections. This structure represents a very relevant and useful information asset for applying a spatial disaggregation of indicators, based on three fundamental assumptions:Structural similarity, whereby the aggregate model and the disaggregate model are structurally similar, i.e., the relationships between the variables are valid both at the aggregate (Top) and at the disaggregate (Down) level, with the consequence that the regression parameters are the same in the two models.Error similarity: for spatially correlated errors they present the same structure at both aggregate (Top) and disaggregate (Down) levels, significantly testing for zero spatial correlation;Reliable indicators: the variables in the regression models are efficient predictors at both aggregates (Top) and disaggregate (Down) levels, estimable from model efficiency tests.As we see in the following, compared to others, the best predictors of the census and income variables show us a good interaction in terms of active regressors on the estimation variable.

Nutritional, Clinical and Sociodemographic Profiles of Spanish Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to the loss of motor neurons. The dietary intake of ALS patients is thought to influence the prognosis and progression of the disease. The aim of this study was to examine the nutritional, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of ALS patients in Spain. A cross-sectional descriptive study with demographics, clinical anamnesis and anthropometric assessment was carried out. Nutritional intake was recorded and compared with dietary reference intakes (DRI). Forty subjects (25 males; 15 females) aged 54.7 ± 10.17 were included in the study. The mean weight and height were 67.99 ± 8.85 kg and 167.83 ± 8.79 cm, respectively. Clinical phenotype, time to diagnosis, year of onset and family history were not associated with the place of origin. Clinical phenotype had no influence on time of diagnosis. Caloric and protein intakes were adequate, while carbohydrate, vitamin B8 and iodine intakes were significantly lower than the DRI. Lipids; vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C and E; sodium; phosphorus; and selenium intakes were significantly higher than the recommended nutritional standards. ALS patients, who are homogeneously distributed throughout our national territory, should modify their dietary habits to minimize ultra-processed products and prioritize foods rich in healthy fats and fiber.

Fale Pili: a Tuvaluan perspective on mobility justice

ABSTRACT This paper suggests that the Indigenous Tuvaluan concept of fale pili, looking after one’s neighbour as if they were family, must be centralised in understandings of mobility justice for Tuvaluan people. While the risks of sea level rise to Tuvalu’s low-lying national territory are well-recognised, the culturally specific ways in which Tuvaluans perceive and experience mobility are not. From a fale pili perspective, mobility is a way of enacting family, fenua (indigenous island within Tuvalu) and responsibilities to the Tuvaluan (political) community. Conceived in this way, Tuvaluan mobility does not primarily see migrant-as-individual; rather the migrant is always a representative of, and contributor towards, collective wellbeing of family, fenua and nation. Our paper is structured as follows. First, we discuss the importance of approaching both mobility and mobility justice as culturally specific concepts that are scripted and experienced by different peoples in different ways. To do so, we read contemporary theorisations of mobility (in)justice, and encourage attention to understanding the cosmological dimensions of contemporary (global) life that a critical civilisational perspective affords. Drawing on two case-studies of fale pili, one involving urban-rural migration in Tuvalu during the COVID-19 pandemic, and one involving Tuvaluan guest workers in Australia, we suggest that fale pili offers an approach to understanding mobility justice as culturally and geographically situated. By way of conclusion, we also consider the ways that fale pili can contribute to wider debates on mobility (in)justice in turbulent times.

Climatic effects of the Williston Reservoir on Tsay Keh Dene Nation Territory of northern British Columbia, Canada

Climatic effects of the Williston Reservoir on Tsay Keh Dene Nation Territory of northern British Columbia, Canada

RESOLUÇÃO DE CONFLITO

In the context of the national legal system, this text seeks to provide a systemic view of mediation, conciliation and arbitration from doctrinal principles (not broadly, but simplifi ed in the conception of the judiciary). The benefi ts of such alternative techniques will be examined and associated with the doctrine and laws that control them. This is because of the recognized ‘slowness’ of the judicial system. It is thus intended that mediation is used when there is a prior relationship between the parties, because it requires eff ort in the investigation and study of the issue. Furthermore, it points directly to the proposed theme according to the primary forms of mediation and how these disputes work and how they are examined. Thus, we point in the direction of the adversarial - where the principles of plea-bargaining will support conciliation that is typically employed when there is no prior relationship and should eff ectively focus on resolving the issue (fact proposed to the judiciary). Thus, we coadunate that the ‘arbitrator’ should take special eventually in demonstrating that the benefi ts of the arbitration procedure outweigh any potential drawbacks, thus making it a fast process, with technical precision that can/will encourage its eff ectiveness in the judicial system - either in a given locality, or in the national territory.

