National Standards Bodies Research Articles

Surrounded by standards, there is a simpler view

Large numbers of information technology standards are being developed by a multitude of standards-developing organizations. This article offers a summary view of the complex myriad of U.S. national, regional, and international standards bodies. Also, a classification of standards is suggested which breaks down the large spectrum of standards into functional areas of interoperability. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mapping the X window onto open systems interconnection standards

The issues involved in integrating X11 and open systems interconnection (OSI) are explored and potential solutions to implementation problems are given. OSI standardization issues are discussed, including naming and registration conventions and the current status of this work effort in national and international standards bodies. The direction of OSI in window management, X11's relationship to the OSI reference model and, in particular, the use of OSI association control and presentation services are briefly addressed. The potential impact on the OSI market and the global view of this work are discussed, from a research and from an international standardization perspective, along with the issues evolving from the prototype built and the likely commercial provision of X11 products supporting OSI.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Winning standards contests: using product standards in business strategy

Increasingly, the success of products depends on compatibility standards. Computers need software, discs or tapes need and are needed by players, credit cards need retailers willing to accept them. Analysis of the strategies of winners and losers in major standards wars—such as those in video cassette recorders and personal computers—reveals some general lessons. The key elements are the rapid creation of a large installed base and the credibility of the standard and the introducer. Product quality is rarely crucial. Competition by technical development of the product, step by step product introduction, and reliance on acceptance by national and international standards bodies are also frequently ineffective. There are obvious lessons for current standards wars, such as those in mobile communications and satellite broadcasting.

Synchronous optical network and broadband ISDN protocols

High-level technical information on Sonet (synchronous optical network) B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) protocols, and interface structures is provided. Since the B-ISDN protocol standards to be used in the Broadband Reference Model are currently being discussed in the CCITT, most of the standards are not yet available. Therefore, some of the protocols described here are not based on agreements reached in national and international standards bodies. The discussion covers B-ISDN architecture and the ISO model. Sonet protocols and architecture, B-ISDN configuration, and the ATM (asynchronous transfer model) architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Potential and limitations of I.T. standardization in Greece

I.T. Standardization has become necessary today in order to permit the user a wide and mixed choice of equipment from different manufacturers which may still be interconnected to communicate with each other. Although a large number of international I.T. standards is available today, both in the area of software and hardware, national standardization bodies also have a significant task to accomplish. However, many of them face serious problems today. Greece is a good example of this case. Despite its importance and worldwide interest on the subject, I.T. standardization is something fairly new in Greece. Only in the last few years has systematic work been done on the subject and the first national I.T. standards have been produced. The new I.T. standardization strategy and procedures in Greece are described and the current work program and objectives are presented. Based on the experience obtained so far through the establishment and subsequent productive work of a suitable I.T. standardization body in Greece, a number of methods are also suggested which should help overcome some of the existing problems. The methodologies suggested could also be used by other national standardization bodies that face similar problems today.

MAP progress for Europe

Since March, 1985 when the first conference on MAP in Europe took place, there has been rapid progress to balance the effort between USA and Europe to speed up the development of International Standards for MAP. There are now over 200 firms in the European MAP User Group (EMUG) and three working groups with EMUG sharing work with their USA counterparts. The coordination of European National Standard Bodies via EMUG, CEN/CENELEC, CNMA and SPAG must be enhanced to speed up formulation of International Standards for MAP. Towards this objective countries have or are forming, National Chapters to advance MAP progress with each country whilst supporting EMUG as the centre of Technical Development for MAP.

British and international standards for implant materials

The British Standards Institution is the nationally recognized organization forpreparing standards which are used in all industries and technologies. It is independent and non-profit making, operating under a Royal Charter. Founded in 1901, BSI was the first national standards body in the world. Over 80 countries now have similar organizations, most of which are members of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). BSI represents the views of British industry in discussion on standards in these and other international bodies and in the CEN/CENELEC, the Joint European Standards Insitution, which work towards harmonization of standards requirements.

3D extension to GKS

The Graphical Kernel System GKS has [1] been established as the first standard in the field of Computer Graphics covering two-dimensional (2D) graphics. Now work is going on to develop standards in related areas. One important effort is the extension of GKS for three-dimensional (3D) graphics. This paper will briefly overview the history of standardization efforts with respect to 3D graphics and then report the current activities of various national and international standardization bodies for extending GKS to 3D. Then the paper will concentrate on GKS-3D [2], a proposal for a 3D extension of GKS which is developed by the Dutch standardization committee NNI in close collaboration with the International Organization for Standardization ISO/TC97/SC21/WG2. Technical work is expected to finish in 1985. Scope and purpose of this future 3D standard and goals of the design are given and the functionality of the 3D extension is described in some detail. As technical work on GKS-3D is going on, changes may occur to the standard document. The major issues will be surveyed and trends will be sketched.

Certification Marking and Quality Assurance

To make quality goods available to consumers, a large number of national standards bodies resort to certification marking of products to indicate conformity of these products to applicable quality ...

The ISO-ANSI open systems reference model — A proposal for a systems approach

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture and its associated Reference Model is currently the subject of active development by members of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and various national standards bodies. A principal purpose of the Open Systems Interconnection Architecture is to guide the development of standards that will make possible the configuration of a wide variety of useful computer and data processing networks out of strictly compatible nodes supplied by potentially many vendors. An interim ISO working paper (Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection Architecture, Version 4, June 1979, ISO/TC97/SC16/N227) presents a wide-ranging discussion of the purpose and structure of the OSI architecture. In the following paper the author interprets the OSI Reference Model as discussed in ISO/TC97/SC16/N227 and presents an overview of a formal definition of the Reference Model using a state-oriented system philosophy. Tentative detailed refinements of the Model are discussed and comments on the implications of a formal model are included.

Sheffield World Metal Index: an account of its history and present state of development

An account of the practical steps involved in building up, maintaining and exploiting a specialized collection of trade literature, standards and specifications, data compilations, and related material to produce a user‐orientated service (World Metal Index WMI). The origin and scope of the collection is outlined, together with the basic routines of updating (management responsibility, job allocation, delegation and supervision). The problems involved in co‐ordinating input from manufacturers, government organizations, national standards bodies, material users and commercially published sources in many languages are covered. The organization of files, indexing rules, etc. is described. The ‘spin‐offs’ and by‐products of the WMI are indicated. An attempt is made to answer the questions: Is the collection a successful information tool? Does it benefit the user? Finally, possible future developments are mentioned.

Creation of National Standards Body Proposed

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTCreation of National Standards Body ProposedGovernment would sanction but not run organization with power to issue national standards for U.S. productsCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1965, 43, 10, 38–40Publication Date (Print):March 8, 1965Publication History Published online6 November 2010Published inissue 8 March 1965https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v043n010.p038Copyright © 1965 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views2Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (609 KB) SUBJECTS:Order Get e-Alerts