National Statistics Institute Research Articles

Reorganization of human resources in the tourism industry from the perspective of recent years, in relation to Transylvania

Nowadays, employment in various economic fields and the possession of appropriate professional knowledge are of considerable importance, especially in the services sector, where properly qualified personnel is a key factor in terms of the development of satisfaction in the demand segment. As an apropos of this, the human resource reorganizations taking place in the Transylvanian region and the willingness to work form the subject of the research, focusing on the tourism industry, which was a difficulty for businesses providing various services during the period of the Covid-19 epidemic that spread in 2020. In a significant part of the international studies related to the topic, the difficulties arising because of the change in the attitude of the tourist human resources are mentioned, which can lead to a disadvantageous situation in the long term of the operation of tourist facilities. As a result, the sixteen Romanian counties that make up the Transylvania region became the target of the investigation. Projected on the mentioned counties, relevant data from the Romanian National Statistical Institute (INSSE) were first used, examining the time interval between 2010 and 2022, both yearly and monthly. According to the data used, it is important to focus on the investigation of tourist traffic, as well as on the number of people employed in the sector and its change, as well as on the wages received for doing their work and the associated benefits, which can serve as a motivational factor in addition to valuing employees. An examination of the data related to the topic shows that the 2008 global crisis had a more drastic impact on employment in Romania than the Covid-19 pandemic that spread in 2020, the effects of which can still be felt today.

Organizational sustainability to support Trusted Smart Statistics: Istat’s experience

The datification processes have driven National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) to explore new data sources with the goal of enhancing the quality of statistical information. The creation of innovative statistical products, known as Trusted Smart Statistics (TSS), necessitates new production processes that integrate with traditional methods, maintaining levels of relevance, quality, and trust. To facilitate this transition in statistical production, NSIs must embark on change management initiatives involving all organizational dimensions engaged in statistical processes. In the scientific debate, sustainability has assumed a broad connotation. This paper delves into the organizational aspect, viewing sustainability as a paradigm that encompasses all organizational areas and their interactions crucial to supporting the shift to new statistical production models, without compromising traditional practices. The paper explores the path taken by Istat in this direction, the organizational solutions implemented, the benefits realized, and investments in research and innovation initiated years ago on new data sources, aligning with developments in the European statistical community. Istat has been at the forefront of big data experimentation in Europe for over a decade, implementing a modernization program and establishing research infrastructures. Istat took a significant step by founding the TSS Center to guide organizational adaptation at technological, methodological, legal, communication, and human resources levels toward the new production system.

Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption in Mozambique: Analysis Based on Household Budget Survey (IOF 2022)

Worldwide the excessive consumption of alcohol in 2016 was considered as responsible for 5% of deaths and more than 200 illnesses and injuries. There are several studies conducted around the world to understand the prevalence of alcohol consumption. However, in Mozambique, there are few studies conducted to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption, as well as, to characterize the consumers, using data from nationally representative surveys. The current study, identify the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Mozambique, according to socio-demographic characteristics of population using data from the Household Budget Survey (IOF 2022) carried out by the National Statistics Institute in 2022. The analysis of data was based in descriptive statistics. The study results revel that the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Mozambique is 24.6%, higher among men (27%), compared to woman (23%). The prevalence is high among people between 18 - 65 years old (26%) and people with higher education (34%). Around 17% of teenagers, between 15 and 17 years old, in both sexes, purchased and consumed alcoholic beverages, despite the prohibition of Mozambican legislation. The provinces of Tete (37.2%), Maputo (32.3%) and Zambézia (30.3%) have the highest prevalence of alcoholic beverages consumption and the province of Niassa (3.7%) has the lowest prevalence. Beer (46%) is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in Mozambique, followed by traditional alcoholic beverages (44%).