A MISSÃO CONSTITUCIONAL DAS FORÇAS ARMADAS DO BRASIL NA GARANTIA DA ORDEM

This study brings with it the employment of the Armed Forces and their performance in Law and Order Guarantee operations. The Constitutional mission of the Armed Forces is presented, mainly in the protection of the national territory and strengthening of the force to prevent attacks, whether they are of a national or international nature. It was concluded that the constitutional mission of the Armed Forces, based on compliance with the law, played a fundamental role for social and political conquests.

A MISSÃO CONSTITUCIONAL DAS FORÇAS ARMADAS DO BRASIL NA GARANTIA DA ORDEM

This study brings with it the employment of the Armed Forces and their performance in Law and Order Guarantee operations. The Constitutional mission of the Armed Forces is presented, mainly in the protection of the national territory and strengthening of the force to prevent attacks, whether they are of a national or international nature. It was concluded that the constitutional mission of the Armed Forces, based on compliance with the law, played a fundamental role for social and political conquests.

Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel tryptamine hallucinogen 5-MeO-MiPT on motor, sensorimotor, physiological, and cardiorespiratory parameters in mice—from a human poisoning case to the preclinical evidence

RationaleThe 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT, known online as “Moxy”) is a new psychedelic tryptamine first identified on Italian national territory in 2014. Its hallucinogen effects are broadly well-known; however, only few information is available regarding its pharmaco-toxicological effects.ObjectivesFollowing the seizure of this new psychoactive substances by the Arm of Carabinieri and the occurrence of a human intoxication case, in the current study we had the aim to characterize the in vivo acute effects of systemic administration of 5-MeO-MiPT (0.01–30 mg/kg i.p.) on sensorimotor (visual, acoustic, and overall tactile) responses, thermoregulation, and stimulated motor activity (drag and accelerod test) in CD-1 male mice. We also evaluated variation on sensory gating (PPI, prepulse inhibition; 0.01–10 mg/kg i.p.) and on cardiorespiratory parameters (MouseOx and BP-2000; 30 mg/kg i.p.). Lastly, we investigated the in silico ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) profile of 5-MeO-MiPT compared to 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT).ResultsThis study demonstrates that 5-MeO-MiPT dose-dependently inhibits sensorimotor and PPI responses and, at high doses, induces impairment of the stimulated motor activity and cardiorespiratory changes in mice. In silico prediction shows that the 5-MeO-MiPT toxicokinetic profile shares similarities with 5-MeO-DIPT and DMT and highlights a cytochrome risk associated with this compound.ConclusionsConsumption of 5-MeO-MiPT can affect the ability to perform activities and pose a risk to human health status, as the correspondence between the effects induced in mice and the symptoms occurred in the intoxication case suggests. However, our findings suggest that 5-MeO-MiPT should not be excluded from research in the psychiatric therapy field.

Design and Prototype of a Micro Hydrokinetic Vertical Turbine

In Latin America only few countries are 100% connected to national electric networks. In Colombia, 52% of the national territory is known as Non Interconnected Zones with a population of 2 million people. To cover these zones basic electricity needs, the use of natural, local and renewable resources such as the hydraulic is proposed, due to the high energetic potential. For this purpose, there are several types of hydraulic turbines, most of them used for large scale power generation (UPME, 2010). This paper aims to design of hydraulic turbomachines for micro-generation to satisfy the electricity demand on isolated villages is deeply research. To accomplish this, a three straight blades Vertical Axis Micro Turbine H-Darrieus type is designed and modelled using CAD computational tools. Hydraulic characterization is run on a CFD ANSYS module and fluid-structure interaction is analyzed. Prototyping is made using 3D-printing process in a digital fabrication lab.