Harmonized European Union subnational crop statistics can reveal climate impacts and crop cultivation shifts

Abstract. The availability of coherent time series of crop statistics is essential for better analyzing the past, understanding the present, and predicting future trends in yield, area, and production. Importantly, such data also underpin assessments and subsequent policy actions that can shape future food systems that are more resilient in the face of climate change and that are sustainable in terms of resource use efficiency. In the European Union (EU), there currently is no legal obligation for EU countries to provide subnational crop statistics. However, such data could improve in-season crop forecasts, climate change impacts and adaption need assessments, and evaluation of agri-environmental schemes. The dataset described in this paper includes a harmonized collection of subnational crop statistics on area, production, and yield, collected for the EU from National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) and the EUROSTAT REGIO database – subnational crop statistics voluntarily contributed by EU countries. The crops considered are wheat (including soft and durum wheat), barley (including winter and spring barley), grain maize, sunflower, and sugar beet. All data are harmonized towards the hierarchical structure of the EUROSTAT legend and the regional classification of NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) version 2016, to provide coherent time series. A total of 344 282 records is presented here (115 974 for wheat, 122 705 for barley, 35 274 for grain maize, 34 916 for sugar beet, and 35 413 for sunflower) for a total of 961 regions in 27 EU countries. Statistics are reported from 1975 to 2020, with a median time-span range of 21 years. A flagging system details, for each data record, information on data sources, processing steps, and quality-checking results. This includes consistency checks between reported values for area, yield and production, identification of null values, missing and calculated data, information on crop legend matching, and NUTS versioning. We illustrate the value of this dataset by analyzing impacts on crops and production zone shifts in Europe due to climatic and economic factors. Recommendations and future developments of collecting subnational statistics at the EU level are briefly discussed. The dataset is accessible with European Commission Authentication Service (ECAS) login at https://doi.org/10.2905/685949ff-56de-4646-a8df-844b5bb5f835 (Ronchetti et al., 2023b).

THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PLEVEN REGION FOR A THREE-YEAR PERIOD (MARCH 2020 – MARCH 2023)

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the capacity of health systems to continue the delivery of essential health services. While health systems were being challenged by increasing demand for care of COVID-19 patients, it was critical to maintain preventive and curative services, especially for vulnerable populations. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pleven region (March 2020 – March 29 2023). Data were obtained from annual reports of the National Statistical Institute and annual epidemiological analyses of Regional Health Inspectorate–Pleven and were analyzed using statistical software (IВМ SPSS Statistics 19.0). Results: There were 36,308 confirmed cases of COVID-19 (medical workers – 2,176 confirmed cases), with 1,895 deaths. The cases during the years were 5,646 (2020), 16,258 (2021), 15,225 (2022). The incidence of COVID-19 in the region was 2,389; 6,964, and 6,668 at 100,000 populations in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The prevalence of the disease was 93%, 98% and 94% of all registered respiratory transmitted cases (p<0.0005). There were four waves with the highest incidence (November 2020, March 2021, October 2021, and January 2022, in concordance with registered for Bulgaria). The highest mortality of COVID-19 (15% of deaths) was registered during 2021 – 456 and 368 at 100,000 population for males and females, respectively (16% and 15% of deaths, respectively; 81% – at ages 65+). Conclusion: The global implementation of different interventions had a significant impact on slowing down the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Health care and resources must be focused on the vulnerable populations.

Characteristics and analysis of the Culture and Arts sector, specifically the Performing dance sector in Bulgaria

The culture and arts sector is often described as a "motor sector" in academic literature. Dance schools, within this sector, offer a unique blend of educational and artistic experiences to their clients, encompassing both instructional classes and the creation of original dance performances. However, cultural and arts organizations are not solely business-oriented but also play a significant role in shaping cultural identity and providing educational opportunities. In Bulgaria, there is a lack of a standardized system for accounting for the number of dance schools and cultural organizations. These entities range from private micro-organizations, such as sole proprietorships, limited liability companies, foundations, and associations, to state and municipal organizations, with the latter forming a small percentage of the sector. Statistical data about cultural organizations and their activities are fragmented and can be found in the annual reports of the National Culture Fund (NCF), registers of the Ministry of Culture, and data from the National Statistical Institute (NSI). This study highlights the complex dynamics within the Culture and Arts sector in Bulgaria, especially in the context of dance schools, and underscores the need for targeted efforts to rekindle public interest and engagement in dance arts.

Consumption of Tap Water and Sociodemographic-Associated Characteristics: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Safe water is a global public health concern amid increasing scarcity and pollution. Bottled water production and consumption contribute to these problems. This study examines tap water consumption in Italy, assessing associated sociodemographic factors and related health outcomes such as obesity and self-perceived health status. Data from the Italian National Statistics Institute's "Aspects of daily life" survey (N = 45,597) were analyzed. Covariates included education, age, gender, economic status, region, concerns about waste and climate change, consumption of carbonated drinks excluding water, alcohol consumption, consumption of vegetables, consumption of snacks, body mass index, and self-perceived health status. Bivariate analyses and mixed-effect logistic regression models explored the associations. People who drink tap water made up 19,674, with a higher prevalence in people aged 45 to 59 old, people with a graduate/post-graduate degree diploma, with optimal economic resources, people concerned about waste production and climate change, and those coming from the north-east regions of Italy. Underweight people showed a higher prevalence of TW consumption as well as those who less than occasionally drank carbonated drinks, drank alcohol, consumed vegetables more than once a day and snacks less than once a week, dairy products more than once a day, sweet less than once a week, cured meat less than once a week, and chicken meat less than once a week, those with no consumption of sheep meat, consumption of beef meat less than once a week and consumption of pork meat less than once a week, and those with a satisfactory level of perceived health status. Regressions showed that all other age classes are less likely to drink tap water than people younger than 20 years old. The category with "inadequate" economic resources is more likely to consume tap water. Low educational classes show a low likelihood of consuming tap water as well as islands. A concern about waste production and climate change is associated with an increased likelihood of consuming tap water. Tap water consumption was negatively associated with obesity but not with a satisfactory self-perceived health status. Insights from this study can inform public health strategies.

FINANCIAL PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING AS PREDICTORS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN MSMES

Purpose: the present study demonstrates that the combination of financial planning and decision making jointly contribute as predictors of efficient financial performance, permeating into MSMEs’ market sustainability. Theoretical Framework: Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) currently have a relevant role in gross domestic product and direct job creation in Latin American countries. The literature shows that financial planning is a highly valuable tool for large businesses, facilitating decision making and creating positive impacts on financial performance. However, these studies are centered on businesses classified as large, excluding MSMEs. Recent studies have approached financial planning, decision making, and financial performance in MSMEs on an individualized basis. Methodology: The study carried out was quantitative, non-experimental, correlation, cross-sectional, and explanatory. A total of 308 MSMEs participated, obtained from the National Geography and Statistics Institute (INEGI, 2019), of which 34.41% were industrial, 32.14% commercial, and 33.41% from the service sector. Normal distribution tests were done (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests), along with symmetry and kurtosis. Findings: The findings suggest that MSMEs which have been around for seven years or more have financial planning knowledge favoring their decision-making and generating efficient financial performance, making time a determining factor. Research, Practical & Social Implications: Our findings have significant implications for generating proper planning based on solid tools, with the effect of assertive decision making which favors financial performance. Originality/Value: The most important contribution from this study to MSMEs is to show that financial planning is not only for large organizations, but can apply to them as well.

Harmonized disposable income dataset for Europe at subnational level

In recent decades, detailed country-level estimates of income and wealth have become widely available and inform us about the evolution of inequality between and within countries. But a substantial portion of these available datasets lack sub-national geographical information, precluding the exploration of the spatial distribution and evolution of inequalities within countries. We present here a new dataset of disposable income for Europe at the subnational level. It has been compiled from existing income data (gross income, gross earnings, equivalised income, etc.) published by national statistical institutes at different geographical levels. We used linear regressions and numerical operations to estimate disposable income from other available socio-economic statistics (e.g. household size, tax rates). We developed a harmonization and adjustment procedures to ensure of the consistency of statistical units, income indicators, costs of living and inflation. The dataset covers 42 European countries distributed over more than 120,000 geographical entities on the 1995 to 2021 period (most of the data being available for the 2010–2020 decade). This new dataset opens avenues for investigating the links between income inequality and other socio-economic or ecological processes.

Spain's Rising Melanoma Threat: A Comprehensive 30-Year Analysis (1990-2019).

This study aims to elucidate the factors driving melanoma incidence trends in Spain by analyzing the GBD-2019 dataset (1990-2019) and investigating the age-specific, birth cohort, and period effects on incidence rates. This study analyzed melanoma incidence trends in Spain from 1990 to 2019 using an ecological design. Data were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and Spain's National Statistics Institute. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were calculated using joinpoint regression analysis, and age-period-cohort (A-P-C) modeling was employed to assess the effects of age, time period, and birth cohort on incidence rates. Between 1990 and 2019, an estimated 147,823 melanoma cases were diagnosed in Spain. The ASIRs showed a steady increase for both sexes, with slightly higher rates observed in men. Both men (average annual percentage change (AAPC): 2.8%) and women (AAPC: 2.4%) showed a steady increase in the ASIR over the period. Joinpoint analysis revealed distinct periods of incidence rate changes, with significant upward trends in earlier years followed by stabilization in recent years. Incidence rates increased steadily with age, with the highest rates in the 80-84 age group. Women tended to have slightly higher rates in younger age groups, while men had higher rates in older age groups. Both men and women experienced a steady increase in relative risk of melanoma throughout the 30-year study period, with significant upward trends across birth cohorts. Despite limitations, this study provides valuable insights into factors influencing melanoma incidence in Spain. By understanding age, period, and cohort effects, effective prevention strategies can be developed to reduce melanoma incidence.

Multilateral indices in official price statistics and a new additive splicing method

AbstractA substitution of the traditional data sources allows National Statistical Institutes to collect large samples of product items with corresponding prices recorded over more frequent time periods. For some product categories, a frequent replacement of product items requires a dynamic approach to define a product sample that can be achieved by a monthly update of the sample. In a month-on-month comparison of price changes, bilateral indices must be chained that can lead to a chain drift bias. Multilateral methods are designed to reduce the chain drift, albeit not completely eliminate it. A disadvantage of multilateral methods is its ambiguous interpretability and a revision problem. The main objective of this paper is to show an implementation of multilateral methods for official price statistics in practice. The multilateral GEKS method is decomposed into elementary components that identifies the effect of successive price relatives used in its compilation. An importance of the decomposition is shown when interpreting the GEKS index in the context of official price statistics. We demonstrate that it can lead to an inaccurate public dissemination of the consumer price index. Moreover, we propose a new method for the splice extension that is required to avoid the revision of previously published indices. The method uses a Stein-type shrinkage estimator for the splice extension that is applied additively to the last published index. In the empirical study, we use web scraped data, which are obtained from the Slovak market, for comparison of bilateral and multilateral indices.

Optimising port arrival statistics: Enhancing timeliness through Automatic Identification System (AIS) data

Today, there is a greater demand to produce more timely official statistics at a more granular level. National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) are more and more looking to novel data sources to meet this demand. This paper focuses on the use of one such source to compile more timely and detailed official statistics on port visits. The data source used is sourced from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) used by ships to transmit their position at sea. The primary purpose of AIS is maritime safety. While some experimental statistics have been compiled using this data, this paper evaluates the potential of AIS as a data source to compile official statistics with respect to port visits. The paper presents a novel method called “Stationary Marine Broadcast Method” (SMBM) to estimate the number of port visits using AIS data. The paper also describes how the H3 Index, a spatial index originally developed by Uber, is added to each transmission in the data source. While the paper concludes that the AIS based estimates won’t immediately replace the official statistics, it does recommend a pathway to using AIS-based estimates as the basis for official port statistics in the future.

Are there differences in the perceived advantages and disadvantages of teleworking? The identification of distinct classes of teleworkers

PurposePrevious research has focused on the outcomes of telework, investigating the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking for employees. However, these investigations do not examine whether there are differences between teleworkers when evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking. The aim of this study is to identify of distinct classes of teleworkers based on the advantages and disadvantages that teleworking has for them.Design/methodology/approachThis study used secondary survey data collected by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE). A sample of 842 people was used for this study. To identify the distinct classes of teleworkers, their perceived advantages and disadvantages of teleworking were analyzed using latent class analysis.FindingsThree different classes of teleworkers were distinguished. Furthermore, sociodemographic covariates were incorporated into the latent class model, revealing that the composition of the classes varied in terms of education level, household income, and the amount of time spent on teleworking per week. This study also examined the influence of these emergent classes on employees’ experience of teleworking.Originality/valueThis study contributes to previous research investigating if telework is advantageous or disadvantageous for teleworkers, acknowledging that teleworkers are not identical and may respond differently to teleworking.

How does accounting save lives? An econometric analysis exploring the effectiveness of the Crispi-Pagliani Health Reform (1888) in Italy

This study compares the healthcare management systems for cholera epidemics in Italy before and after the Crispi-Pagliani Health Reform of 1888. Specifically, we compare the monitoring, accounting, and reporting systems of deaths and infections during the 1884 and 1893 epidemics. Based on an econometric analysis of data from the Italian National Statistical Institute, we demonstrate that the post-reform system was more effective in reducing deaths by optimising medical personnel allocation in areas with higher epidemic intensity. From a Foucauldian perspective, we provide insights into the role of accounting in supporting noso-politics, bio-politics, and bio-power. Further, this study advances our understanding of reporting systems and the dynamics that governments trigger as part of strategies for preventing or containing contagion during epidemics. Finally, this study supports the use of econometrics in accounting history.

Geotourism, a New Perspective of Post-COVID-19-Pandemic Relaunch through Travel Agencies—Case Study: Bucegi Natural Park, Romania

The proposed approach—geotourism, a new medium- and long-term post-pandemic recovery perspective—provides a theoretical foundation for future research regarding the interactions between tourism agencies and tourists, visitors and landforms, as well as cooperation and support between local residents and tourists, for Bucegi Natural Park. In the current context, the nature monuments and nature reserves within the park are located in rural and urban areas. These can be capitalized and included directly in the tourism agencies’ supply, and they can be used for zonal and regional development without degrading the surrounding environment. The “Babele and the Sphinx” landmarks with interesting shapes offer benefits for the development of geotourism in the Romanian landscape. In addition to those listed previously, this study proposes and analyses the image of the geotourism destination and a slogan for the international promotion of the park. Thus, the research presents two sources of data collection: (1) primary data, i.e., those obtained following a questionnaire and analysed with the help of the SPSS Statistics software, version 15.0, and (2) secondary statistical data from the database of the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) that are available and constantly updated. Another method used with a significant impact on tourism analysis was represented using the Geographic Information System (GIS). With its help, we mapped the tourist routes and the two elements, nature reserves and nature monuments within the park, that constitute the basis of the geotourism relaunch after COVID-19. The final objective of the paper is to strengthen the role of travel agencies in promoting geotourism by offering visits to tourist attractions in the park.

Socioeconomic differences in dietary habits in Italy before and during COVID-19 pandemic: secondary analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional study

BackgroundSeveral socioeconomic conditions may influence subjects’ adherence to healthy eating habits. Food consumption may be influenced by external stress during crisis periods; however, the effects of these events on food habits are difficult to predict. Also, a pandemic crisis like the recent COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced dietary habits and food consumption. The objective of this study was to compare the dietary habits of Italian people before the COVID-19 pandemic with those belonging to the year 2020 in a nationwide population sample.Materials and methodsInformation on dietary habits has been obtained from the multi-purpose survey on families’ “Aspects of daily life”, carried out in Italy by the Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT). We analyzed data coming from 2016 and 2020 editions of the survey (43,000 subjects each year). We used population attributable fraction (PAF) adjusted for age, defined as the proportional reduction in unhealthy diet that would occur if all participants had had a higher education, assuming higher educated individuals as more socially advantaged. Prevalence association for each dietary exposition has been calculated through logistic regression.ResultsLooking at aggregated data from 2016 and 2020 both men and women showed a high prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits. Regarding men, excessive consumption of eggs, pork meat, and bovine meat was characterized by a PAF attributable to socioeconomic conditions to an extent greater than 30%. Women showed the same trend. Focusing on different years of investigation, in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, men and women increased their consumption of eggs, cooked fats, snacks, and sweets, and reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, women increased the assumption of dietary products and meat. Both sexes registered an increase in overweight and obese subjects in 2020.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study was the first in our country to use a yearly, nationwide sample to analyze dietary habits by examining specific types of various foods on a nationwide scale and establishing a correlation between these habits and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results showed unbalanced dietary habits of the Italian population with an excess of consumption of several foods like eggs, cooked fats snacks, and sweets with low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Socioeconomic differences influence food choices but in a complex way since they seemed to affect some wrong dietary habits but not others, especially regarding fruits and vegetables assumption where differences were less evident among social classes. Outside stressors like a crisis period such as the COVID-19 pandemic seem to have an important role in both men and women regarding the assumption of so-called “junk food”.

¿Cómo afectan las revisiones de la Contabilidad Nacional a la interpretación de la evolución de la economía española desde la pandemia?

Rationale The revision to the Annual and Quarterly National Accounts figures by the National Statistics Institute in September was more extensive than in previous years and has altered the interpretation of some aspects of Spanish economic developments since the pandemic. Takeaways •The new figures entail upward revisions to GDP of 0.2 percentage points (pp) in 2020, 0.9 pp in 2021 and 0.3 pp in 2022. The Spanish economy therefore recovered its pre-pandemic level in 2022 Q3 (rather than in spring 2023, as per the previous information), one year later than the euro area overall. The main factors underlying these revisions are, on the demand side, the greater domestic demand momentum and, on the supply side, the greater strength of services. •The new time series signal that productivity has fared somewhat better, tax revenues have been more consistent with macroeconomic developments, household expenditure has been more dynamic, in keeping with the improvement in real labour income, and unit labour costs have increased more than previously estimated, rising in Spain more than in the euro area overall since 2019, which could ultimately impact Spanish firms’ competitiveness.

Trends in ultra-processed food availability and its association with diet-related non-communicable disease health indicators in the Portuguese population.

Broad variations in dietary and physical activity patterns are part of nutritional transition concept. An additional nutritional transition has as main characteristic the change of consumption of processed foods for ultra-processed foods (UPF). This study aims to evaluate trends of UPF availability in Portuguese population and its association with diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCD) health indicators. This ecological study used data from the Household Budget Surveys conducted by the National Statistics Institute each 5 years within a national representative sample of households. The percentage of UPF was calculated based on the total daily amount of food and beverages available per capita (in grams). Data from the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used, which were retrieved from DAFNE-Anemos Software. NCD age-standardised mortality, prevalence and incidence were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease database, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Between 1990 and 2005, the UPF availability increased from 3·9 % to 13·8 %. Over the years, almost all food and beverages categories increased the UPF availability contribution, mainly noticeable for milk, sugar, cereal and meat products. Positive correlations were observed between UPF availability and digestive diseases both in prevalence (r = 0·062; P = 0·037) and incidence (r = 0·005; P = 0·010) measures. Neoplasms incidence also showed positive correlation with UPF availability (r = 0·002; P = 0·012). Trends in UPF availability in Portugal increased exponentially. At the same time, there is a trend towards a decrease in unprocessed and processed food availability. The Portuguese population should be made aware of the health risks resulting from excessive consumption of UPF.

Direct and moderating effects of COVID-19 on cultural tourist satisfaction

This paper proposes a model to determine the direct and moderating effects of COVID-19 on the overall satisfaction of cultural tourists with the heritage destination visited. The hypotheses put forward in the model have been tested employing non-linear structural equation models (SEM), estimated with data from the Resident Travel Survey of the National Statistics Institute (NSI), on domestic demand for cultural tourism in Spain. The data analyzed covers both a pre-covid and pandemic period, from January 2019 to September 2021. The results confirm that COVID-19 significantly impacted the decrease in cultural tourists' satisfaction with the visit. It highlights the negative relationship between cultural tourists' socioeconomic profile and satisfaction. This research provides knowledge on the impact of COVID-19 on the behavior of cultural tourists, with practical implications for the design of tourism policies for the promotion and marketing of heritage destinations through differentiated marketing that increases satisfaction for this demand segment in crisis scenarios.

The 2030 agenda and the goal of gender equality in tourism in Mexico

This study examines the dynamics of gender equality, identified as one of the most significant Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda, within the tourism sector in Mexico. This analysis focuses on the description of tourism activity and the performance of gender equality indicators during the fiveyear period from 2003 to 2018. For this analysis, data were sourced from the Economic Census of INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography). Based on the classification of the 133 tourist destinations from the National System of Statistical Information of the Tourism Sector in Mexico (DATATUR) of the SECTUR (Mexican Ministry of Tourism), the 70 most representative tourist destinations for the country were selected for this research. The findings of the study indicate more elevated values of the gender equality index in interior cities and cultural destinations, contrasting with lower scores in one of the states most focused on tourism industry in Mexico. However, it is noteworthy that the growth dynamics of the gender equality index are more pronounced in the Yucatan peninsula and Baja California. In contrast, states hosting cultural destinations and traditional beaches exhibit a more moderate development pace in terms of gender equality. Furthermore, it is observed that the values of the gender equality index are higher in specific tourist destinations or municipalities, compared to the state averages in which they are located.